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Taloustiedettä ja talouspolitiikka
Olli Kärkkäinen, Yksityistalouden ekonomisti
16.5.2017
Taloustiede on satua
2
3
Taloustieteen empiirinen vallankumous
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2011
Teoria Teoria + simulointi Empiriinen: valmis data Empiirinen: oma data Kokeilu
Taloustieteen top-journaaleissa julkaistujen artikkeleiden metodologia 1963-2011
Lähde: Hamermesh (2013)
Ekonomistit ovat:
Filosofeja?
Hammaslääkäreitä?
Alkemisteja?
Insinöörejä?
Putkimiehiä?
4
Talouspolitiikka
≠
Taloustiede
5
Optimaalinen
talouspolitiikka riippuu
arvoista
6
Talouspolitiikan tavoite on
poliittinen kysymys
(Talous)tiede voi auttaa
tavoitteiden saavuttamisessa
7
• Taloustiede on satua
– Taloustieteen mallit ovat yksinkertaistettuja paloja todellisesta maailmasta; jokaisella mallilla on opetuksensa
– Malleja on tuhansia: haasteena on valita kysymykseen parhaiten sopiva malli
• Taloustieteen empiirinen vallankumous
– Empiiristen tutkimusten määrä on kasvanut, viime aikoina myös kokeiluiden määrä (esim. Suomen perustulokokeilu)
– Yhä useampi taloustieteilijä on filosofin sijaan ”putkimies”; keskitytään yksityiskohtiin, pohditaan mikä toimii
käytännössä, muokataan järjestelmiä tutkimustulosten perusteella
• Talouspolitiikan lähtökohtana on arvot
– Taloustiede ei voi ratkaista optimaalista talouspolitiikkaa koska tavoitteiden asettaminen on politiikan tehtävä
– (Talous)tiede voi auttaa kun pohditaan, millä keinoilla tavoitteita kannattaisi yrittää saavuttaa
– Taloustiede voi myös kertoa mitä EI kannata tehdä
• Arvot + Tiede = Optimaalinen (talous)politiikka
8
Taloustiedettä ja -politiikkaa
Kiitos!
Olli Kärkkäinen, Yksityistalouden ekonomisti
olli.karkkainen@nordea.com
Twitter: @OlliKarkkainen
LIITE:
TALOUSTIETEEN 10+10
KÄSKYÄ
10
1. Economics is a collection of models with no predetermined conclusions; reject any arguments otherwise.
2. Do not criticize an economist’s model because of its assumptions; ask how the results would change if certain
problematic assumptions were more realistic.
3. Analysis requires simplicity; beware of incoherence that passes itself off as complexity.
4. Do not let math scare you; economists use math not because they’re smart, but because they’re not smart enough.
5. When an economist makes a recommendation, ask what makes him/ her sure the underlying model applies to the
case at hand.
6. When an economist uses the term “economic welfare,” ask what he/ she means by it.
7. Beware that an economist may speak differently in public than in the seminar room.
8. Economists don’t (all) worship markets, but they know better how they work than you do.
9. If you think all economists think alike, attend one of their seminars.
10. If you think economists are especially rude to noneconomists, attend one of their seminars
11
Ten Commandments for Noneconomists
Lähde: Dani Rodrik: Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science
1. Economics is a collection of models; cherish their diversity.
2. It is a model, not the model.
3. Make your model simple enough to isolate specific causes and how they work, but not so simple that it leaves out key
interactions among causes.
4. Unrealistic assumptions are OK; unrealistic critical assumptions are not OK.
5. The world is (almost) always second best.
6. To map a model to the real world you need explicit empirical diagnostics, which is more craft than science.
7. Do not confuse agreement among economists for certainty about how the world works.
8. It’s OK to say “I don’t know” when asked about the economy or policy.
9. Efficiency is not everything.
10. Substituting your values for the public’s is an abuse of your expertise.”
12
Ten Commandments for Economists
Lähde: Dani Rodrik: Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science

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Taloustiedettä ja talouspolitiikka

  • 1. Taloustiedettä ja talouspolitiikka Olli Kärkkäinen, Yksityistalouden ekonomisti 16.5.2017
  • 3. 3 Taloustieteen empiirinen vallankumous 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2011 Teoria Teoria + simulointi Empiriinen: valmis data Empiirinen: oma data Kokeilu Taloustieteen top-journaaleissa julkaistujen artikkeleiden metodologia 1963-2011 Lähde: Hamermesh (2013)
  • 7. Talouspolitiikan tavoite on poliittinen kysymys (Talous)tiede voi auttaa tavoitteiden saavuttamisessa 7
  • 8. • Taloustiede on satua – Taloustieteen mallit ovat yksinkertaistettuja paloja todellisesta maailmasta; jokaisella mallilla on opetuksensa – Malleja on tuhansia: haasteena on valita kysymykseen parhaiten sopiva malli • Taloustieteen empiirinen vallankumous – Empiiristen tutkimusten määrä on kasvanut, viime aikoina myös kokeiluiden määrä (esim. Suomen perustulokokeilu) – Yhä useampi taloustieteilijä on filosofin sijaan ”putkimies”; keskitytään yksityiskohtiin, pohditaan mikä toimii käytännössä, muokataan järjestelmiä tutkimustulosten perusteella • Talouspolitiikan lähtökohtana on arvot – Taloustiede ei voi ratkaista optimaalista talouspolitiikkaa koska tavoitteiden asettaminen on politiikan tehtävä – (Talous)tiede voi auttaa kun pohditaan, millä keinoilla tavoitteita kannattaisi yrittää saavuttaa – Taloustiede voi myös kertoa mitä EI kannata tehdä • Arvot + Tiede = Optimaalinen (talous)politiikka 8 Taloustiedettä ja -politiikkaa
  • 9. Kiitos! Olli Kärkkäinen, Yksityistalouden ekonomisti olli.karkkainen@nordea.com Twitter: @OlliKarkkainen
  • 11. 1. Economics is a collection of models with no predetermined conclusions; reject any arguments otherwise. 2. Do not criticize an economist’s model because of its assumptions; ask how the results would change if certain problematic assumptions were more realistic. 3. Analysis requires simplicity; beware of incoherence that passes itself off as complexity. 4. Do not let math scare you; economists use math not because they’re smart, but because they’re not smart enough. 5. When an economist makes a recommendation, ask what makes him/ her sure the underlying model applies to the case at hand. 6. When an economist uses the term “economic welfare,” ask what he/ she means by it. 7. Beware that an economist may speak differently in public than in the seminar room. 8. Economists don’t (all) worship markets, but they know better how they work than you do. 9. If you think all economists think alike, attend one of their seminars. 10. If you think economists are especially rude to noneconomists, attend one of their seminars 11 Ten Commandments for Noneconomists Lähde: Dani Rodrik: Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science
  • 12. 1. Economics is a collection of models; cherish their diversity. 2. It is a model, not the model. 3. Make your model simple enough to isolate specific causes and how they work, but not so simple that it leaves out key interactions among causes. 4. Unrealistic assumptions are OK; unrealistic critical assumptions are not OK. 5. The world is (almost) always second best. 6. To map a model to the real world you need explicit empirical diagnostics, which is more craft than science. 7. Do not confuse agreement among economists for certainty about how the world works. 8. It’s OK to say “I don’t know” when asked about the economy or policy. 9. Efficiency is not everything. 10. Substituting your values for the public’s is an abuse of your expertise.” 12 Ten Commandments for Economists Lähde: Dani Rodrik: Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science