The Return 1940 Rene Magritte 1898-1967 Rene Magritte, the Belgian Surrealist, was born November 21, 1898 in Lessines, Belgium. The eldest of three sons, his father was a tailor and his mother a milliner. Magritte showed an early aptitude for art and began studying painting in 1910. Sadly in 1912, his mother died tragically having a profound effect on the young artist and influenced his later works of art. In 1916, at eighteen he moved to Brussels and began to study art at the Academie Royale des Beaux Artes and in 1922 married his childhood friend, Georgette Berger. Unable to make a living as an artist, Magritte made designs for wallpapers, posters, sheet music covers and collage illustrations for furrier’s catalogues and these were to form the basis of techniques used on his Surrealist canvases. Finally, in 1926 he signed a contract with a gallery and was able to devote all his time to his art. He produced his first Surrealist painting, The Lost Jockey, for an exhibition in 1927, unfortunately it was panned by critics. That same year Magritte moved to Paris and met Andre Breton, the founder of the Surrealist movement and became an important member of that group. Andre Breton defined surrealism in his manifesto of 1924 as: “psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express…verbally, by means of the written word, or in any other manner…the actual functioning of thought…in the absence of any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern”. This art movement was based on the exploration of dreams, imagination, fantasy and the subconscious. Surrealism is also closely connected to the ideas of Sigmund Freud, who thought that dreams or unconscious thoughts motivated human behavior. When Breton wrote his manifesto, the horrors of WWI were still very recent. In some ways, Surrealism was an answer to what many Surrealists believed caused the war, the industrial revolution driven by rational thought. Surrealism offered an outlet from “false rationality”. It celebrated mystery and idiosyncrasy. Magritte wrote of his own work: “My painting is visible images which conceal nothing; they evoke mystery and indeed, when one sees one of my pictures, one asks oneself this simple question, ‘what does that mean?’ It does not mean anything, because mystery means nothing either, it is unknowable”. There began his investigation of pictorial language in a burst of activity that was to produce sixty pictures in one year, some quite large. When he returned to Brussels in 1930, he became the center of the avant-garde circle. His trademark style- precise, meticulous and impersonal technique were almost completely established. He remained there until his death in 1967. Magritte’s works are conceived as riddles. In them he explores the mysteries lurking in the unexpected juxtaposition of everyday things, involving the viewer in a self-induced disorientation ...

1. The Return
1940
Rene Magritte 1898-1967
Rene Magritte, the Belgian Surrealist, was born November 21,
1898 in Lessines, Belgium. The
eldest of three sons, his father was a tailor and his mother a
milliner. Magritte showed an early
aptitude for art and began studying painting in 1910. Sadly in
1912, his mother died tragically
having a profound effect on the young artist and influenced his
later works of art.
In 1916, at eighteen he moved to Brussels and began to study
art at the Academie Royale des
Beaux Artes and in 1922 married his childhood friend,
Georgette Berger. Unable to make a
living as an artist, Magritte made designs for wallpapers,
posters, sheet music covers and collage
illustrations for furrier’s catalogues and these were to form the
basis of techniques used on his
Surrealist canvases. Finally, in 1926 he signed a contract with
a gallery and was able to devote
all his time to his art. He produced his first Surrealist painting,
The Lost Jockey, for an
exhibition in 1927, unfortunately it was panned by critics. That
same year Magritte moved to
Paris and met Andre Breton, the founder of the Surrealist
movement and became an important
member of that group.

2. Andre Breton defined surrealism in his manifesto of 1924 as:
“psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to
express…verbally, by means of
the written word, or in any other manner…the actual
functioning of thought…in the absence of
any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or
moral concern”.
This art movement was based on the exploration of dreams,
imagination, fantasy and the
subconscious. Surrealism is also closely connected to the ideas
of Sigmund Freud, who thought
that dreams or unconscious thoughts motivated human behavior.
When Breton wrote his
manifesto, the horrors of WWI were still very recent. In some
ways, Surrealism was an answer
to what many Surrealists believed caused the war, the industrial
revolution driven by rational
thought. Surrealism offered an outlet from “false rationality”.
It celebrated mystery and
idiosyncrasy.
Magritte wrote of his own work:
“My painting is visible images which conceal nothing; they
evoke mystery and indeed, when one
sees one of my pictures, one asks oneself this simple question,
‘what does that mean?’ It does not
mean anything, because mystery means nothing either, it is
unknowable”.
There began his investigation of pictorial language in a burst of
activity that was to produce sixty

3. pictures in one year, some quite large. When he returned to
Brussels in 1930, he became the
center of the avant-garde circle. His trademark style- precise,
meticulous and impersonal
technique were almost completely established. He remained
there until his death in 1967.
Magritte’s works are conceived as riddles. In them he explores
the mysteries lurking in the
unexpected juxtaposition of everyday things, involving the
viewer in a self-induced
disorientation. His paintings exclude symbols and myths;
everything is visible. Magritte worked
from several sources, which he repeated with variations:
anatomical surprises, such as the hand
whose wrist is a woman’s face; the mysterious opening, where a
door swings open on to an
unexpected vista; metaphoric creatures, such as a stone bird
flying above a rocky shoreline. He
animates the inanimate, as a shoe with toes; he enlarges details,
as an immense apple filling a
room. He makes an association of complementary, as the leaf-
bird of the mountain eagle. His
titles accompany the paintings as names correspond to objects,
without either illustrating or
explaining them.
Magritte had discouraged analysis of his paintings in such
statements as: “If one looks at a thing
with the intention of trying to discover what it means, one ends
up no longer seeing the thing
itself, but of thinking of the question that is raised.” For
Magritte, interpretation of the image
was a denial of the mystery.
Many of Magritte’s paintings from his Paris days were violent

4. and gruesome. While living in
Brussels during the German occupation he renounced violence
and pessimism in the face of
WWII in favor of whit, hope and peace. This precipitated the
end of his relationship with
Breton, but did not change his dedication to his surrealist
vocabulary for artistic expression.
The Return, painted in 1940, is an excellent example of
Magritte’s fascination with mystery, and
juxtaposition: light vs. dark, day vs. night, what is known vs.
what has yet to happen. One views
the painting as if looking out of a window which frames the
view of a dove flying over a dark
landscape in the early evening. A perfectly detailed bird’s nest
and three eggs are rendered on
the windowsill in the foreground. It is illuminated by a light
source that comes from the space
the viewer occupies. It cannot be known whether the light is
natural and therefore the opposite
of the nightscape outside. The dove is the focal point of the
painting. While the outline of the
form suggests that the image is clearly a bird, it is also an
image of a daytime sky with clouds,
which stands in contrast to the darkening sky in the background.
It is as if the bird has torn a
hole in the night sky to illuminate the promise of tomorrow.
That promise is reiterated in the
bird’s nest on the window sill. The eggs themselves represent
the promise of tomorrow. Today
they are just eggs, but soon they will transform and become
birds. These other worldly,
dreamlike and unexpected images speak to the mystery of life

5. and the universe and they
challenge the viewer’s perception of reality.
Magritte continued to paint until his death in 1967. He is
considered one of the most important
painters in the Surrealist movement, along with Salvador Dali
and Jean Miro. His work had a
significant influence on Pop, Minimal and Conceptual art of the
20th century.
QUESTIONS:
Are there any symbols?
What colors does Magritte use?
How is the space used? Which is the positive space? Which is
the negative?
What mood does this communicate?
Does the title tell you anything about the painting?
Does the painting look real?
How does it make you feel?
Could this painting be an answer to a riddle? Magritte’s works
are conceived as riddles. In them
he explores the mysteries lurking in the unexpected. (Why did
the little boy throw the clock out
the window? He wanted to see time fly. What dog keeps the
best time? A watch dog)

6. I want to discuss the LGBT Adoption rights in this project.
The issue is of mere importance after the legalization of gay
marriages in united states of America. I will build up the story
in the form of stating the issue along with the visual images that
would represent the social activities regarding the issue in the
different states. I would like to discuss the outline for my
project.
• Attention Getter; do you know that in the United
States of America 101,666 are waiting to get adopted according
to a survey of 2012 and this ratio has been increased till now
according to the US Department of Health and Human Services.
• First of all, the introduction of the topic would be
done. LGBT adoption rights are a debatable topic that needs to
be considered with serious attention. There are people who do
not support the idea as they assume that parenting needs a male
and female couple only than children can get proper care and
proper family environment.
• First chapter of my visual essay would describe the
legal political and social importance of the issue. Which factors
support the issue and which constraints are limiting the society
from providing a support towards LGBT parenting support.
Either legal and political parties are getting any advantage by
giving hype to the issue or just it is a social mindset that does
not allow the people to retract from the preset mindset.
Furthermore, it would be discussed whether legal political and
social domains have an impact on the issues and if yes to which
extent this issue is influencing people’s lives. Images from the
social activists and law community would be presented to
support the descriptions.
• Second chapter of the project would discuss some of
the case histories of LGBT parents to share their experiences
related to parenting. This chapter would also highlight the
desire of such people to which extent they want to have kids
and complete families apart from the fact that they can not give
birth to the kids excluding the bisexuals who can get pregnant

7. and rear a child at their own. These case histories would
represent the changes that have come in the form of
responsibilities in these parents rather they are doing single
parenting or sharing the responsibilities as a couple.
• Third chapter would comprise of psychological
phenomena related to the child development and how LGBT
parenting can have effects on the personality of the children
taken care by these parents. Both positive and negative aspects
would be discussed in the context of child development and
immense effects would also be discussed that can be damaging
for the child development so that a way out to handle those
critical aspects could be planed out. Further fears related to the
LGBT parenting would be discussed that are circulating in the
society. It would be discussed whether they are myths or these
fears hold important grounds to get noticed.
• Lastly, the conclusion chapter would be discussed.
All the above-discussed points would be summarized in this
chapter with a concluding note to wind up the issue for the
purpose of the solution.
• Call to Action would be added to the final visual
essay.
Importance of the Issue
Lesbian Gays Bisexual and Transgender adoption right has
been an issue of hot debate. People have been talking in favor
of the issues and against the issues as well. What my concern is
to highlight the different aspects related to the LGBT
parenthood whether it is effective or not. According to a
statistical survey in 2005, there are 270,313 children of America
who are living under the supervision of same-sex parents
(Mallon, 2014). Current need for fostering parents is of great
importance as the children need to be raised with a family.
Purpose of the considerable issue is to provide supportive
families to more children rather than leaving them alone.
Government has been devising laws and social activists are
playing their part to create awareness among the society to
enhance the acceptance of such parents. Mallon has further

8. suggested that LGB parents have been proved in good parenting
and the results can be comparable to heterosexual parenting.
Such parents have emotions and feelings that they can handle
their responsibilities well. This type of parenting should be
promoted by society and government to provide a home for
more children.
Policies have been revised related to the adoption of
children, children can be given to the gay and lesbians as
second parents when original parents are a single parent or is
not able to take care of the child. Approximately 22 states are
those who have allowed the lesbian and gay man to adopt the
children from foster care units or adoptions centers. Social
science research has denied a claim that the parenting done by
lesbian and gay parents can be harmful for the development of
the child. They further suggested that the sexual identity cannot
prevent a person from being a parent or take the responsibility
for a child. Two states are stills conscious about the issue and
they do not allow such adoption. According to CWLA, it is the
best chance to provide happiness to homeless children, as they
deserve equal happiness related to having a family environment
(ACLU, 2018).
According to the Faust, 2017 the child development in a
gay family depends on the three important factors relationship
stability of the gay couple that has opted the parenthood,
outcomes in the development of the child and thirdly same-sex
parental relationships. All the discussed three situations can
determine the experience of the child during its developmental
phase and impacts on the personality. It has been suggested that
according to the research the children with LGBT adoption face
more emotional problems as compared to the heterosexual
couples. A point of debate has been raised that man or women
both have their own place in nurturance and caring of a child no
matter each has his own way and role in the development of a
child as a gay father no matter how caring he is, cannot be a
mother similarly a woman lonely cannot raise the child on the
behalf of a man. These considerations cannot be easily ignored.

9. Every child deserves the right to live with the family and
society has a duty towards the children who are left alone
waiting for the loving and caring families (Faust, 2017).
LGBT parents are not residing in the states that do not
support the LGBT non-discrimination law. This law protects the
LGBT parents to avoid discrimination while adopting the child
(Foster and Adoption Laws, 2018). That area who is strict
related to the law or more religiously restricted do not support
the laws neither does such parents lives in those areas to avoid
confrontation. LGBT adoption rights are a sensitive issue that
needs attention at an individual level as it is related to the
future of children who are our future. Policies and society
should be aligned to sort out the best possible solution related
to the issue. Flexibility at both ends would be a medium way to
resolve the issues and make a strong community.
References
ACLU. (2018). Overview Of Lesbian And Gay Parenting,
Adoption, And Foster Care. Retrieved from ACLU:
https://www.aclu.org/fact-sheet/overview-lesbian-and-gay-
parenting-adoption-and-foster-care
Faust, K. (2017, May 22). Study the Studies- What We Know
About Same-Sex Parenting. Retrieved from Them before us:
https://thembeforeus.com/study-studies-same-sex-parenting/
Foster and Adoption Laws. (2018, July 20). Retrieved from
Maps: http://www.lgbtmap.org/equality-
maps/foster_and_adoption_laws
Mallon, G. P. (2014). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender
(LGBT) Families and Parenting. Encyclopedia of Social Work.
doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.158
For the third community engagement, I chose Alive 2.0
festival: Radical Form / Radical Politics: Contemporary
Experiments in Writing. In the first part of the event, every

10. student shared his or her own poem. Those were the poems
written by themselves and the poems were workshopped during
the classes. I was impressed by those poems and I could feel
how concentrated the students were.
In the second part, students could share the poems they
liked. I had a deep impression on a poem shared by a student.
The poem was The Argonauts from Maggie Nelson. It is a book
with all the memories. I believe that there are some connections
between her work and feminist studies. She uses powerful
language to address the desire of love and be loved. As she
mentions the main story which is about romantic. Describing the
process about love is extremely touching. In the part 1, she
talks about the conversation with a friend. And the friend offers
some suggestions. I like the format because it seems like more
realistic and easy to follow. For the book, Maggie is highly
praised by the press. According to The Boston Globe, “Reading
Maggie Nelson is like watching a high-wire act. Her books are
inspiring... Because of her dazzling sentences, I will read
whatever the daredevil writes. She cozies up to ideas unlike any
other American writer”. I am impressed by her words not only
because of the words choosing themselves, but the emotions
behind them. The part I like most is that the words about
motherhood. She uses unique perspective to talk about a
common thing, which is brilliant. Gender identity may be
changeable. It’s interesting when she brings the discussion that
“gender identity can be changed” in her book. Maggie believes
that women are not just fertility machines. She is proud of being
a mother and enjoys the spirit of motherhood. But she thinks
that others have no rights to judge a mother and decide what a
mother can do or can’t do.
Silvia Federici also mentions the theories about gender in
her article, “Wages Against Housework” in Revolution at Point
Zero: Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle (15-22),
At the beginning of the article the Silvia points out that “It is
important to recognize that when we speak of housework we are
not speaking of a job as other jobs, but we are speaking of the

11. most pervasive manipulation, the most subtle and mystified
violence that capitalism has ever perpetrated against any section
of the working class.”(p.2) Indeed, housework is actually not
like the other works in the world. However, there is an
argument that a woman will be a qualified wife only if she
could take care of all the houseworks. There are some pressures
for women that if one loves her husband and the family, she will
finish the housework perfectly, which is called “a labour of
love”. As far as I am concerned, women should never being
treated like a servant. A perfect relationship is about equal.
Maybe there are some women struggling in the so-called
‘successful’ marriage. I agree with Silvia that this situation is a
fraud. And do not make this kind of fraud go under the name of
love.
Work Cited
Silvia Federici, “Wages Against Housework” in Revolution at
Point Zero: Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist
Struggle (15-22)
Nelson, Maggie. The Argonauts. Graywolf Press, 2016.
For this event, the main idea is about UT visa. There are
students and professors from IAS. How the law determents
‘innocence’ is important for the public. For example, sexual
harassment is a growing and alarming concern in today's’

12. society in each organization and sphere of life. UT provides
women temp immigration status. I believe that it is a good way
to protect women. UT Visa are not for immigrants, not
permanent, government are expecting you to leave. U for
victims of crimes (gives out 10 thousand per year) 2 years, T for
victims of human trafficking (gives out 5 thousand per year) 3
years. One can only receives these types of visa if you are
willing to corporate with the police. UT visa offers as an
enforcement. And they are temporary because they are not
offered to the citizens. According to the law, violence is when
someone is excluded or exclusion. An innocent people cannot
fulfill but expected by the government and said that it can be
fulfilled. In a room FBI compared to TK, TK is there to give out
green cards, FBI is there to enforce punishment and
removal. The solution to violent circumstances is enforcement.
Calling 911 is the first step to do.
UT visa should not need corporation. Only undocumented
immigrant women are required to corporate with the police.
There is another visa named S visa, which is different from UT
Visa. However, the requirement for getting these two Visas are
pretty similar. The UT visa are temporary and they are
considered as undecided question. Ms Lee Ann Wang thinks that
it is a problem, while some people think UT visa is the solution.
What’s more, when one is willing to corporate, she just needs
to prove that she is indeed willing to corporate. From the
perspective of laws, UT visa is moving a foreign into civil.
Although the UT visa is temporary, it is efficient method to
protect women. It is getting harder and harder to apply for
permanent citizen and obtaining the UT visa. Because they are
seemed as immigrant visa recently.
For me, it is a learning experience in which I have learned
lots of things. The most important aspect which I detected is
that people have wrong perceptions regarding women’s right in
our society. Although the motivating point is that now both
males and females are working together to cope with this issue.
By witnessing this situation, I recall the crux of Judith

13. Halberstam’s essay in which the writer asserts that “it seems to
me that there are some obvious spaces in which gender
differences simply does not work right now…” (p. 272). Thus,
this seminar is a proof for me and for other stakeholders to see
that both genders are active to eliminate this problem in our
society. After attending the seminar, I can assert that women
protection by getting UT visa is necessary.
Reference
Halberstam, J. (1998). An introduction to female masculinity:
Masculinity without men. Durham: Duke University Press.
The event I went was “The Israeli Enclosures, Diffuse
Bordering, and Palestinian Mobile Commoning. The seminar
was attended, but it makes me very uncomfortable because it
was discussing the Israel position and showing an especially
controlled location of Palestine by Israel. The main point which
makes uncomfortable was that Israel has not good relations with
its neighborhood and they are not only occupied Palestine but
also, they are continuously dispositioning the Palestine people
from their land. The border views of Israel are showing that
Israel is continually holding different parts of Palestine.
The Israel is constructing a wall which will disturb the
Palestine people because on the daily basis the Palestine people
have to pass the checkpoint which is a called the symbol of
division. This scenario raised the question that either this
division can cause the cold war among east and west. This
seminar was informative and increased the knowledge about

14. Israel relations with rest of the word especially with Arab
countries.
It showed the decisive role of Oslo Accords which was
signed in Palestine and Israel. The purpose of this agreement
was to resolve the conflicts between Israel and Palestine. On the
other hand, because of this Oslo Accord Israel annex the
Palestine territory. That's why Israel occupied the most of the
part of Palestine. The things were made me uncomfortable by
seeing the role of Israel in Palestine.
In the seminar, different busses and transportation routes
were also discussed which showed some confident that someone
can travel Palestine but still the role, and occupied behavior of
Israel is disturbing for others. It can be claimed that Israel is
creating a threatening situation in his neighborhood countries.
For the settlement, the role of both countries is essential to
solving the issues, because it is difficult to rule the one
kingdom by two kings.
From the lectures in class, they talked about the women struggle
that how women are fighting for their identity, but in our
societies, most of the people consider the female as cheap labor.
Female is taking freedom by their unity and getting their equal
rights in the community. Now they are aware of that they were
considered inferior in the society, so they started struggling to
get the equivalent rights.
Even not only on the political or social level but also on
the individual and in the marital relationships they also suffer a
lot. Males were ruling the society, but now females are taking
part in politics and showed that they are also able to rule the
community so don't deal them in inferior manners. I believed
that women are sharing the responsibilities of males on all
levels either financial or familial problems.
According to organizational perspective males and females
are equally victimized, when men work under the supervision of
females, they also feel oppressors. According to different
females, the point of view that they are facing oppress by males,
so they don't want to change themselves but to change the men.

15. The tendency of to seeing the female as suppressing and
prosecution is a little bit controlled. The supremacist culture of
males is controlled, and now females are getting their rights.
The economic and racial or gender concepts are changed
with the passage of time because according to democratic
approach females have also equal chance in all areas of life, so
the prejudiced thinking is almost controlled in the society.
Being a human female needs support so men can give them
privilege in different fields. They also have equal rights even
being selected for the job or home base decisions. They also
need independence and able to manage her expenses and social
circle by herself. I also found myself engaged in feminist
approach to gave rights to the females because they can also
prove themselves as the productive member of society.
Social media has tremendous influence in our lives but the
most critical role of media and media enterprises is that they
have altered the way the audience perceive themselves. Media
enterprises and markers now focus on how, where and when
people use the internet. The matter of the fact is that internet
browsing has changed the position, subjectivity and identity
perception of a person. This very aspect is identified by Ted
Talk of Eli Pariser in which he used the term “filter bubble” to
depict the fact that search engines, news websites and other
social apps offer information or search results according to
demands of their audiences (Pariser, 2009). It is a business and
marketing technique of media enterprises. They use consumer
choice as the tool to grab consumers.
In reality, it is not good because it narrowing our vision
and interaction with the internet information. So, what is
available and we see is not the whole information. This strategy
damages democracy. The same question has arisen in the
documentary, “Generation Like” that despite having link and
interaction of different brands, news agencies, celebrities, and
movies, we are not in the position to assert that youth has

16. autonomy over the internet (PBS. Org, 2014). These young
adults are a tool which media enterprises are using to gain
success in the market. Again the documentary “The Persuaders”
in which the creator highlights marketing techniques used by
media agencies to develop and influence the public opinion in a
specific matter (PBS.Org, 2014).
In reality, when we log in to a website, we provide our
background information related to gender, race, profession and
personal traits. Consequently, the web administrators control
the material which consumers can approach (My Shadow.Org,
2018). For example, in my case, I have observed that being an
adult I have little access to conflicting political issues. I have
observed this fact when I used PC of my father. The search
results were different. Thus, in reality I do not have access to
all available information. This situation is described by Napoli
and Philip, (2011) who use two terms consumer autonomy and
media fragmentation.
Media fragmentation denotes the extent to which media
content is delivered to various audiences with respect to their
age, gender, race and other media markers. On the other hand,
audience autonomy reflects that how audience control media
content and consequently, influences media environment.
Audience response over the internet is tremendous due to their
instant response to TV shows. Thus, the audience has the power
to influence the availability of media content. Consumer
behavior is a visible and measurable phenomenon which
changes media environment. I agree with the writer that this
measurability of consumer behavior opens new ways to study
media and its role in one’s life.
Here, we have an example of information fragmentation by
Noble, (2013) in which the researcher intended to explore the
fact that how Google search engine categorizes race and gender
with respect to Black Women and their presentation in Google
search. The writer concludes that search results camouflaged by
political and pressure groups. Therefore, the audience does not
know that they, in reality, have no access to neutral and

17. unbiased information regarding race and sex of Black Women.
The writer concludes that explosion and control of information
requires a thorough investigation that why Black girls are
subjects of sale on the internet. Ironically, we can state that
consumer choice and demand is an operating factor behind
information flow and availability over the internet. The role
consumer choice also considers as a critical element in the
market according to Struken, Martia, Cartwright (2009). In this
chapter, Advertisement, Consumer Culture and Desire, that
initiative of consumer culture allows producers to introduce
products which satisfy needs of consumers to a little extent. The
result is that consumers starve for more products. This principle
of consumerism and capitalism is aptly applicable in the media
industry.
References
My Shadow.Org. (2018). Who's collecting our data? . Retrieved
05 02, 2018, from My Shadow.Org:
https://myshadow.org/tracking-data-traces#trace-my-shadow
Noble. (2016). Google search: hyper-visibility as a means of
rendering back women and girls invisible . Invisible Culture:
An Electronic Journal of Visual Culture.
Pariser, E. (2009, 03). Beaware of Online Filter Bubbles .
Retrieved from Ted.Com:
https://www.ted.com/talks/eli_pariser_beware_online_filter_bub
bles
PBS. Org. (2014, 02 18). Generation Like, SEASON 32:
EPISODE 7. Retrieved 05 02, 2018, from PBS. Org:
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/generation-like/
PBS.Org. (2014, 11 09). The Presuaders SEASON 23: EPISODE
3. Retrieved 05 02, 2018, from
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/showspersuaders/
Philip, N. &. (2011). The Transformation of Media
Consumption. New York: Columbia University Press.
Sturken, M. C. (2009). Advertisment, Consumer choice and

18. desire. In M. C. Sturken, In Practice of looking: An
investigation to visual culture. New York: Oxford Press.
Truth and trust are key factors on which audience relies
but in today’s media there is a problem related to the truth that
media depicts as there are many other factors that are
manipulating the actual facts according to the need of situation.
Journalism is the bridge between public and the situations going
around the world. People are looking to media for remaining
updated about what’s going on with interest of getting
information the story.
Facts are manipulated according to demand of favorable
situations. Media is now a day’s quite in hassle to compete with
one any other apart from keeping focus on the authenticity and
validity of a news. This competition has lead them to create
fascinating stories that catches attention of people. Ruling class
has an influence on mass media (Allan, 1999). During crisis in
the Mediterranean 70 percent from Syria, Afghanistan and other
regimes were seeking for refuge but media has used the term
migrant instead of refugee as it is un lawful for migrants to
travel without legal documentation. Maloane in her interview
with WNYC has revealed that using the term migrant rather than
refugee would have caused political benefit (Malone, 2018).
Herman & Chomskey proposed Propaganda Model (1988),
it is an institutional bias that helps those in power to have a
control on media content according to the public opinion. The
multiple filter system investments, commercial advertisement
media’s reliance on government and corporate experts, the
ideology of communism is involved in calling news. A
Journalist has authority that he is spreading the actual news or
modifying it. In 1920’s media has mislead public by Klan march
in republic convention by publishing a false picture hence
creating a racial controversy.
Many journalists and editors are devising norms and values

19. for the news to manage neutral environment. Wallace, a former
reported has said that objectivity is dead in the current time. So
governmental influence in controlling media and their liberty
has also let journalists to think over their values and duties.
Becker (19667) suggested that it is hierarchy structure that
leads the flow. Those who are on top are in leading position
about how to put things and what to put as a notion that they
know the truth (Allan, 1999). People from the upper class have
their power to speak openly but due to journalism, even low-
class people can also have the freedom of speech (Kperogi,
2013). Moreover, Kperogi further suggested that objectivity is
finding its roots back in journalism.
Objectivity is the standard of media to flourish.
Republican Party is the one who sets agenda for the media.
Alternative media and main stream media in the age of internet
are working for mutual benefit. Now a day’s social media is an
active source of information. Media can play a positive role if it
is free but follow its own rules and regulations. Language is
also another important key factor that should be taken into
account as in a recent case an undocumented immigrant was
named as illegal. Vergas, in an interview said that words if not
conveyed properly can change the truth of a situation.
Media has a deep impact on our daily life and we feel like
we are prone to it. Audience likes the drama and spice in the
news encouraging the media to do whatever it takes to get high
ratings and popularity among people. It results in lowering the
quality and authenticity of information since focus has shifted
to make news attention catching. Media should work freely but
responsibly full fill its duties towards nation.
Their credibility should not be under question. There are
monitoring bodies who take account of information what should
be conveyed to audience what not but these monitoring bodies
should work in transparency and should be free from political
and authority influence. In today’s busy life media should
regain its trust from its audience on the basis of transparency
and credibility, as it can be beneficial for all. In today’s digital

20. era advertisement and economical aspect hold their importance
but it is time to refrain from lobbying. Provide professional and
respectful journalism to public as they deserve to know the both
sides of picture. The results would be worth watching.
References
Allan, S. (1999). News Culture. New York: Open university
press.
Kperogi, F. A. (2013). News with Views: postobjectivtism and
emergent alternative journalistic practices amercian corporate
news media. The review of comunication, 13(1), 48-65.
Malone, B. (2018, March 2). Refugees and Migrant. (B.
Garfeild, Interviewer)
Media through various channels has revolutionized our
lives. The power of media in this globalized and competitive
world has opened new subjects for hot debate. Media loses its
role as a source of information, guidance, and entertainment to
a source of propaganda. The change in the role of media occurs
due to structuring, manufacturing, and business in the field of
media. The purpose of this paper is to highlight two approaches,
media market and public sphere to explore the changing role of
media in our lives. Here, the term mediated public sphere as
initiated by a German philosopher, Jurgen Habermas. This
implies that media is an ideal and informal setting where people
share transfer and adopt an opinion regarding various aspects of
life (Hoynes, 2006).
I am a big fan of American television show, Empire in
which the director presents the black family differently. This
program involves director, producer, characters, and writer all
from the black race. This drama has changed the outlook of the
USA TV drama through a realistic picture of black community
and life. It is important for me because it tries to break a

21. stereotype related to black people. I have selected this drama
because it fulfills needs of people or audience which the media
industry has ignored long ago. This drama is debuted in 2014 by
Fox Television. It is the asset of Fox Entertainment Group, a
part of 21st Century Fox. It is an American multinational mass
media company.
The media group which is owned by the world’s 96th
richest person, Rupert Murdoch, an Australian-American
billionaire. According to the Wall Street Journal, he is the
world’s the most powerful and influential tycoon who are
having a share of his family kept more than a hundred
newspapers in five countries. He started this company in 1979.
The matter of the fact is that we find Murdoch follows and
supports the presidents of the USA despite their controversial
policies and laws. In the past, Murdoch favors Obama for his
educational reforms, and now he shows his support for Donald
Trump through coverage stories on news channel (Vinton,
2016).
According to Croteau & Hoynes (2006) explain that market
model and public sphere are two approached through which we
can understand media. The public sphere model refers to an
independent, government intervention free model and has the
free flow of ideas. On the other hand, the market model allows
media group to fulfill the demands of the public. It may regulate
the government policies but should meet needs of people. Profit
is the biggest but not the first important aspect to judge the role
of media. The matter of the fact is that I have found both forces
in equaling ration in the case of 21st Century Fox Company.
Through the presentation of Empire, the company has depicted
its approach and philosophy. The primary purpose of the
company and its related companies is that to meet needs of its
diversified audiences. Through this drama and realistic
representation of Black family, the company considers the
audience which TV industry has ignored long ago.
I have also see the role of a market model in structure and
policy-making process of the company. The company has many

22. sub-stations, news channels, sports channels and film studio,
and cable networks. The recent merger of the 21st Century Fox
with Sky Company is an example of the market model of media.
But it is wrong to categorize this media company in one
category or examine this media group through one lens. Thus,
the most dominant approach is the public sphere where each
person has the right to express one’s emotions and ideas. By
following this approach, it becomes easy for analytics to see the
true role of a media group. This approach makes it easy for us
to evaluate the business effectiveness and public needs through
public sphere argument (McChesney, 2013). This public sphere
argument allows us to follow a democratic media system, like
21st Century Fox.
References
Hoynes, C. &. (2006). Media, Markets,and the Pubic Sphere.
Thousend Osake : Sage Publications.
McChesney. (2013). How can the political economy of
communication help us understand the internet? New York: the
New Press..
Vinton, K. (2016, 01 16). These 15 Billionaires Own America's
News Media Companies. Forbes.
The return by Rene Magritte
On Tuesday the 9th of August 2018, I went to san Francisco
museum of modern art (MOMA) to explore the arts within the
museum. Even though, there were many arts that were done by
Famous artists in the museum, I didn’t quite get the messages
behind those works and didn’t attract my attention; not because
they were bad arts but I couldn’t relate to them. Yet while I was
walking in the forth floor, an exhibit by an artist called Rene
Magritte draw my attention. There were high red curtains before
the entry to see Magritte’s artworks, I tried to get in but I have
been told that I need to upgrade my ticket in order to see
Magritte’s artworks. I was dying of curiosity!!! Why would
Rene Magritte’s artworks be any different than the other

23. artworks in the museum? What is unique about his work?! So I
went and upgraded my ticket. Although, I might have seen some
of Magritte’s artworks in the past, I didn’t know who Rene
Magritte is until I saw his work at MOMA. Magritte was born
November 21, 1898 in Lessines, Belgium. At the age eighteen,
In 1916 he moved to Brussels and began to study art at the
Academie Royale des Beaux Artes. He was surrealist artist and
became famous due to his artistic works exemplified by a
number of smart and thought-provoking images. Often portrays
ordinary things in an unusual context. One of his artworks that
really draw my attention was (The Return) in 1940 ….. please
add thesis to the intro