4. FENCING
Fencingis one of four sports which have been featured at
every one of the modern Olympic Games. The sport of fencing is
divided into three weapons:
Foil—a light thrusting weapon that targets the torso, including
the back, but not the arms. Touches are scored only with the tip;
hits with the side of the blade do not count, and do not halt the
action. Touches that land outside of the target area (off-target)
stop the action, and are not scored. Only a single hit can be scored
by either fencer at one time.
Sabre—a light cutting and thrusting weapon that targets the
entire body above the waist, excluding the hands. Hits with the
edges of the blade as well as the tip are valid. As in foil, touches
which land outside of the target area are not scored.
Épée—a heavier thrusting weapon that targets the entire body.
All hits must be with the tip and not the sides of the blade.
Touches hit by
the side of the blade do not
halt the action.
6. VOLLEYBALL
Volleyball is a team sport in which two
teams of six players are separated by
a net. Each team tries to score points
by grounding a ball on the other
team's court under organized rules.
The complete rules are extensive. But
simply, play proceeds as follows: A
player on one of the teams begins a
'rally' by serving the ball (tossing or
releasing it and then hitting it with a
hand or arm), from behind the back
boundary line of the court, over the
net, and into the receiving team's court.
The receiving team must not let the
ball be grounded within their court.
They may touch the ball as many as
three times.
The rally continues, with each team
allowed as many as three consecutive
touches, until either (1): a team makes
a kill, grounding the ball on the
opponent's court and winning the
rally; or (2): a team commits a fault
and loses the rally. The team that wins
the rally is awarded a point, and
serves the ball to start the next rally.
The ball is usually played with the
hands or arms, but players can legally
strike or push (short contact) the ball
with any part of the body.
9. BASKETBALL
• Basketball (commonly nicknamed “B-ball” or “hoops”) is a team sport in which
two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or “shooting”
a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules.
Basketball is one of the world’s most popular and widely viewed sports.[1]
• A regulation basketball hoop consists of a rim 18 inches in diameter and 10 feet
high mounted to a backboard. A team can score a field goal by shooting the ball
through the hoop during regular play. A field goal scores two points for the
shooting team if a player is touching or closer to the hoop than the three-point
line, and three points (a “3 pointer”) if the player is “outside” the three-point line.
The team with more points at the end of the game wins, but additional time
(overtime) may be issued when the game ends with a tie. The ball can be
advanced on the court by bouncing it while walking or running (dribbling) or
passing it to a teammate. It is a violation (traveling) to walk with the ball, carry it,
or to double dribble (to hold the ball and then resume dribbling).
• Various violations are generally called “fouls”. Disruptive physical contact
(a personal foul) is penalized, and a free throw is usually awarded to an offensive
player if he is fouled while shooting the ball. A technical foul may also be issued
when certain infractions occur, most commonly for unsportsmanlike conduct on
the part of a player or coach. A technical foul gives the opposing team a free
throw.
10.
11. ARCHERY
Archery is the art, practice, or skill of
propelling arrows with the use of
a bow, from Latin arcus. Historically,
archery has been used for hunting
and combat, while in modern times,
its main use is that of a recreational
activity. A person who participates in
archery is typically known as an
“archer” or “bowman”, and one who
is fond of or an expert at archery can
be referred to as a “toxophilite”.
Shooting technique and form
The bow is held in the hand opposite
to the archer’s dominant eye, though
holding the bow in the dominant
hand side is advocated by some. This
hand is referred to as the bow
hand and its arm the bow arm. The
opposite hand is called the drawing
hand or string hand. Terms such
as bow shoulder or string
elbow follow the same convention.
Right-eye-dominant archers hold the
bow with their left hand, have their
left side facing the target, sight
towards the target with their right eye
and handle the arrow and string with
their right hand.
