3. Emergency events in labour
and delivery have been found
to be associated not only with
physical injury, but also
psychological issues including
post-traumatic stress disorder,
symptoms of psychological
trauma, and postpartum
depression.
Maa!!
9. Risk factors
● Emergency events in labour and delivery:
vacuum delivery, forceps delivery and
emergency caesarean section have been found
to be associated with post-traumatic stress
disorder.
● Pre-existing conditions: history of sexual
abuse, a previous traumatic birth, and existing
depression.
● Advanced maternal age: emergency labor
interventions
11. ● Feeling of Inferior
● Feeling of Disrespect
● Irrelevance to the birthing process
● bullied, betrayed and powerless
● Not included in decision making
● Not explained reasons for procedures/interventions and would
proceed with an intervention or procedure without consent
● Verbal abuse is more painful than physical abuse
● Negative feelings about their childbirth experience
● Negligence
● Prolonged unnecessary waiting
● Healthcare providers only focused on the clinical outcome,
describing that the safe arrival of a healthy baby took center stage
Trauma’s