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CITATION
GUIDE
Based on the Publication Manual
of the American Psychological
Association—6th Edition
THE COLUMBIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY
Updated 8.27.14
Citation Guide – 6th Edition
This document covers certain citation formats addressed in the

6th edition of the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
(APA) but is not a complete
guide. Should you have any questions, please contact the CSU
Success Center/Writing Center by
email at [email protected] or by phone at 1-800-977-8449 ext.
6538.
For all rules and requirements of APA, please refer to the 6th
edition of the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, which can
be purchased through the
American Psychological Association at
http://apastyle.org/manual/index.aspx.
2014 [COLUMBIA SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY]
3
Contents
What is APA format and why is it used?
...............................................................................................
....... 4
Citing Sources
...............................................................................................

................................................ 5
Citations in Text
...............................................................................................
......................................... 5
Examples of text citations
...............................................................................................
...................... 6
Example of block quote text citation
...............................................................................................
...... 7
Reference List
...............................................................................................
............................................ 7
Examples of reference list entries
...............................................................................................
.......... 8
Selecting Appropriate Research Sources
...............................................................................................
. 12
Formatting
...............................................................................................
.................................................... 13
Document formatting in APA style
...............................................................................................
......... 13
Steps for document formatting
...............................................................................................

................. 14
Specific formatting steps for documents
...............................................................................................
.. 17
Library Resources and Services for CSU Students
..................................................................................... 18
Sample Essay
...............................................................................................
............................................... 19
Sample Research Paper
...............................................................................................
................................ 19
4

What is APA format and why is it used?
The American Psychological Association is a professional
organization representing
psychologists in the United States. APA format is a set of rules
developed to assist with writing
and the citing of sources, a format which helps to prevent
plagiarism and to acknowledge the
original author of the information used. It is meant to provide a
concise and standardized
citation format for written assignments (e.g., essays, research
papers, article critiques, etc.) and is
used for ALL Columbia Southern University courses.
In educational institutions, plagiarism is a problem of great
concern. According to Aaron
(2007) in The Little, Brown Compact Handbook, the word
“plagiarism” is derived from a Latin
word meaning to kidnap or to abduct (p. 424). APA: The Easy
Way! 2nd edition provides
clarification on how to get started and avoid taking works of
others without properly citing
(Houghton & Houghton, 2009). Plagiarism is stealing someone
else’s work and passing it off as
one’s own. In many other cultures, plagiarizing is encouraged
because it demonstrates familiarity
and respect for the work of noted writers. However, in the
United States and at Columbia
Southern University, plagiarism is considered fraud and can
have serious consequences.
Plagiarism can be deliberate or accidental: Deliberate

plagiarism includes directly
copying, summarizing, or paraphrasing a source without giving
credit to the author or putting it
in quotation marks. This type of plagiarism also includes
turning in a paper that has been bought,
written by another student, or copied from another source.
Accidental plagiarism is when a writer
uses another author’s thoughts or ideas without realizing credit
must be provided. This includes
working in groups and submitting the same answers as other
students, forgetting to place
quotation marks around a direct quotation, omitting a text
citation for a summary or a
paraphrase, and omitting a text citation for the ideas of another
writer. Accidental plagiarism also
includes submitting an assignment that has already been
previously submitted in another course.
Unfortunately, both types of plagiarism can result in a failing
grade, suspension from the
university, or even expulsion.
There are a few ways students can avoid plagiarism. The
primary way to avoid
plagiarism is to simply cite any ideas that are not one’s own.
Citations help readers to locate the
sources used in a paper. Citations should not only be used for
direct quotes, but they should also
be provided when information is paraphrased or summarized
from another author. Paraphrasing
a source’s material is a good way to avoid copying directly from
an outside source and possibly
being reprimanded. If any questions or concerns arise about
APA format, please feel free to
contact the CSU Writing Center by email at [email protected] or
by phone at
1-800-977-8449 ext. 6538.

5
Citing Sources
When writing a paper in APA 6th edition style, there are two
specific ways to cite the
information that is used: within the text and in the reference list
at the end of the paper.
Citations are utilized when a phrase, a piece of specific
information, or a sequence of sentences
is drawn from an outside source. To meet APA requirements
specified for CSU written essay
responses, one must include text citations and a reference list if
any outside sources are used.
For formal papers (e.g., research papers, article critiques, etc.),
follow all guidelines listed in this
handout. For all rules and requirements of APA, please refer to
the 6th edition of the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, which can
be purchased through the
American Psychological Association at
http://apastyle.org/manual/index.aspx.
Citations in Text
x A text citation should be used when a phrase, a piece of
specific information, an idea, or a

hypothesis is drawn from an outside source.
x Text citations are also required when putting the author’s
information in your own words
(paraphrasing).
x Citing helps to prevent plagiarism, and it acknowledges the
original author of the
information used.
x Text citations and reference citations must always correspond;
each text citation must
have a matching reference citation and vice-versa. APA uses the
author-year method of
citation.
x It is standard practice for the period at the end of the sentence
to be placed after the last
parentheses of the text citation. An exception is made if
inserting a direct quote that
contains 40 or more words; in this instance, the period is placed
directly before the text
citation.
Paraphrased Information
When paraphrasing or summarizing a source provide the
author’s last name and year of
publication (separated by a comma).While it is not required for
paraphrased passages, providing
a page number in addition to the author and year is encouraged,
as it might help the reader locate
the relevant information. If page numbers are added when
paraphrasing, make sure page
numbers are continuously added for consistency. When in
doubt, make sure to consult with your
faculty member to determine his or her preference on adding

page numbers in citations.
Direct Quotations
If utilizing a direct quote, this must be indicated by placing the
passage in quotation marks.
Further, the specific page number is always required. If there is
no page number for the source
you are using, as this is the case for many electronic sources,
provide the paragraph number in its
place. Use the abbreviation para.
6
Reference
Type
Paraphrased
information from
one author
It has been found … can be concluded (Simpson, 2007).
According to Simpson (2007), … can cause problems.

Other people say… based on Simpson (2007).
Paraphrased
information from
two authors
There are … at this point (Stemmer & Tisdale, 2008).
Stemmer and Tisdale (2008) mention …. a set of styles.
This plan will ….. according to Stemmer and Tisdale (2008).
Paraphrased
information from
three to five authors
A meal …. can be tasted (Brown, Collins, & Makel, 2001).
**After the first citation is used, shorten to first author’s last
name et al.
Once decided….can be taught (Brown et al., 2001).
Paraphrased
information from six
to seven authors
**For more than five authors, use first author’s last name et al.
each time.
When stating…. can be located (Padgett et al., 2004).
Padgett et al. (2004) explain … is further noted.
Direct quotation less
than 40 words

“It is amazing…with confidence” (OSHA, 2010, p. 121).
According to Davis and Dudley (2005), “We are….to save”
(para. 5).
“What is lost…come at all” (Ingram et al., 2001, pp. 8-9).
Paraphrased
information with no
author listed
When using data …. can be seen (“Title of Document,” 2003).
If information is … was conquered (“Driving and Talking,”
2004).
According to “Leadership Versus Management” (2001), …. is
an art
form.
Information from a
secondary source
It can be found … in Stemmer’s work (as cited in Pratt, 2008).
**Add the page number if you use a direct quote from Stemmer
found in Pratt’s work.
According to Stemmer’s work (as cited in Pratt, 2008), “ ..…”
(p. 65).
Information via
personal
communication
**Personal communication should only be listed in the text, not
on the reference list.

J. M. Newsome (personal communication, May 30, 2008)
expressed …
…of time (V. P. DeLuca, personal communication, November 9,
2007).
Information found
in classical works
**Classical works should only be listed in the text, not on the
reference list.
…will have everlasting life (John 3:16 New Revised Standard
Version).
…as read in the Bible in John 3:16 (New Revised Standard
Version).
7
Direct Quotations of 40 or more words
Block quotations (quotes that contain 40 words or more) are
formatted differently, as they have
no quotation marks. In formal writing, block quotations are
acceptable, although their use should
not be in excess. While block quotes are accepted in formal
writing, the use of them in essay

responses is not encouraged due to the length of the assignment.
Block quotations are indented
an additional .5” and double spaced. As previously mentioned,
the period is placed before the
citation.
Example of block quote text citation
Block Quotation Example
The solutions proposed by a number of advocacy groups
underscore this interest in political
and cultural change. A report outlined trends that may have
contributed to the childhood
obesity crisis.
This includes food advertising for children as well as a
reduction in physical education
classes and after-school athletic programs, an increase in the
availability of sodas and
snacks in public schools, the growth in the number of fast-food
outlets, and the
increasing number of highly processed high-calorie and high-fat
grocery products.
(Kaiser, 2004, pp. 1-2)
Reference List
The reference list is of the utmost importance, as it allows the
reader to access the sources

cited in the text and enables the student writer to give credit
where credit is due. For this
reason, the references should contain accurate information, as
well as proper punctuation and
spelling. References will follow the conclusion of any APA
document. For each reference listed,
there will be at least one corresponding text citation in the
document. Examples of reference
source formatting can be found on the following pages.
x If there is a digital object identifier (DOI) available, include
that in the reference. The
DOI is precisely used to give the reader information about
where the document can be
found on the Internet. The DOI is typically located near the
copyright notice on the first
page of the electronic journal article. In the case that there is no
DOI, provide the name of
the database or homepage URL of the web page where you
found the article.
8
x Multiple citations containing the same author and year should
be listed alphabetically by
the title of the book or article. A lowercase a, b, c, etc. should
be placed after the year to
distinguish between the entries. This is also used in the text
citations. For example:

Smith, J. (2013a). How to groom cats. New York, NY: Garden
Press.
Smith, J. (2013b). How to groom dogs. New York, NY: Garden
Press.
Examples of reference list entries
Reference
List
What to include Information and Examples
General Referencing
Information

x When listing the author on the reference
list, the last name should be first, followed
by the author’s first and middle (if
applicable) initials. Ex: Smith, J. R.
x References should be placed in alphabetical
order by the first author’s last name, by
associates (if the work is authorized by an
organization), or by anonymous.
Anonymous should only be listed as the
author if it is signed as such.
x If a particular person did not create the
document being cited, use the organization
that created the document.
x The document title can be substituted as the
author if no author is provided. In this case,
the first word of the title will dictate the
alphabetical placement (a, an, and the
notwithstanding).
x The letters “n.d.” (no date) can be utilized
if the source listed has no listed date.
Substitute “n.d.” where the date would
normally go. Ex: Smith, R. T. (n.d.)…

x Professional credentials should not be used
on the reference page (i.e. Ph.D.).
x References beginning with numerals should
have the numerals spelled out.
9
Reference
List
General Referencing
Information continued
x States should be identified with their two
letter abbreviations (e.g. AL, MS, and NY).
x Spell out cities and countries outside the
United States.
Books

x In a book or journal, magazine, or
newspaper article title on the reference list,
only capitalize the first word of the title,
proper nouns, and the first word after a
colon or dash.
x Journal articles and books only require the
listing of the year, rather than the entire
date.
x Book and periodical titles should be
italicized within the reference list.
Book
Author(s). (date
of publication).
Book title. City,
State of
publication:
Publisher.
Book Examples:
Duenwald, M., Ronald, R. P., & Smith, J. W.
(2004). Addiction and environmental
change. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.

Norman, D. J. (2002). The cat in the hat:
Psychological process of younglings.
New York, NY: Grumble & Grumble.
Periodicals:
Journals, magazines,
and newspaper articles
x For the title of the actual journal, magazine,
or newspaper, use standard title
capitalization. Capitalize all words with the
exception of conjunctions, articles, and
short propositions; however, capitalize all
words that have four letters or more.
x Magazine articles, newsletters, and
newspaper articles require the listing of the
entire date (month or month and day). Ex:
(2001, May) or (2001, May 2)
x Journal articles and books only require the
year.

10
Reference
List
Periodicals:
Journals, magazines,
and newspaper articles
continued
x For journal articles, there is no need to
write out the words volume, issue, p., or pp.
Providing the actual numbers in correct
order will suffice.
x Book and periodical titles should be
italicized within the reference list.
Printed journal
Author(s). (date
of publication).
Article title.
Journal Title,
volume (issue),
page numbers.
Online journal

Author(s). (date
of publication).
Article title.
Journal Title,
volume (issue),
page numbers.
Retrieved from
information
(database, URL,
or doi)
Journal Examples:
Stanton, G. C. (2008). Education in the minds
of millions. Education Quarterly, 5(13),
567-580.
Smith, J. E. (2003). Addiction and
environmental change. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology,
66(3), 47-68. Retrieved from Business
Source Complete database.
Smith, J. E. (2003). Addiction and
environmental change. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology,
66(3), 47-68. Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/psp/

Geller, F., & Frank, P. T. (2005). North land
icebergs. Science Weekly, 5(8), 55-70.
http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1123/j.2354-
6970.2005.29384.x
Personal conversations,
emails, interviews,
and letters
(Do not include
on the reference
page.)
x Due to retrieval inability, personal
conversations, emails, interviews, and
letters should not be listed on the reference
page. Instead, cite personal communication
in the text. For an example, see the chart on
page 6 (information via personal
communication).
11
Reference
List

Websites
x For Internet sources that end with a
URL, do not add a period after the
URL. Otherwise, the period might be
mistaken as part of the URL.
x To ensure accuracy, the direct URL
should always be tested prior to
submission.
Website
Author(s). (date
of publication).
Title of page.
Retrieved from
information
(including direct
URL)
Website Examples:
Cain, A., & Burris, M. (1999). Investigation of
the use of mobile phones while driving.
Retrieved from
http://www.cutr.eng.usf.edu/its

/mobile_phone_text.htm
**If there is not an author listed, you can use
the company that created the website.
Occupational Safety & Health Administration.
(2004). OSHA directorate of training and
education. Retrieved from
http://www.osha.gov/index.html
PowerPoint
slides
x PowerPoint references are very simple,
with only four pieces of information.
x The PowerPoint format description in
brackets is used because the format is
something out of the ordinary. Other times
this format is used is for blog posts and
lecture notes.

PowerPoint Examples:
Sprott, J. C. (2000). Is global warming for real?
[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/lectures.ppt
12
Reference
List
PowerPoint
slides continued
PowerPoint
Author(s). (date
of publication).
Title of
slideshow
[Format of
document].
Retrieved from
information

**If there is no author, list the title of the
document first.
How to succeed in business [PowerPoint
slides]. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://online.columbiasouthern.edu
/webapps.jsp
Newspaper
x Precede page numbers for newspaper
articles with p. or pp.
x If an article appears on discontinuous
pages, give all page numbers, and separate
the numbers with a comma (e.g., pp. C1,
C4, C6–B9).

Newspaper
Author(s). (exact
date of
publication).
Title of article.
Newspaper Title,
pp. or Retrieved
from information
Newspaper Example:
Janega, J. (2014, February 17). Growth
questions worth asking. The Chicago
Tribune. Retrieved from http://bluesky
.chicagotribune.com/originals/chi-
business-growth-questions-
bsi,0,0.storygallery?track=bluesky-ct-
head#introduction
Fitzpatrick, A. J. (2011, September 3). What
affects U.S. economic growth? The Daily
Record, pp. B2, B4.
Selecting Appropriate Research Sources
In academic writing, certain types of resources are considered
acceptable. All sources mentioned
in this guide are sources that are considered to be academic
sources. If you have any questions
regarding acceptable and unacceptable sources or how different
types of sources (e.g., databases,
journals, peer reviews, etc.) can be used, please contact the

CSU Library. Additional information
about the CSU Library can be found on page 18 of this guide.
13
Formatting
When writing any type of formal paper (e.g. research papers,
articles critiques, case studies, etc.),
the document should have text citations and a reference list and
should be formatted in
accordance to APA format. The following are specific
instructions on how to set up a document
in APA format using Microsoft Word:
Document formatting in APA style
General
Formatting
Information
Margins x All margins (top, bottom, and sides) should be set at
one inch.
x Microsoft Word allows the user to set the margin at a
default of one inch on all sides.
Alignment/ Line Spacing

x All documents following APA guidelines are required
to be flush-left style and double-spaced throughout the
entire document.
x Additional spacing should not be used between
headings and paragraphs.
Font Type and Size x The preferred font type is Times New
Roman.
x Additionally, APA requires the font size to be 12 point.
Paragraph Indention x All papers typed in APA format require
the first line of
each paragraph to be indented .5”.
x This can easily be done by striking TAB on the
keyboard.
Page Header
(Running head)
x The page header should be found at the top of each
page of the APA document.

x The page header consists of both the running head and
the page number.
x The running head should be flush-left style and one-
half inch from the top margin.
x The title page should consist of the words Running
head followed by a colon and the title of the paper in
all capital letters.
x All subsequent pages should include only the title in all
capital letters (see page 20 for an example).
14
General
Formatting
Information
Page Header
(Running head) continued
x The maximum number of characters (including spaces)
after the colon is 50.
x Only the major words should be used if the title
exceeds the standard 50 character limit.

x The page number should also be included on the same
line as the running head but will be right aligned.
Steps for document formatting
Formatting Steps
Title Page:
The title page of the
document can be thought of
as the paper’s first
impression. For this reason,
it is important to pay
attention to the format
required by APA.
1. The running head is flush left; the page number is flush
right. Both of these should be .5” from the top of the
page.
2. In the center of the page should be the title, student’s
name, and name of school.
Abstract:
NOTE: All papers at CSU do
not require an abstract.
Please consult the course
syllabus or professor for
specifications about this.

1. The abstract tells the audience why they should care
about the presented topic.
2. It provides the methods that will be utilized in order to
get the results.
3. Abstracts (if applicable) will begin with the word
Abstract (italics would not be used in the actual
document) centered and one inch from the top of the
page.
4. The abstract itself should be flush left and should not
be indented.
5. The abstract should be an accurate and concise
reflection of the document’s content.
15
Formatting Steps
Abstract continued: 6. Typically, the abstract should only be
one paragraph
(150-250 words) in length with no direct quotations

and be on a page of its own directly after the title page.
Headings: 1. Headings are titles of different sections of a formal
written assignment.
2. They can be used to add structure, organize ideas, and
tell the reader what content to expect.
3. The following headings should be used when
required:
16

Formatting Steps
Reference Page:
At the end of each APA
document, there should be a
reference page containing
the sources used within the
paper.
1. Every reference cited in text should be listed on the
reference page(s), and every reference listed on the
reference page(s) should be cited in the text.
2. The exceptions to this are personal communication,
classical works, and secondary sources.
3. With secondary sources, only the original source
should be cited on the reference page.
4. References are of the utmost importance, as they allow
the reader to access the sources cited in text, and they
enable the author of the document to give credit where
credit is due.
5. The reference should contain accurate information, as
well as proper punctuation and spelling.
6. References will accompany the conclusion of any APA
document.
7. For each reference listed, there will be at least one
corresponding text citation in the document.
8. All margins should be one inch.

9. The word References should be used as the heading,
and it should be centered.
10. Double spacing should be used.
11. With the exception of the first line of each reference,
all lines are indented .5”. This is called a hanging
indention.
17
Specific formatting steps for documents
Software Click the following icons to access formatting.
Microsoft Word
2007/2010/2013
Microsoft Word 2003
Mac - Microsoft Word 2011

Mac - Microsoft Word 2008
Mac - Pages 2009
18
Library Resources and Services for CSU Students
The CSU Online Library resources are available to assist
Columbia Southern students with any
research needed to complete their course work. To reach a
member of the library staff, a student
may email [email protected] or telephone toll-free
877.268.8046.
Students may navigate to the Online Library through the
myCSU student portal or the course
menu in each of their courses in Blackboard.
The library resources include:
x Online databases that contain journal, magazine, and
newspaper articles; articles from
academic reference works and other scholarly nonfiction; and
special reports such as

SWOT analyses and market profiles.
x A collection of over 50,000 online academic books, the
ebrary.
x Electronic journal subscriptions in specialized fields of study.
x Links to other online resources such as general reference
information, APA instruction,
and subject-specific tutoring sites.
The CSU library staff can assist students with:
x Learning how to search the library databases.
x Identifying the best resources and search strategy for a
specific topic.
x Locating assigned readings or appropriate research materials
for writing assignments,
either in the library resources or online via the Internet.
x Creating accurate APA citations for a student’s chosen
research materials. (For more
extensive APA guidance, students should contact the Success
Center.)
The CSU Online Library resources are accessible 24 hours per
day and email reference is
available 7 days per week at: [email protected] For
daytime/weekday/business hours telephone reference call:
1.877.268.8046
Students may also communicate with an individual member of
the library staff through the
contact information provided on the library webpage.

19
Sample Essay
Click on the sample below to view an example of an APA style
essay (this view is only the first
page):
20
Sample Research Paper
Click on the sample below to view an example of an APA style

paper (this view is only the first
page):
21
References
Aaron, J. A. (2007). The Little, Brown compact handbook with
exercises (2nd custom ed.). New
York, NY: Pearson Education, Inc.
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication
manual of the American Psychological
Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
American Psychological Association. (2012). APA style guide
to electronic references (6th ed.)
[Adobe Acrobat version]. Retrieved from
http://www.apastyle.org/products/4210512
.aspx#
Houghton, P. M., & Houghton, T. J. (2009). APA: The easy
way! (2nd ed.). Flint, MI: Baker
College.

Running head: TREE SPIRITS OF ST. SIMONS ISLAND 1
Tree Spirits of St. Simons Island
Student Name
Columbia Southern University
TREE SPIRITS OF ST. SIMONS ISLAND 2
Tree Spirits of St. Simons Island
If you have ever been to southeast Georgia along the coast, you
will immediately notice
the trees. Large majestic oaks, some of them dating back
hundreds of years, can be found at

every turn: on streets, in the middle of streets, and in hundreds
of private yards. These trees are
almost synonymous with the South. The Spanish moss that drips
from their enormous and
invasive limbs gives everything a mystical and ghostly quality,
particuliarly when the fog rolls in
off the ocean. It is in this location that artist Keith Jennings has
carved dozens of sculputres into
ancient water oaks.
Jennings began his sculpting career in his backyard out of
boredom in the early 1980s
(Gallivance, 2012). Using just a few simple hand tools, he was
able to create a facial image, both
figurative and respresentational, that was recognizably human
yet spritlike in essence. Of the
twenty-odd sculptures that can be found on St. Simons Island
and on the mainland, most reside
on private property and were commissioned by the property
owners. The handful of permanent
public sculptures that exist were donated by the artist himself.
Each sculpture is organic to its specific tree: embedded in
emerging from or nestled into
it naturally. The artist uses the natural repetition of the tree’s
shape and natural lighting to create

depth and to bring each face to life. The craggly, worn suface of
the trees gives the faces an
ancient and wise look. I think it is interesting that the artwork
“grows” with the tree. These
nature sculptures will change while the tree changes. The faces
really are part of the tree. Most of
these works are between one and two feet in diameter. While,
legend has it that the faces are
meant to memorialize the countless faces of sailors lost at sea,
the artist argues otherwise: "I
don’t have that much to do with it. The wood speaks to you, ya
know?” (Pinar, 2013, para. 2).
Of the series, there is only one female, The Lady of Belle Point.
Unlike her brothers, she
is over two feet long and less than 10 inches wide. She resides
in the yard of a female ship
captain. The willowy Lady has a very siren-like quality and
reminds me of Botticelli’s Birth of
Venus (Bottecelli, 1480).
People do not necessarily come from all over to see the tree

spirits. However, when
people come to southeast Georgia, they will seek them out.
Once you see one, you find yourself
anxious to see another, and it is almost like a treasure hunt to
discover a new one. I was
mesmerized by these sculptures when I first saw them. Each one
is sculpted to fit the specific
characteristics present in the tree, and each sculpture is unique.
Every time I see them, I see more
intricacies in the details and imagine more about the spirit that
is represented. I feel that each one
takes on its own story. The sculptures inspire my imagination,
and I can almost imagine the
lives these Tree Spirits have had.
Unfortunately, there is no public document that details and
catalogs all of the Tree
Spirits. Their titles are not posted, and their dates are left
unpublished. Jennings does not have a
Facebook page of all of his artwork, and the artist’s website has
been down for well over six
months according to the Golden Isles Visitor Center (2013).
Rumor has it that Jennings will be
back in St. Simons sometime in the coming months—hopefully
to add another spirit to one of

our majestic oaks. I hope one day someone will catalog all of
the spirits and keep track of the
changes that take place while the trees grow. It would be
interesting to see how the artwork
changes with the life of the tree. Sometimes an artist’s work is
memorialized after some time. I
am not sure that anyone would really be able to memorialize
Jenning’s work without harming the
trees. Also, if we were to cut off the piece of the tree that is
home to the sculpture, it might
change the idea of the Tree Spirit. To me, the Tree Spirits will
be ever present and changing.
(Jennings, n.d.-d) (Jennings, n.d.-c)
(Jennings, n.d.-e) (Jennings, n.d.-a)
(Jennings, n.d.-b)

References
Botticelli, S. (1480). Birth of Venus [Tempera on canvas].
Retrieved from
http://www.uffizi.org/artworks/the-birth-of-venus-by-sandro-
botticelli/
Golden Isles Convention and Visitor’s Bureau. (2013). The tree
spirits of St. Simons Island.
Retrieved from http://www.goldenisles.com/lore-legends-of-
golden-isles/tree-spirits-of-
st-simons-island
Jennings, K. (n.d.-a). The lady of Belle Point [Carved Water
Oak]. Retrieved from
http://gallivance.net/2012/08/09/tree-spirits-of-st-simons-the-
other-woman/
Jennings, K. (n.d.-b). Untitled tree spirit 1 [Carved Water Oak
]. Retrieved from
http://gallivance.net/2012/07/25/tree-spirits-of-st-simons-
island-the-search-continues/
Jennings, K. (n.d.-c). Untitled tree spirit 2 [Carved Water Oak ].
Retrieved from

Jennings, K. (n.d.-d). Untitled tree spirit 3 [Carved Water Oak
]. Retrieved from
Jennings, K. (n.d.-e). Untitled tree spirit 4 [Carved Water Oak ].
Retrieved from
Pinar. (2013). Sculptor releases mysterious spirits already in
trees. Retrieved from
http://www.mymodernmet.com/profiles/blogs/keith-jennings-
spirit-trees

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