Diabetes Mellitus
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Diabetes is a chronic condition where the body does not properly produce or use insulin, which is needed to convert sugars and starches into energy. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas fails to produce insulin and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance and is more common in older and obese individuals. Lifestyle changes such as weight loss and exercise can help prevent and manage type 2 diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus
- 1. By: Nia Rennix B.A., B.S., M.Sc, C.N. February 24, 2011
- 2. Definition Diabetes is a chronic condition in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone needed to convert sugars and starches into energy for the body. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to kidney failure, heart disease, eye problems and nerve damage.
- 3. Three Main Types of Diabetes Type 1 Type 2 (Gestational)
- 4. Type 1 Originally called juvenile onset or insulin dependent Can occur at any age Most often diagnosed in childhood or teen years Pancreas fails to produce insulin Requires insulin treatment
- 5. What causes it? Autoimmune disease Environmental stress Genes No way currently to prevent
- 6. Type 2 Non-insulin dependent or adult onset Most often occurs in older adults Now more common in children and teens Caused by insulin resistance Either the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells ignore the insulin
- 7. What increases risk for Type 2? Older age Obesity Physical inactivity Family history of diabetes Race/ethnicity History of diabetes during pregnancy Impaired glucose metabolism
- 8. Prevention of Type 2 Weight loss of at least 7% Maintenance of that weight loss over time Physical activity for at least 30 minutes per day 5 or more days per week Cuts risk almost 60%
- 9. Management Healthy meal plan that controls carbohydrates and modifies fat intake Regular physical activity Monitoring of blood glucose Medication if needed
- 10. What have you learned? What are the 3 main types of diabetes? Who is most likely to develop each one? Why does each one occcur? How is each one treated?
Editor's Notes
- Today you will learn about what diabetes is and the basics of how it is managed.
- Diabetes is not one disease. It is probably many diseases. That’s why each person’s experience with diabetes is unique. However, what these diseases have in common is that they cause a person’s blood glucose (blood sugar) to become too high. Why this occurs depends on the type of diabetes. Insulin is the hormone that helps glucose get from the blood into the cells for energy. It is made by the pancreas, the yellow organ you see here below the liver. Sometimes with diabetes, the pancreas does not make enough insulin to control blood glucose levels or the insulin produced doesn’t work right. In some cases, both of these problems with insulin occur. Whatever the cause, high blood glucose increases risk for serious diabetes complications and may lead to early death if it is not controlled well.
- Even though there are probably many different types of diabetes, medical experts have identified three main types. Do you know what they are? Allow to answer. That is right – type 1, type 2 and Gestational. Let’s look at each one and see how they differ.
- Let’s talk about Type 1 first. (Allow to answer each question.) Do you know what this type was originally called? Answer: juvenile onset or insulin dependent diabetes. Why do you think the name was changed? Answer: It can occur in adults as well as children and other types of diabetes also may need insulin for their control, too. However, is it diagnosed most often when a person is a child or teen? Answer: Yes. Why does it occur? Answer: The person’s pancreas fails to produce insulin. What medicine is used to treat it? Answer: Always insulin.
- We believe Type 1 is a autoimmune disease. This means that the body produces antibodies that destroy the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Normally the antibodies in our bodies only attack foreign substances like bacteria or viruses, but for some reason Type 1 diabetes makes the body attack its own cells. We believe people have genes that make this more likely to happen. If the right environmental stress occurs, like a viral illness, this causes the antibodies to appear and the destruction of the cells in the pancreas occurs. Right now we have no way to prevent this, but research continues to search for a cure.
- Now let’s talk about Type 2 diabetes. Do you know its previous names? Answer: Non-insulin dependent or adult onset. Why do you think these names were changed? Answer: Because it can occur in children and teens as well. In fact, we are seeing more and more cases in younger people. Why does it occur? Answer: The body cells at first begin to not use its insulin well so the blood glucose begins to rise. This is called insulin resistance. Then over time the pancreas begins to wear out so a lack of insulin occurs.
- What do you think makes Type 2 more likely to happen? Answer: Older people are more likely to get type 2. In fact 23.1% of people over age 60 have diabetes compared to only 7.8% of the entire U.S. population. If you are obese and/or inactive, you are also more likely to get Type 2 since fat cells do not use insulin as well as lean tissue and being active reduces insulin resistance. Diabetes tends to run in families and certain ethnic groups are more likely to develop diabetes like people with African American, Native American, Hispanic/Latino, or Asian/Pacific Islander heritage. Women who had high blood glucose levels during pregnancy are much more likely to get Type 2 as they get older. Certainly anyone who has a higher than normal blood glucose level at any time is more likely to get Type 2.
- What do you think that someone at risk for Type 2 diabetes can do to reduce their risk? A famous study called the Diabetes Prevention Program showed that if people can lose at least 7% of their present weight if they are overweight and if they can do the equivalent 150 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity per week, their risk for getting Type 2 goes down 58%. 150 minutes equals 30 minutes a day 5 days a week.
- No matter what type of diabetes, a healthy meal plan that controls carbohydrates to lower blood glucose and modifies fats so heart disease risk is reduced is recommended. Also physical activity helps control weight and improves fitness levels. Using a blood glucose monitor regularly to check whether diabetes is in control also is important. Insulin is always needed for Type 1 diabetes, but may not be always needed for Type 2 and Gestational diabetes. For Type 2, if diet and exercise is not enough, oral diabetes pills or insulin may be added. For gestational diabetes, if medicine is needed, usually it is insulin.