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Common Table Expressions (CTE) & Window Functions in MySQL 8.0
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Common Table Expressions (CTE) & Window Functions in MySQL 8.0
1.
Copyright © 2015,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. | Common Table Expressions (CTE) & Window Functions in MySQL 8.0 Øystein Grøvlen Senior Principal Software Engineer MySQL Optimizer Team, Oracle Copyright © 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
2.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Safe Harbor Statement The following is intended to outline our general product direction. It is intended for information purposes only, and may not be incorporated into any contract. It is not a commitment to deliver any material, code, or functionality, and should not be relied upon in making purchasing decisions. The development, release, and timing of any features or functionality described for Oracle’s products remains at the sole discretion of Oracle. 2
3.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Common table expression Window functions Program Agenda 3 1 2
4.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Common table expression Window functions Program Agenda 4 1 2
5.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Common Table Expression • A derived table is a subquery in the FROM clause SELECT … FROM (subquery) AS derived, t1 ... • Common Table Expression (CTE) is just like a derived table, but its declaration is put before the query block instead of in FROM clause WITH derived AS (subquery) SELECT … FROM derived, t1 ... • A CTE may precede SELECT/UPDATE/DELETE including sub-queries WITH derived AS (subquery) DELETE FROM t1 WHERE t1.a IN (SELECT b FROM derived); 5 Alternative to derived table
6.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Common Table Expression (CTE) WITH cte_name [( <list of column names> )] AS ( SELECT ... # Definition ) [, <any number of other CTE definitions> ] <SELECT/UPDATE/DELETE statement> 6 WITH qn AS (SELECT a FROM t1) SELECT * from qn; INSERT INTO t2 WITH qn AS (SELECT 10*a AS a FROM t1) SELECT * from qn; SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.a IN (WITH cte as (SELECT * FROM t1 AS t2 LIMIT 1) SELECT a + 0 FROM cte);
7.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Common Table Expression versus Derived Table Better readability Can be referenced multiple times Can refer to other CTEs Improved performance 7
8.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Better readability • Derived table: SELECT … FROM t1 LEFT JOIN ((SELECT … FROM …) AS dt JOIN t2 ON …) ON … • CTE: WITH dt AS (SELECT ... FROM ...) SELECT ... FROM t1 LEFT JOIN (dt JOIN t2 ON ...) ON ... 8
9.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Can be referenced multiple times • Derived table can not be referenced twice: SELECT ... FROM (SELECT a, b, SUM(c) s FROM t1 GROUP BY a, b) AS d1 JOIN (SELECT a, b, SUM(c) s FROM t1 GROUP BY a, b) AS d2 ON d1.b = d2.a; • CTE can: WITH d AS (SELECT a, b, SUM(c) s FROM t1 GROUP BY a, b) SELECT ... FROM d AS d1 JOIN d AS d2 ON d1.b = d2.a; 9
10.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Can refer to other CTEs • Derived tables can not refer to other derived tables: SELECT … FROM (SELECT … FROM …) AS d1, (SELECT … FROM d1 …) AS d2 … ERROR: 1146 (42S02): Table ‘db.d1’ doesn’t exist • CTEs can refer other CTEs: WITH d1 AS (SELECT … FROM …), d2 AS (SELECT … FROM d1 …) SELECT FROM d1, d2 … 10
11.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Chained CTEs WITH cte1(txt) AS (SELECT "This "), cte2(txt) AS (SELECT CONCAT(cte1.txt,"is a ") FROM cte1), cte3(txt) AS (SELECT "nice query" UNION SELECT "query that rocks" UNION SELECT "query"), cte4(txt) AS (SELECT concat(cte2.txt, cte3.txt) FROM cte2, cte3) SELECT MAX(txt), MIN(txt) FROM cte4; +----------------------------+----------------------+ | MAX(txt) | MIN(txt) | +----------------------------+----------------------+ | This is a query that rocks | This is a nice query | +----------------------------+----------------------+ 1 row in set (0,00 sec) 11 Neat, but not very useful example
12.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Better performance • Derived table: – For derived tables that are materialized, two identical derived tables will be materialized. Performance problem (more space, more time, longer locks) – Similar with view references • CTE: – Will be materialized once, regardless of how many references 12
13.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. DBT3 Query 15 Top Supplier Query Using view CREATE VIEW revenue0 (supplier_no, total_revenue) AS SELECT l_suppkey, SUM(l_extendedprice * (1-l_discount)) FROM lineitem WHERE l_shipdate >= '1996-07-01' AND l_shipdate < DATE_ADD('1996-07-01‘, INTERVAL '90' day) GROUP BY l_suppkey; Using CTE WITH revenue0 (supplier_no, total_revenue) AS (SELECT l_suppkey, SUM(l_extendedprice * (1-l_discount)) FROM lineitem WHERE l_shipdate >= '1996-07-01' AND l_shipdate < DATE_ADD('1996-07-01‘, INTERVAL '90' day) GROUP BY l_suppkey) SELECT s_suppkey, s_name, s_address, s_phone, total_revenue FROM supplier, revenue0 WHERE s_suppkey = supplier_no AND total_revenue = (SELECT MAX(total_revenue) FROM revenue0) ORDER BY s_suppkey; rewrite
14.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. DBT-3 Query 15 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 View CTE QueryExecutionTime(seconds) Confidential – Oracle Internal/Restricted/Highly Restricted 14 Query Performance
15.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Recursive CTE • A recursive CTE refers to itself in a subquery • The “seed” SELECT is executed once to create the initial data subset, the recursive SELECT is repeatedly executed to return subsets of data until the complete result set is obtained. • Recursion stops when an iteration does not generate any new rows • Useful to dig in hierarchies (parent/child, part/subpart) 15 WITH RECURSIVE cte AS ( SELECT ... FROM table_name /* "seed" SELECT */ UNION [DISTINCT|ALL] SELECT ... FROM cte, table_name) /* "recursive" SELECT */ SELECT ... FROM cte;
16.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Recursive CTE 16 A simple example Print 1 to 10 : WITH RECURSIVE qn AS ( SELECT 1 AS a UNION ALL SELECT 1+a FROM qn WHERE a<10 ) SELECT * FROM qn; a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
17.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Recursive CTE 17 INSERT Insert 1 to 10 : INSERT INTO numbers WITH RECURSIVE qn AS ( SELECT 1 AS a UNION ALL SELECT 1+a FROM qn WHERE a<10 ) SELECT * FROM qn; SELECT * FROM numbers; a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
18.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Date sequence 18 Missing dates SELECT orderdate, SUM(totalprice) sales FROM orders GROUP BY orderdate ORDER BY orderdate; +------------+-----------+ | orderdate | sales | +------------+-----------+ | 2016-09-01 | 43129.83 | | 2016-09-03 | 218347.61 | | 2016-09-04 | 142568.40 | | 2016-09-05 | 299244.83 | | 2016-09-07 | 185991.79 | +------------+-----------+
19.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Date sequence 19 All dates WITH RECURSIVE dates(date) AS ( SELECT '2016-09-01' UNION ALL SELECT DATE_ADD(date, INTERVAL 1 DAY) FROM dates WHERE date < '2016-09-07‘ ) SELECT dates.date, COALESCE(SUM(totalprice), 0) sales FROM dates LEFT JOIN orders ON dates.date = orders.orderdate GROUP BY dates.date ORDER BY dates.date; +------------+-----------+ | date | sales | +------------+-----------+ | 2016-09-01 | 43129.83 | | 2016-09-02 | 0.00 | | 2016-09-03 | 218347.61 | | 2016-09-04 | 142568.40 | | 2016-09-05 | 299244.83 | | 2016-09-06 | 0.00 | | 2016-09-07 | 185991.79 | +------------+-----------+
20.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Hierarchy Traversal 20 Employee database CREATE TABLE employees ( id INT PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(100), manager_id INT, FOREIGN KEY (manager_id) REFERENCES employees(id) ); INSERT INTO employees VALUES (333, "Yasmina", NULL), # CEO (198, "John", 333), # John reports to 333 (692, "Tarek", 333), (29, "Pedro", 198), (4610, "Sarah", 29), (72, "Pierre", 29), (123, "Adil", 692);
21.
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Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Hierarchy Traversal 21 List reporting chain WITH RECURSIVE emp_ext (id, name, path) AS ( SELECT id, name, CAST(id AS CHAR(200)) FROM employees WHERE manager_id IS NULL UNION ALL SELECT s.id, s.name, CONCAT(m.path, ",", s.id) FROM emp_ext m JOIN employees s ON m.id=s.manager_id ) SELECT * FROM emp_ext ORDER BY path; id name path 333 Yasmina 333 198 John 333,198 692 Tarek 333,692 29 Pedro 333,198,29 123 Adil 333,692,123 4610 Sarah 333,198,29,4610 72 Pierre 333,198,29,72
22.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Hierarchy Traversal 22 List reporting chain WITH RECURSIVE emp_ext (id, name, path) AS ( SELECT id, name, CAST(id AS CHAR(200)) FROM employees WHERE manager_id IS NULL UNION ALL SELECT s.id, s.name, CONCAT(m.path, ",", s.id) FROM emp_ext m JOIN employees s ON m.id=s.manager_id ) SELECT * FROM emp_ext ORDER BY path; id name path 333 Yasmina 333 198 John 333,198 29 Pedro 333,198,29 4610 Sarah 333,198,29,4610 72 Pierre 333,198,29,72 692 Tarek 333,692 123 Adil 333,692,123
23.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Program Agenda 23 1 2 Non recursive common table expression Window functions
24.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Window functions: what are they? • A window function performs a calculation across a set of rows that are related to the current row, similar to an aggregate function. • But unlike aggregate functions, a window function does not cause rows to become grouped into a single output row. • Window functions can access values of other rows “in the vicinity” of the current row 24 Aggreation function Window function
25.
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Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Window function example 25 PARTITION == disjoint set of rows in result set name dept_id salary dept_total Newt NULL 75000 75000 Dag 10 NULL 370000 Ed 10 100000 370000 Fred 10 60000 370000 Jon 10 60000 370000 Michael 10 70000 370000 Newt 10 80000 370000 Lebedev 20 65000 130000 Pete 20 65000 130000 Jeff 30 300000 370000 Will 30 70000 370000 Sum up total salary for each department: SELECT name, dept_id, salary, SUM(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY dept_id) AS dept_total FROM employee ORDER BY dept_id, name; The OVER keyword signals a window function
26.
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Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. With GROUP BY 26 SELECT name, dept_id, salary, SUM(salary) AS dept_total FROM employee GROUP BY dept_id ORDER BY dept_id, name; ERROR 1055 (42000): Expression #1 of SELECT list is not in GROUP BY clause and contains nonaggregated column 'mysql.employee.name' which is not functionally dependent on columns in GROUP BY clause; this is incompatible with sql_mode=only_full_group_by
27.
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Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. With GROUP BY 27 SELECT /* name, */ dept_id, /* salary,*/ SUM(salary) AS dept_total FROM employee GROUP BY dept_id ORDER BY dept_id /*, name */; dept_id dept_total NULL 75000 10 370000 20 130000 30 370000
28.
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Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. name dept_id salary total Newt NULL 75000 75000 Dag 10 NULL NULL Ed 10 100000 100000 Fred 10 60000 160000 Jon 10 60000 220000 Michael 10 70000 190000 Newt 10 80000 210000 Lebedev 20 65000 65000 Pete 20 65000 130000 Jeff 30 300000 300000 Will 30 70000 370000 28 Window function example, with frame ORDER BY name within each partition moving window frame: SUM(salary) ... ROWS 2 PRECEDING a frame is a subset of a partition SELECT name, dept_id, salary, SUM(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY dept_id ORDER BY name ROWS 2 PRECEDING) total FROM employee ORDER BY dept_id, name;
29.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 29 Window function example, with frame SELECT name, dept_id, salary, SUM(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY dept_id ORDER BY name ROWS 2 PRECEDING) total FROM employee ORDER BY dept_id, name; name dept_id salary total Newt NULL 75000 75000 Dag 10 NULL NULL Ed 10 100000 100000 Fred 10 60000 160000 Jon 10 60000 220000 Michael 10 70000 190000 Newt 10 80000 210000 Lebedev 20 65000 65000 Pete 20 65000 130000 Jeff 30 300000 300000 Will 30 70000 370000
30.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. SELECT name, dept_id, salary, AVG(salary) OVER w AS `avg`, salary - AVG(salary) OVER w AS diff FROM employee WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY dept_id) ORDER BY diff DESC; Window function example 30 name dept_id salary average diff Jeff 30 300000 185000 115000 Ed 10 100000 74000 26000 Newt 10 80000 74000 6000 Newt NULL 75000 75000 0 Pete 20 65000 65000 0 Lebedev 20 65000 65000 0 Michael 10 70000 74000 -4000 Jon 10 60000 74000 -14000 Fred 10 60000 74000 -14000 Will 30 70000 185000 -115000 Dag 10 NULL 74000 NULL • i.e. find the employees with the largest difference between their wage and that of the department average • Note: explicit window definition of “w”
31.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Implicit and explicit windows • Windows can be implicit and unnamed: COUNT(*) OVER (PARTITION BY dept_ID) • Windows can be defined and named via the windows clause: SELECT COUNT(*) OVER w FROM t WINDOW w as (PARTITION BY dept_id) • Allows sharing of windows between several window functions • Avoids redundant windowing steps since more functions can be evaluated in the same step 31
32.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Types of window functions • Aggregates – COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN + more to come • Ranking – RANK, DENSE_RANK, PERCENT_RANK, – CUME_DIST, ROW_NUMBER • Analytical – NTILE, LEAD, LAG – NTH, FIRST_VALUE, LAST_VALUE Blue ones use frames, all obey partitions 32
33.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 33 Syntax for window specification window specification ::= [ existing window name ] [PARTITION BY expr-1, ... ] [ORDER BY expr-1, ... [DESC] ] [ frame clause ] frame clause ::= { ROWS | RANGE } { start | between } start ::= { CURRENT ROW | UNBOUNDED PRECEDING | n PRECEDING} between ::= BETWEEN bound-1 AND bound-2 bound ::= start | UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING | n FOLLOWING
34.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 34 Frame clause bound partition CURRENT ROW UNBOUNDED PRECEDING UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING n PRECEDING m FOLLOWING
35.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 35 RANGE frame example SELECT date, amount, SUM(amount) OVER w AS `sum` FROM payments WINDOW w AS (ORDER BY date RANGE BETWEEN INTERVAL 1 WEEK PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) ORDER BY date; Current row's date is the 10th, so first row in range is the 3rd . Frame cardinality is 4 due to peer in next row. For Jan 5, the frame cardinality is 5, and sum is 900.50. date amount sum 2017-01-01 100.50 300.50 2017-01-01 200.00 300.50 2017-01-02 200.00 500.50 2017-01-03 200.00 700.50 2017-01-05 200.00 900.50 2017-01-10 200.00 700.00 2017-01-10 100.00 700.00 2017-01-11 200.00 700.00 Find the sum of payments within the last 8 days
36.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. When are they evaluated? • After GROUP BY/ HAVING • Before final ORDER BY, DISTINCT, LIMIT • You can have several window functions and several different windows • To filter on window function’s value, use a subquery, e.g. 36 SELECT * FROM ( SELECT SUM(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY dept_id) `sum` FROM employee ) AS s WHERE `sum` < 100000; sum 75000
37.
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Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. • Tmp table between each windowing step • (in-mem if result set can fit †) • Streamable wfs vs buffered • Depends on wf and frame • Buffered: re-read rows • O(rows * frame size) • Move frame for SUM 1 row • Optimization: Invert by subtraction, add new row. 37 Logical flow JOIN GROUP BY WINDOW 1 WINDOW n ORDER BY/ DISTINCT/ LIMIT Input goes into a tmp table Sort for PARTITION BY and ORDER BY † cf. variables tmp_table_size, max_heap_table_size
38.
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Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Streamable evaluation 38 SELECT name, dept_id, salary, SUM(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY dept_id ORDER BY name ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS `sum` FROM employee; name dept_id salary sum Newt NULL 75000 75000 Dag 10 NULL NULL Ed 10 100000 100000 Fred 10 60000 160000 Jon 10 60000 220000 Michael 10 70000 290000 Newt 10 80000 370000 Lebedev 20 65000 65000 Pete 20 65000 130000 Jeff 30 300000 300000 Will 30 70000 370000 Just accumulate as we see rows Accumulate the salary in each department as sum
39.
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Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 39 Non-streamable evaluation SELECT name, dept_id, salary, SUM(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY dept_id ORDER BY name ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS `sum` FROM employee; name dept_id salary sum Newt NULL 75000 75000 Dag 10 NULL NULL Ed 10 100000 100000 Fred 10 60000 160000 Jon 10 60000 220000 Michael 10 70000 190000 Newt 10 80000 210000 Lebedev 20 65000 65000 Pete 20 65000 130000 Jeff 30 300000 300000 Will 30 70000 370000 Sum two preceding rows and the current row When evaluating Michael, subtract Ed's contribution, add Michael or just evaluate entire frame over again (non-optimized). In both cases we need re-visit rows.
40.
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Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Explain, last query 40 EXPLAIN FORMAT=JSON SELECT name, dept_id, salary, SUM(salary) OVER (PARTITION BY dept_id ORDER BY name ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS `sum` FROM employee; : "windows": [ { "name": "<unnamed window>", "using_filesort": true, "frame_buffer": { "using_temporary_table": true, "optimized_frame_evaluation": true }, "functions": [ "sum" ] } ], :
41.
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Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. RANK 41 SELECT name, dept_id AS dept, salary, RANK() OVER w AS `rank` FROM employee WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY dept_id ORDER BY salary DESC); name dept_id salary rank Newt NULL 75000 1 Ed 10 100000 1 Newt 10 80000 2 Fred 10 70000 3 Michael 10 70000 3 Jon 10 60000 5 Dag 10 NULL 6 Pete 20 65000 1 Lebedev 20 65000 1 Jeff 30 300000 1 Will 30 70000 2
42.
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Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. DENSE_RANK 42 SELECT name, dept_id AS dept, salary, RANK() OVER w AS `rank`, DENSE_RANK() OVER w AS dense FROM employee WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY dept_id ORDER BY salary DESC); name dept_id salary rank dense Newt NULL 75000 1 1 Ed 10 100000 1 1 Newt 10 80000 2 2 Fred 10 70000 3 3 Michael 10 70000 3 3 Jon 10 60000 5 4 Dag 10 NULL 6 5 Pete 20 65000 1 1 Lebedev 20 65000 1 1 Jeff 30 300000 1 1 Will 30 70000 2 2 DENSE_RANK doesn't skip
43.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. ROW_NUMBER 43 SELECT name, dept_id AS dept, salary, RANK() OVER w AS `rank`, DENSE_RANK() OVER w AS dense, ROW_NUMBER() OVER w AS `rowno` FROM employee WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY dept_id ORDER BY salary DESC); name dept_id salary rank dense rowno Newt NULL 75000 1 1 1 Ed 10 100000 1 1 1 Newt 10 80000 2 2 2 Fred 10 70000 3 3 3 Michael 10 70000 3 3 4 Jon 10 60000 5 4 5 Dag 10 NULL 6 5 6 Pete 20 65000 1 1 1 Lebedev 20 65000 1 1 2 Jeff 30 300000 1 1 1 Will 30 70000 2 2 2
44.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Implicit and explicit windows A window definition can inherit from another window definition in its specification, adding detail, no override 44 SELECT name, dept_id, COUNT(*) OVER w1 AS cnt1, COUNT(*) OVER w2 AS cnt2 FROM employee WINDOW w1 AS (PARTITION BY dept_id), w2 AS (w1 ORDER BY name) ORDER BY dept_id, name; name dept_id cnt1 cnt2 Newt NULL 1 1 Dag 10 6 1 Ed 10 6 2 Fred 10 6 3 Jon 10 6 4 Michael 10 6 5 Newt 10 6 6 Levedev 20 2 1 Pete 20 2 2 Jeff 30 2 1 Will 30 2 2
45.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Want to learn more? • MySQL Server Team blog: http://mysqlserverteam.com/ • MySQL Optimizer & Parser forum: http://forums.mysql.com/list.php?115
46.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Want to learn more? • Thursday 12:50pm: Recursive Query Throwdown in MySQL 8 (Bill Karwin) • MySQL Server Team blog – http://mysqlserverteam.com/ • My blog: – http://oysteing.blogspot.com/ • MySQL forums: – Optimizer & Parser: http://forums.mysql.com/list.php?115
47.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 47
48.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. LEAD, LAG 48 Returns value evaluated at the row that is offset rows after/before the current row within the partition; if there is no such row, instead return default (which must be of the same type as value). Both offset and default are evaluated with respect to the current row. If omitted, offset defaults to 1 and default to null lead or lag function ::= { LEAD | LAG } ( expr [ , offset [ , default expression>] ] ) [ RESPECT NULLS ] Note: “IGNORE NULLS” not supported, RESPECT NULLS is default but can be specified.
49.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. FIRST_VALUE, LAST_VALUE, NTH_VALUE 49 Returns value evaluated at the first, last, nth in the frame of the current row within the partition; if there is no nth row (frame is too small), the NTH_VALUE returns NULL. first or last value ::= { FIRST_VALUE | LAST_VALUE } ( expr ) [ RESPECT NULLS ] nth_value ::= NTH_VALUE ( expr, nth-row ) [FROM FIRST] [ RESPECT NULLS ] Note: “IGNORE NULLS” is not supported, RESPECT NULLS is used but can be specified. Note: For NTH_VALUE, “FROM LAST” is not supported, FROM FIRST is used but can be specified
50.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. FIRST_VALUE “in frame” 50 SELECT name, dept_id AS dept, salary, SUM(salary) OVER w AS `sum`, FIRST_VALUE(salary) OVER w AS `first` FROM employee WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY dept_id ORDER BY name ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) name dept_id salary sum first Newt NULL 75000 75000 75000 Dag 10 NULL NULL NULL Ed 10 100000 100000 NULL Fred 10 60000 160000 NULL Jon 10 60000 220000 100000 Michael 10 70000 190000 60000 Newt 10 80000 210000 60000 Lebedev 20 65000 65000 65000 Pete 20 65000 130000 65000 Jeff 30 300000 300000 30000 Will 30 70000 370000 30000 Current row: Jon FIRST_VALUE in frame is: Ed
51.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. LAST_VALUE “in frame” 51 SELECT name, dept_id AS dept, salary, SUM(salary) OVER w AS `sum`, FIRST_VALUE(salary) OVER w AS `first`, LAST_VALUE(salary) OVER w AS `last` FROM employee WINDOW w AS ( PARTITION BY dept_id ORDER BY name ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) name dept_id salary sum first last Newt NULL 75000 75000 75000 75000 Dag 10 NULL NULL NULL NULL Ed 10 100000 100000 NULL 100000 Fred 10 60000 160000 NULL 60000 Jon 10 60000 220000 100000 60000 Michael 10 70000 190000 60000 70000 Newt 10 80000 210000 60000 80000 Lebedev 20 65000 65000 65000 65000 Pete 20 65000 130000 65000 65000 Jeff 30 300000 300000 30000 300000 Will 30 70000 370000 30000 70000 Current row: Jon LAST_VALUE in frame is: Jon
52.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. NTH_VALUE “in frame” 52 SELECT name, dept_id AS dept, salary, SUM(salary) OVER w AS `sum`, NTH_VALUE(salary, 2) OVER w AS `nth` FROM employee WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY dept_id ORDER BY name ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) name dept_id salary sum nth Newt NULL 75000 75000 NULL Dag 10 NULL NULL NULL Ed 10 100000 100000 100000 Fred 10 60000 160000 100000 Jon 10 60000 220000 60000 Michael 10 70000 190000 60000 Newt 10 80000 210000 70000 Lebedev 20 65000 65000 NULL Pete 20 65000 130000 65000 Jeff 30 300000 300000 NULL Will 30 70000 370000 70000 Current row: Jon NTH_VALUE(...,2) in frame is: Fred
53.
Copyright © 2017,
Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 53 Logical flow JOIN GROUP BY WINDOW 1 WINDOW n ORDER BY/ DISTINCT/ LIMIT Row addressable buffer in-mem: overflows to disk Permits re-reading rows when frame moves
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