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FRATURA
TORACOLOMBAR
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
FRATURAS TORACOLOMBARES
 89% das fraturas da coluna vertebral
 2/3 das fraturas ocorrem na transição
toracolombar T11-L2
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Anatomia Toracica
 Cifose torácica
 Rígida
 Estável
 Pedículos
 Facetas no sentido horizontal
Sistema osteoligamentar
Esterno
Costelas
Menores comprimentos
Menores diâmetros
Mais retificados
Rotação
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Anatomia lombar
 Corpos vertebrais maiores
 Canal com maior diâmetro
 Flexibilidade
 Lordose
 Pedículos
Maiores comprimento
Maiores diâmetro
Mais lateralizados
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Classificação das fraturas
 Böhler(1934)
 Nicoll(1949)
 Holdsworth(1970)
 Louis(1977)
 Denis (1984)
 Magerl(1994)
 AO
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
DENIS
 ANTERIOR:
 MEDIA:
 POSTERIOR:
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
 Compressão
 Explosão
 Fratura-luxação
Instabilidade quando mais de
uma coluna comprometida
Tipos
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Margel e cols.
 Mecanismo de lesão
 3 forças
Compressão
Distração
Rotação
Perda altura do corpo vertebral
Ruptura anterior ou posterior
Desvios rotacionais
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Tipo A
 Compressão axial
 Altura do corpo vertebral reduzida
 Ligamentos posteriores intactos
 Não há translação no plano sagital
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Tipo B
 Forças de flexão e distração
 Hiperextensão
 Lesão dos elementos posteriores
 Presença de translação
 Lesões neurológicas são mais comuns
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
GRUPO B
 Ruptura posterior predominantemente liga
mentar:
subluxação bilateral
luxação ou fratura da faceta articular
ruptura transversa do disco interverte
bral
associadas a fraturas tipo A
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
TIPO B – Lesão por distração
B.1 – Lesão posterior ligamentar
B.1.1 – Com rotura transversa do
disco
B.1.2 – Associada à fratura do tipo A
B.2 – Lesão posterior óssea
B.2.1 – Fratura transversa da
vértebra (Chance)
B.2.2 – Espondilólise com lesão do
disco
B.2.3 – Espondilólise com fratura do
tipo A
B.3 – Lesão anterior – Hiperextensão
B.3.1 – Hiperextensão-subluxação
B.3.2 – Hiperextensão-espondilólise
B.3.3 – Luxação posterior
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
TIPO C
 ROTAÇÃO
 Lesões mais graves associadas a déficit
neurológicos
 Estruturas nervosas lesadas por fragemen
tos no interior do canal ou pelo esmaga
mento devido ao desvio tranlacional
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Características
 Lesão das duas colunas
 Desvio rotacional lesão dos ligamentos
longitudinais e disco
 Fratura do processo articular
 Fratura do processo transverso
 Luxação da costela
 Avulsão lateral da placa vertebral
 Fratura irregular da placa neural
 Fratura assimétrica do corpo vertebral
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Tipo C – Rotação
C.1 – Lesão do tipo A + rotação
C.1.1 – Impactada
C.1.2 – Separação
C.1.3 – Explosão
C.2 – Lesão do tipo B + rotação
C.2.1 – Lesão B.1 + rotação
C.2.2 – Lesão B.2 + rotação
C.2.3 – Lesão B.3 + rotação
C.3 – Cisalhamento-rotação
C.3.1 – Fratura do tipo slice
C.3.2 – Fratura oblíqua
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Vaccaro, A.R. et al, Spine 2005
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
Thoracolumbar Fractures–Overview
This classification and injury severity system is based
on the evaluation of three basic parameters:
1.Morphologic classification of the fracture
2.Neurologic injury
3.Clinical modifiers
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
1. Morphologic classification
A. B. C.
This is based on the Magerl classification modified by the AOSpine Classification Group.
Three basic types are identified on the basis of the mode of failure of the spinal column
•Type A: Compression injuries. Failure of anterior structures under compression.
•Type B: Failure of the posterior or anterior tension band.
•Type C: Failure of all elements leading to dislocation or displacement.
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
Type A
Describe injury to the vertebral body without tension band (PLC) involvement.
There are five subtypes and no further sub-classification.
These subtypes are also used as description of vertebral body fracture in B and C Types.
Type Description
A0
Minor, nonstructural
fractures
Fractures, which do not compromise the structural integrity of the spinal
column such as transverse process or spinous process fractures.
A1Wedge-compression
Fracture of a single endplate without involvement of the posterior wall of the
vertebral body.
A2Split
Fracture of both endplates without involvement of the posterior wall of the
vertebral body.
A3Incomplete burst
Fracture with any involvement of the posterior wall; only a single endplate
fractured. Vertical fracture of the lamina is usually present and does not
constitute a tension band failure.
A4Complete burst
Fracture with any involvement of the posterior wall and both endplates.
Vertical fracture of the lamina is usually present and does not constitute a
tension band failure.
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Type B
Describe the failure of posterior or anterior constraints (in case of TL this is the tension band or PLC /
Posterior Ligamentary Complex or the anterior longitudinal ligament).
Is to be combined with subtypes A when appropriate. There are three subtypes:
Type Description
B1
Transosseous tension
band disruption /
Chance fracture
Monosegmental pure osseous failure of the posterior tension band. The
classical Chance fracture.
B2
Posterior tension band
disruption
Bony and/or ligamentary failure of the posterior tension band together with a
Type A fracture. Type A fracture should be classified separately.
B3Hyperextension
Injury through the disk or vertebral body leading to a hyperextended
position of the spinal column. Commonly seen in ankylotic disorders.
Anterior structures, especially the ALL are ruptured but there is a posterior
hinge preventing further displacement.
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
Type C
Describe displacement or dislocation.
There are no subtypes as because of the dissociation between cranial and caudal segments
various configurations are possible in different images.
Is combined with subtypes of A if necessary.
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
A0. Minor, nonstructural fractures
Fractures, which do not compromise the structural integrity of the
spinal
column such as transverse process or spinous process fractures.
Type A
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
A1. Wedge-compression
Fracture of a single endplate without involvement of the posterior wall of the vertebral
body.
Type A
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
A2. Split
Fracture of both endplates without involvement of the posterior wall of the vertebral
body.
Type A
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
A3. Incomplete burst
Fracture with any involvement of the posterior wall; only a single endplate fractured. Vertical fracture of the
lamina is usually present and does not constitute a tension band failure.
Type A
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
A4. Complete burst
Fracture with any involvement of the posterior wall and both endplates.
Vertical fracture of the lamina is usually present and does not constitute a tension band
failure.
Type A
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
B1. Transosseous tension band disruption / Chance fracture
Monosegmental pure osseous failure of the posterior tension band.
The classical Chance fracture.
Type B
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
B2. Posterior tension band disruption
Bony and/or ligamentary failure of the posterior tension band together with a
Type A fracture. Type A fracture should be classified separately.
Type B
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
B3. Hyperextension
Injury through the disk or vertebral body leading to a hyperextended position of the spinal column.
Anterior structures, especially the ALL are ruptured but there is a posterior hinge preventing further displacement.
Type B
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
C. Displacement or dislocation
There are no subtypes as because of the dissociation between cranial and caudal segments
various configurations are possible in different images.
Type C
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Neurologic injury
Neurologic status at the moment of admission should be scored according to the following scheme:
Type Description
N0
Neurologically intact
N1
Transient neurologic deficit, which is no longer present
N2
Radicular symptoms
N3
Incomplete spinal cord injury or any degree of cauda equina injury
N4
Complete spinal cord injury
NX
Neurologic status is unknown due to sedation or head injury
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com
Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification
System
Modifiers
There are two modifiers, which can be used in addition to ad 1 and 2:
Type Description
M1
Usado para designar fraturas com uma lesão indeterminada para a
banda de tensão baseado na imagem da coluna vertebral com ou sem
ressonância magnética .
Este modificador é importante para que os designa lesões com lesões
estáveis do ponto de vista ósseo para os quais a insuficiência​​
ligamentar pode ajudar a determinar se a estabilização cirurgica deve
ser realizada.
M2
É usado para designar uma comorbidade específicas do paciente, o que pode-
se argumentar a favor ou contra a cirurgia para pacientes com indicações
cirúrgicas relativas.
Exemplos de um modificador M2 incluem espondilite anquilosante ou
queimaduras que afetam a pele que recobre a coluna.
Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva
medpeterson@hotmail.com

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Fratura Toracolombar

  • 1. FRATURA TORACOLOMBAR Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 2. FRATURAS TORACOLOMBARES  89% das fraturas da coluna vertebral  2/3 das fraturas ocorrem na transição toracolombar T11-L2 Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 3. Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 4. Anatomia Toracica  Cifose torácica  Rígida  Estável  Pedículos  Facetas no sentido horizontal Sistema osteoligamentar Esterno Costelas Menores comprimentos Menores diâmetros Mais retificados Rotação Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 5. Anatomia lombar  Corpos vertebrais maiores  Canal com maior diâmetro  Flexibilidade  Lordose  Pedículos Maiores comprimento Maiores diâmetro Mais lateralizados Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 6. Classificação das fraturas  Böhler(1934)  Nicoll(1949)  Holdsworth(1970)  Louis(1977)  Denis (1984)  Magerl(1994)  AO Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 7. DENIS  ANTERIOR:  MEDIA:  POSTERIOR: Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 8.  Compressão  Explosão  Fratura-luxação Instabilidade quando mais de uma coluna comprometida Tipos Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 9. Margel e cols.  Mecanismo de lesão  3 forças Compressão Distração Rotação Perda altura do corpo vertebral Ruptura anterior ou posterior Desvios rotacionais Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 10. Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 11. Tipo A  Compressão axial  Altura do corpo vertebral reduzida  Ligamentos posteriores intactos  Não há translação no plano sagital Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 12. Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 13. Tipo B  Forças de flexão e distração  Hiperextensão  Lesão dos elementos posteriores  Presença de translação  Lesões neurológicas são mais comuns Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 14. GRUPO B  Ruptura posterior predominantemente liga mentar: subluxação bilateral luxação ou fratura da faceta articular ruptura transversa do disco interverte bral associadas a fraturas tipo A Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 15. TIPO B – Lesão por distração B.1 – Lesão posterior ligamentar B.1.1 – Com rotura transversa do disco B.1.2 – Associada à fratura do tipo A B.2 – Lesão posterior óssea B.2.1 – Fratura transversa da vértebra (Chance) B.2.2 – Espondilólise com lesão do disco B.2.3 – Espondilólise com fratura do tipo A B.3 – Lesão anterior – Hiperextensão B.3.1 – Hiperextensão-subluxação B.3.2 – Hiperextensão-espondilólise B.3.3 – Luxação posterior Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 16. TIPO C  ROTAÇÃO  Lesões mais graves associadas a déficit neurológicos  Estruturas nervosas lesadas por fragemen tos no interior do canal ou pelo esmaga mento devido ao desvio tranlacional Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 17. Características  Lesão das duas colunas  Desvio rotacional lesão dos ligamentos longitudinais e disco  Fratura do processo articular  Fratura do processo transverso  Luxação da costela  Avulsão lateral da placa vertebral  Fratura irregular da placa neural  Fratura assimétrica do corpo vertebral Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 18. Tipo C – Rotação C.1 – Lesão do tipo A + rotação C.1.1 – Impactada C.1.2 – Separação C.1.3 – Explosão C.2 – Lesão do tipo B + rotação C.2.1 – Lesão B.1 + rotação C.2.2 – Lesão B.2 + rotação C.2.3 – Lesão B.3 + rotação C.3 – Cisalhamento-rotação C.3.1 – Fratura do tipo slice C.3.2 – Fratura oblíqua Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 19. Vaccaro, A.R. et al, Spine 2005 Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 20. Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 21. Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 22. Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 23. Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 24. Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 25. Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 26. Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 27. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System Thoracolumbar Fractures–Overview This classification and injury severity system is based on the evaluation of three basic parameters: 1.Morphologic classification of the fracture 2.Neurologic injury 3.Clinical modifiers Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 28. 1. Morphologic classification A. B. C. This is based on the Magerl classification modified by the AOSpine Classification Group. Three basic types are identified on the basis of the mode of failure of the spinal column •Type A: Compression injuries. Failure of anterior structures under compression. •Type B: Failure of the posterior or anterior tension band. •Type C: Failure of all elements leading to dislocation or displacement. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 29. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System Type A Describe injury to the vertebral body without tension band (PLC) involvement. There are five subtypes and no further sub-classification. These subtypes are also used as description of vertebral body fracture in B and C Types. Type Description A0 Minor, nonstructural fractures Fractures, which do not compromise the structural integrity of the spinal column such as transverse process or spinous process fractures. A1Wedge-compression Fracture of a single endplate without involvement of the posterior wall of the vertebral body. A2Split Fracture of both endplates without involvement of the posterior wall of the vertebral body. A3Incomplete burst Fracture with any involvement of the posterior wall; only a single endplate fractured. Vertical fracture of the lamina is usually present and does not constitute a tension band failure. A4Complete burst Fracture with any involvement of the posterior wall and both endplates. Vertical fracture of the lamina is usually present and does not constitute a tension band failure. Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 30. Type B Describe the failure of posterior or anterior constraints (in case of TL this is the tension band or PLC / Posterior Ligamentary Complex or the anterior longitudinal ligament). Is to be combined with subtypes A when appropriate. There are three subtypes: Type Description B1 Transosseous tension band disruption / Chance fracture Monosegmental pure osseous failure of the posterior tension band. The classical Chance fracture. B2 Posterior tension band disruption Bony and/or ligamentary failure of the posterior tension band together with a Type A fracture. Type A fracture should be classified separately. B3Hyperextension Injury through the disk or vertebral body leading to a hyperextended position of the spinal column. Commonly seen in ankylotic disorders. Anterior structures, especially the ALL are ruptured but there is a posterior hinge preventing further displacement. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 31. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System Type C Describe displacement or dislocation. There are no subtypes as because of the dissociation between cranial and caudal segments various configurations are possible in different images. Is combined with subtypes of A if necessary. Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 32. A0. Minor, nonstructural fractures Fractures, which do not compromise the structural integrity of the spinal column such as transverse process or spinous process fractures. Type A Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 33. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System A1. Wedge-compression Fracture of a single endplate without involvement of the posterior wall of the vertebral body. Type A Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 34. A2. Split Fracture of both endplates without involvement of the posterior wall of the vertebral body. Type A Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 35. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System A3. Incomplete burst Fracture with any involvement of the posterior wall; only a single endplate fractured. Vertical fracture of the lamina is usually present and does not constitute a tension band failure. Type A Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 36. A4. Complete burst Fracture with any involvement of the posterior wall and both endplates. Vertical fracture of the lamina is usually present and does not constitute a tension band failure. Type A Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 37. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System B1. Transosseous tension band disruption / Chance fracture Monosegmental pure osseous failure of the posterior tension band. The classical Chance fracture. Type B Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 38. B2. Posterior tension band disruption Bony and/or ligamentary failure of the posterior tension band together with a Type A fracture. Type A fracture should be classified separately. Type B Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 39. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System B3. Hyperextension Injury through the disk or vertebral body leading to a hyperextended position of the spinal column. Anterior structures, especially the ALL are ruptured but there is a posterior hinge preventing further displacement. Type B Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 40. C. Displacement or dislocation There are no subtypes as because of the dissociation between cranial and caudal segments various configurations are possible in different images. Type C Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 41. Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 42. Neurologic injury Neurologic status at the moment of admission should be scored according to the following scheme: Type Description N0 Neurologically intact N1 Transient neurologic deficit, which is no longer present N2 Radicular symptoms N3 Incomplete spinal cord injury or any degree of cauda equina injury N4 Complete spinal cord injury NX Neurologic status is unknown due to sedation or head injury Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com
  • 43. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Classification System Modifiers There are two modifiers, which can be used in addition to ad 1 and 2: Type Description M1 Usado para designar fraturas com uma lesão indeterminada para a banda de tensão baseado na imagem da coluna vertebral com ou sem ressonância magnética . Este modificador é importante para que os designa lesões com lesões estáveis do ponto de vista ósseo para os quais a insuficiência​​ ligamentar pode ajudar a determinar se a estabilização cirurgica deve ser realizada. M2 É usado para designar uma comorbidade específicas do paciente, o que pode- se argumentar a favor ou contra a cirurgia para pacientes com indicações cirúrgicas relativas. Exemplos de um modificador M2 incluem espondilite anquilosante ou queimaduras que afetam a pele que recobre a coluna. Dr. Peterson Xavier da Silva medpeterson@hotmail.com