3. History
• 1817: James Parkinson reported 6 of his patients, named it ”paralysis
agitans” or “shaking palsy”
• 1865: other physicians called it “Parkinson’s Disease”
• 1912: Brain biopsy ”Lewy bodies”
• 1919: Substantia nigra was identified to be the structure involved
4.
5. • 1967: Levodopa was first used for symptomatic treatment
• 50 years remained as mainstay of treatment
6. Epidemiology
• World wide incidence
• Slightly more in men than women
• Frequency increases with age
• In the US, 1% of people over age 60
7. Cause
• Idiopathic
• 5-10% genetic
• Environmental causes: pesticides, heavy metals, rural living increase
risk
• Smoking and caffeine decrease risk
8. Diagnosis
• Definitive: autopsy
• Clinical criteria:
• History and PE
• Cardinal motor features
• Exclusion criteria
• Supportive features
• ~82% diagnostic accuracy
9. 3 Cardinal Motor Features
• Bradykinesia
• Tremors
• and/or rigidity
• 2 out of 3 must be present to make diagnosis
26. • A 55 year old male came to the OPD because his wife noticed change
in his facial expression and he doesn’t swing his has when walking.
There was also an incident that he had punched his wife during sleep
while dreaming he was being attacked by an enemy. He is not aware
of these symptoms. The resident diagnosed his with Parkinson’s
disease. What will be your initial treatment?
27. • Unfortunately, there is no commercially available treatment to
prevent progression of the disease at this stage.
28. 3 Years later
• Patient came back in the clinic complaining of trouble of tying his
shoe laces and other tasks with his left hand. His walking became
slow and have trouble keeping up with her wife when they are at the
mall. He consulted because it has become bothersome and
concerning. What will be your treatment?
32. • 6 years after giving Sinemet, the patient complained that his
medications are not working anymore unlike in the past several years.
He feels better when he takes the meds but his movements are still
slow. After a few hours, he becomes slower and slower, feels rigid and
have a progress into tremors. He is asking you another what to do
next.
33. What to do with motor complications
• Lack of effect
• Fluctuations/waning off
• Side effect of treatment: dyskinesia, lightheadedness, hallucinations
34. Motor fluctuations
• Increase dopaminergic dose
• Increase amount each dose
• Give more frequently
• Add dopamine agonist
35. Motor fluctuations
• Decrease the breakdown of dopamine
• Add COMT inhibitor
• Entacapone
• Carbidopa/levodopa/entacapone (Stalev)
40. • What if meds are still wearing off and meds are not effective or
cannot increase meds (ie, dyskinesias/side effects)
• Consider surgical treatments
• Deep brain stimulation
• Levodopa intestinal gel