Design and innovations in Transportation Systems for Make in India

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Open Journal of Engineering Research and Technology
Volume 1, Issue 1 (2016)
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Design and Innovations in Transportation Systems for
Make in India
Avitesh
Faculty of Architecture,Centre for Architecture, BGI,Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh 203001
Abstract
Increasing demand for passenger and freight transport in urban areas is a challenge for
governments and transport authorities in India. Energy use, space use, road safety, air
quality and noise pollution are a few of the road transport–related issues that Indian cities
have to cope with. Every day, our mayors and councilors are concerned about finding
solutions to urban transport problems that do not slow down the local economy but bring
local communities to prosperity. Step by step, Indian cities are establishing an Indian model
for urban transport solutions. It has been an interesting time, working against a backdrop of
Indian, national and local policies to tackle the economic crisis. It was also a time when the
Indians prepared decisive policy documents in the field of transport, and urban transport in
particular (the Urban Mobility Action Plan).
Keywords: Transportation, India, road networks, challenges, solutions for tomorrow, ways
forward, new innovations.
*Corresponding Author Name: Avitesh
OBJECTIVES
Transportation system is very large in
India. Every year this sector contributed
very much in development. Road
transportation is very important in
transportation system for development of
India. The main objective of this study is
to carry out the main challenges and all
about transportation of India. We will also
discuss aboutDesign and new Innovations
in Transportation system in India. In this
paper a brief discussion will be aboutthe
Future of transportation_ finding solutions
for tomorrow’s world.
INTRODUCTION
Transport is an important part of Indian
economy. As we are developing with time
and now we have different type of
transportation system in India such as- by
air, water, train and road. Good
connectivity between rural and urban areas
is also a reason of economic growth and
Indian growing economy has witnessed a
rise in demand for transportation and
services. However, the sector has not been
able to keep pace with rising demand and
is proving to be a drag on the economy.
Major improvements in the sector are
required to support the country's continued
economic growth and to reduce poverty.
Public transport remains the primary mode
of transport for most of the livelihood in
India, and India's public transport systems
are among the most heavily used in the
world. India's rail network is the 4th
longest and the most heavily used system
in the world, transporting 8,224 million
Research Article Open Access

Design and Innovations in Transportation Systems for Make in India Avitesh
passengers and over 969 million tones
of freight annually, as of 2012.
Motor vehicle population in India is low
by international standards, with only 10.3
million cars on the nation's roads. In
addition, only around 10% of Indian
households own a motorcycle. Despite
this, the number of deaths caused by traffic
is amongst the highest in the world and is
still increasing. The automobile industry in
India is currently rapidly growing with an
annual production of over 4.6 million
vehicles, and vehicle volume is expected
to rise greatly in the future.
Despite ongoing improvements in the
sector, several aspects of transportation are
still riddled with problems due to outdated
infrastructure and lack of investment in
less economically active parts of the
country. The demand for transport
infrastructure and services has been rising
by around 10% a year with the current
infrastructure being unable to meet these
growing demands. According to Goldman
Sachs, India will need to spend US$1.7
trillion on infrastructure projects over the
next decade to boost economic growth, of
which US$500 billion is budgeted to be
spent during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan.
TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION IN
INDIA BY WATER
Passenger traffic is projected to cross 100
million and cargo to cross 3.3 million tons
by year 2010. India has 12 major and 187
minor and intermediate ports along its
more than 7500 km long coastline. These
ports serve the country’s growing foreign
trade in petroleum products, iron ore, and
coal, as well as the increasing movement
of containers. Inland water transportation
remains largely undeveloped despite
India's 14,000 kilometers of navigable
rivers and canals. India has an extensive
network of inland waterways in the form
of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks.
By waterways Indian freight is highly
underutilized compared to other countries.
The total cargo moved by inland
waterways is just 0.15% of the total inland
traffic in India, compared to the
corresponding figures of 20% for Germany
and 32% for Bangladesh. Cargo that is
transported in an organized manner is
confined to a few waterways
in Goa,WestBengal, Assam and Kerala.
The Inland Waterways Authority of India
(IWAI) is the statutory authority in charge
of the waterways in India. It does the
function of building the necessary
infrastructure in these waterways,
surveying the economic feasibility of new
projects and also administration and
regulation.
BY AIR
Directorate General of Civil Aviation is
the national regulatory body for the
aviation industry. It is controlled by
the Ministry of Civil Aviation. The
ministry also controls aviation related
autonomous organizations like
the Airports Authority of India (AAI),
Bureau of Civil Aviation Security
(BCAS),Indira Gandhi
RashtriyaUranAkademi and Public Sector
Undertakings including Air India, Pawan
Hans Helicopters Limited and Hindustan
Aeronautics Limited. Air India is India's
national flag carrier after merging
with Indian (airline) in 2011 and plays a
major role in connecting India with the rest

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of the world. IndiGo, Jet Airways, Air
India, Spicejet and GoAir are the major
carriers in order of their market
share. These airlines connect more than 80
cities across India and also operate
overseas routes after the liberalization of
Indian aviation. Several other foreign
airlines connect Indian cities with other
major cities across the globe. However, a
large section of country's air transport
potential remains untapped, even though
the Mumbai-Delhi air corridor was ranked
10th by Amadeus in 2012 among the
world's busiest routes.
AIRPORTS
Indian Air Transportation system is very
big, it has more than 128 airports,
including 13 international airports. The
Indian airports handled around 103 million
pasangers and 1.8 million tons of cargo
every year. The dramatic increase in air
traffic for both passengers and cargo in
recent years has placed a heavy strain on
the country's major airports. Of these, the
state owned ChhatrapatiShivaji
International Airport, Mumbai handle
more than a half of the air traffic in the
country. The operations of the major
airports in India have been privatized over
the past 5 years and this has resulted in
better equipped and cleaner airports. The
terminals have either been refurbished or
expanded.
India also has 33 "ghost airports," which
were been built in an effort to make air
travel more accessible for those in remote
regions but are now non-operational due to
a lack of demand. The Jaisalmer Airport in
Rajasthan, for example, was completed in
2013 and was expected to host 300,000
passengers a year but has yet to see any
commercial flights take off. Despite the
number of non-operational airports, India
is currently planning on constructing
another 200 "low-cost" airports over the
next 20 years.
HELIPORTS
As of 2013, there are 45 heliports in
India. India also has the world's
highest helipad at the Siachen Glacier a
height of 6400 metre (21,000 ft)
above mean sea level. There are both types
of Heliports – Public and Private.
BY TRAIN
Rail services in India, first introduced in
1853, are provided by the state-run Indian
Railways under the supervision of the
Ministry of Railways. Indian Railways
provides an important mode of transport in
India, transporting over 18 million
passengers and more than 2 million tons
of freight daily across one of the largest
and busiest rail networks in the world.
The proposal to construct to build the
highest railway track in the world from
Manali to Leh overtaking current record
of Beijing-Lhasa Railway line has not
been taken up for implementation. By
1947, the year of India's independence,
there were forty-two rail systems. In 1951
the systems were nationalized as one unit,
becoming one of the largest networks in
the world. Indian Railways is divided into
seventeen zones.
The rail network traverses through the
length and breadth of the country, covering
more than 7,000 stations over a total route
length of more than 65,000 km
(40,000 mi) and track length of about
115,000 km (71,000 mi).

INTERNATIONAL LINKS
Rail links between India and neighbouring
countries are not well-developed. Two
trains operate to Pakistan—the Samjhauta
Express between Delhi and Lahore, and
the Thar Express between Jodhpur and
Karachi. Bangladesh is connected by a
biweekly train, the Maitree Express that
runs fromKolkata to Dhaka. Nominal rail
links to Nepal exist—passenger services
between Jaynagar and Bijalpura, and
freight services
between Raxaul andBirganj.
METRO:-
The first modern rapid transit in India is
the Kolkata Metro and started its
operations in 1984, this is also the 17th
Zone of the Indian Railways. The Delhi
Metro in New Delhi is India's second
conventional metro and began operations
in 2002.
Cities with metro systems:
 Kolkata Metro
 Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System
 Delhi Metro
 Bengaluru Metro
 Mumbai Metro
 Rapid Metro Rail Gurgaon
 Jaipur Metro
 Chennai Metro
BY ROAD
Roads are the important part of
transportation in India now-a-days. They
carry almost 80 percent passenger traffic
of country and 60 percent of its freight.
However, most highways in India are
narrow and congested with poor surface
quality, and 40 percent of India’s villages
do not have access to all-weather roads.
Rural Roads- A Lifeline for Villages in
India: Connecting Hinterland to Social
Services and markets.
SUITABILITY AND PROBLEMS OF
ROAD TRANSPORT
The road transport is one of the most
important means of transport and is
indispensable to the development of
commerce and industry. All the movement
of goods begins and ultimately ends by
making use of roads. Roads act as an
important feeder to the other modes of
transport such as railways, ships and
airway.
Suitability of Road or Motor Transport:
Though road transport has certain
limitations, it is indispensable to the
development of commerce and industry. It
plays a very significant role in the
economic development of a country.
The road transport is particularly suited:
1. For carrying goods which are cheap,
heavy or bulky;
2. For transportation goods of perishable
nature such as vegetables, fruits,
eggs,milk etc.;
3. For carrying goods and people over
short distances;
4. For transporting delicate goods such as
chinaware or glassware;
5. For forest, hilly and rural areas where
the other modern modes of transport
are not available.
Problems of Road Transport:
Road transport in India suffers from the
following problems:

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1. India’s roads are congested and of
poor quality.
Lane capacity is low - most national
highways are two lanes or less. A
quarter of all India's highways are
congested. Many roads are of poor
quality and road maintenance
remains under-funded - only around
one-third of maintenance needs are
met. This leads to the deterioration of
roads and high transport costs for
users.
2. Rural areas have poor access.
Roads are significant for the
development of the rural areas - home
to almost 70 percent of India's
population. Although the rural road
network is extensive, 40 percent of
India’s villages do not have access to
roads and remain damage in monsoon
season. This is very bad that India’s
northern and northeastern states face
this problem because of it these are
poorly linked to other states.
3. Urban centres are severely
congested.
In Mumbai, Delhi and other
metropolitan centers, roads are often
severly congested during the rush
hours. The dramatic growth in vehicle
ownership during the past decade - has
reduced rush hour speeds especially in
the central areas of major cities.
4. Lack of co-ordination.
There is a lack of co-ordination
between the centre and the states. The
states want the centre to construct and
maintain main highways but on the
other hand centre is trying to shift this
burden on the states. It has resulted in
the blocking of rapid development of
roads in India.
5. Competition among Different
Modes.
There is a competition among different
modes of transport. The transport
policies of different states are different.
Some highways have more traffic
while on the others there are not
sufficient transport services.
INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE
TRANSPORT SOLUTIONS
Road transport of the country is facing a
number of problems. One major problem
on the Indian roads is the mixing of traffic.
Same road is used by high speed cars,
trucks, two wheelers, tractors, animal
driven carts, cyclists and even by animals.
Even highways are not free from this
malady. This increases traffic time,
congestion and pollution and road
accidents. Here are some solutions which
can be helpful for our traffic problem.
1. WALK OR RIDE YOUR CYCLE
WHENEVER POSSIBLE:
One of the best thing you can do to help
stop pollution is to stop using your car for
short trips.

2. USE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION:
Travelling through bus, train, or sub way is
another great way to avoid using your
personal vehicle and reduce carbon
emissions. If you have access to good
public transportation where you like, take
advantages of it. Since you won’t have to
worry about keeping your eyes on the
road, you can take advantage of the time
to read, catch up on news or just relax.
3. CONSOLIDATE YOUR TRIPS:
Sometimes we have lots of short trips or
small work trips, at that we have to
consolidate our trips. Such as for example-
we can go for all type shopping in a week
not daily in evening. We can consolidate
our short trips in a round trip.
Consolidating your trips into one long trip
will also save your money since starting
your car when the engine is cold consumes
20% more than driving your car.
4. CARPOOL TO SCHOOL OR
WORK:
Long commutes to school or your work are
just part of life for many people. If
walking and public transportation are not
good options for you, consider joining a
carpool to your school or place of your
work.
By taking turns driving and riding with
others, you will reduce carbon emission
and you will also save on gas money each
week. Carpooling is also a great way to
develop friendships with your co-workers
and reduce the stress of your commute.
5. GET REGULAR MAINTENANCE
ON YOUR VEHICLE:
In addition to finding ways your car less,
keeping your car in good condition can
also help reduce carbon emissions. As an
added bonus, keeping your car in good
condition will also help avoid major
problems with your vehicle. Get regular
maintenance on your car to keep it running
well.
(i) Get an oil change every three months or
3000 miles.
(ii) Keep tires inflated according to your
vehicle’s recommendations

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6. DRIVE SAFELY:
Unsafe driving habits also contribute to
pollution. Safe driving habits can also save
your money by reducing the amount of
fuel that your car wastes. When you are
behind the wheel, remember to be safe by,
(i) Applying gentle pressure to gas and
accelerating slowly
(ii) Driving at or below speed limit
(iii) Giving yourself plenty of time to
stop.
7. CONSIDER PURCHASING A
HYBRID OR ELECTRIC CAR FOR
YOUR NEXT VEHICLE:
Electric cars run on electricity alone, so
they are zero emission vehicles. Hybrid
cars use a combination of electricity and
fuel to run. While electric cars are the least
polluting, both options will help stop
pollution.
8. SMART FREIGHT:
Smart freight has designed and developed
technical solutions for innovative and
greener city logistics, making urban freight
mobility safer, more efficient and more
environmentally friendly. As freight
vehicles emit more pollutants and noise
than passenger cars, SMARTFREIGHT
has introduced new ways of monitoring
and controlling emissions based on engine
class and other characteristics. By
providing powerful tools that incorporate
real-time traffic information to freight
companies, SMARTFREIGHT has
contributed to optimizing routes, load
factors, deliveries and pick-ups, resulting
in smarter, more energy efficient city
logistics.
9. ROAD NETWORKS

Finally, sustainable transport planning is a
matter for multi-level governance and
requires synergies between regional and
national administrations.
TRANSPORTATION INNOVATIONS
Technological advances are rampant in
today’s world as an increasing number of
innovations are beingformulated to ease
transportation woes of travelers. Some
innovations are worthwhile which change
the way people travel and also help to
reduce the carbon footprints majorly. The
idea of reaching work on time, heading out
far away for vacations in a jiffy and cars
that are driven by themselves; these all are
conceivable in the near future. These
transport innovations are not just a dream
but are instead put into action and thus are
most likely to debut in the coming decade.
1. MAGLEV TRAINS:
Known as ‘Magnetic Levitation’ trains are
a dream project which is being studied
since 1950’s. The train is lifted and
propelled by a magnetic field using
minimal energy as compared to diesel
powered or electric powered trains. The
train moves at 310 miles per hour. A
maglev train will be able to transport
passengers for a 200 miles run in just 40
minutes. This is a huge step and will help
to decongest roads, reduce accidents as
well as air pollution. One of the major
issue with maglev trains is the cost factor.
2. HYPERLOOP:
This is one of the most exciting
transportation projects till date. It is a train
that rises on airless tubes at 800 mph. It
will transport passengers from LA to San
Francisco in merely 30 minutes. While it
was just a dream before, it is now being
developed and thus soon going to be a
reality. Not only is it faster than the
maglev trains but is also cheaper as well as
quieter.
3. SMART CARS:
The one way to combat transportation
problem in major cities is by introducing
smaller smart cars. Although these cars
have been around since long, the ever
evolving smart cars are a sign of progress.
Automakers such as Nissan and BMW
offer compact electric cars which are a
good solution to combat carbon emissions.
For example the BMW i3 which is
available in Europe operates without
gasoline and can go up to 80 to 100 miles
after every charge.

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4. URBAN TRANSPORT PODS:
In the Milton Keynes neighborhood
transport pods are being developed which
are moving pods and users can simply sit
in them to reach another part of the city.
The human using the pod will interact with
the pod using a touchscreen; select the
destination, read news on the way, check
emails etc. The pod has no one to operate
it, it operates by itself. There are similar
pods being used in Masdar City in Abu
Dhabi, however they are used for a very
short area. The above transport
innovations if used widely can bring about
major change in transportation systems
across the world and make every day
living and commuting easy.
CONCLUSION
This paper has discussed main problems of
transportation and also thesolutions for
tomorrow’s transportation; focusing on the
Governance challenges of our
transportation. Also I have discussed about
new design and Innovations of
transportation. We have to use sustainable
transportation solutions which will be in
our limit and not cause much harm to us,
our globe and also our economy.
The conclusions support the greening of
the transportation as well as a solid
knowledge base is needed to underpin a
sharedunderstanding of development
potentials beforeany vision of the future
can be elaborated. Such knowledgecannot
be derived sole from experts but needs to
beunderstood and sometimes even co-
produced by all thoseconcerned. Social,
economic and environmentalchallenges
have to be addressedboth at
neighbourhood level andin broader
territorial contexts.
REFERENCES
1) Smith, J.R., Chang, and S.F.: Visual
SEEK a fully automated content-based
image query system. Proc. ACM
Multimedia (1996) 87–98
2) "Transport in India". International
Transport Statistics Database. iRAP.
3) "BRT projects in Indian cities as
inclusive transport
systems?" (PDF). CEPT University.
4) Tiwari, Geetam. "URBAN
TRANSPORT IN INDIAN
CITIES" (PDF).London School of
Economics.
5) "Indian Railways Yearbook-2011-
12" (PDF). Indian Railways.
6) Presentation to High Powered Expert
Committee on “Sustainable Urban
Transport in India”,
7) "National Highways". Portal of
Government of India. Archived
from the original
8) "Rural Roads: A Lifeline for Villages
in India" (PDF). World Bank.
9) "Pradhan Mantri Gram SadakYojana
(PGMSY)". Ministry of Rural
Development, Government of India.
10) The future of transportation: finding
solutions for tomorrow’s world
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ar. Avitesh (B.Arch Gold medalist, Abdul
Kalam Technical University, Lucknow) is
an assistant professorcentre for
Architecture, BGI Bulandshahr, Uttar
Pradesh, India. She won many prizes in
her degree such as Best student, merit
certificates, Model making and also
winner of bamboo-tech in IIT Roorkee.
Her areas of research include new trends in
construction details and materials,
vernacular architecture, sustainable
buildings, low cost housing and urban
development.

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