2. Pain is the most common complaint to
Emergency Department (ED) 78% visits
All patients have a RIGHT to pain relief,
creating a duty of care
Royal College of Surgeons and Anaesthetists
(1990)
As a 5th vital sign
3. Analgesia should comprehensive patient
evaluation and management plan
Emotional and cognitive aspects of pain
No reliable way to measure pain
Pain is most often under-treated, not over-
treated
Pain control must be individualized
4. Anticipate rather than react to pain
Let the patient control his or her own pain
Pain control best by combination therapy
Pain control requires a multidisciplinary team
5. Patient and non patient management
Pharmacological
Non pharmacological
Psychological counseling
Reassurance / consolation
Personal interaction
Ambient / pain relieving environment
6. The implementation strategies for pain
management as 5th vital sign in EMTS
Different phases and setting of EMTS
The team work of pain management
Total quality management
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13. Guidelines for pain management in
Emergency &Trauma Department
14.
15. NSAID + colchicine are effective first line analgesic for
acute gout attack
Technique:
NSAID
If contraindicated or ineffective Colchicine 1000 mg
orally, then 500 mg 1 hour later (maximum 1500 mg per
course) ideally within 12 hours of acute episode
Consider use of prednisolone when NSAIDs and colchicine
are contraindicated or ineffective
Prednisolone 50mg orally daily (for 5 days then review)
Disposition: Pain free discharge and referral to KK/primary
for long term
16. Antivirals within 72 hours of onset of the
rash reduces duration of pain, rash and
reduces ophthalmic complications.
Herpes Zoster therapy and associated pain
management decreases the risk of Post
Herpetic Neuralgia
17. If within 72 hours
Acyclovir 20mg/kg (up to 800mg) orally 5x/day for
7days
Analgesic technique
PCM 1g orally QID/PRN and/or OralTramadol +
NSAIDs
Disposition
Medical/Dermatology for definitive management
Consider pain specialist to prevent chronic pain
Pain free discharge
18. 1. Pain has at least 2 of
the following features
(PUMA)
pulsatile
unilateral
moderate to severe
aggravated by
movement
2.There is at least 1 of the
following associated
symptoms:
nausea
vomiting
photophobia
phonophobia
19. The headache last between 4 to 72hrs
No evidence of any other disease that cause
the symptoms
20. At least three of the following symptoms occur:
one or more completely reversible aura symptoms.
aura symptoms include: alterations in vision; numbness or
tingling in the face, arm,
or hand on one side of the body; muscular weakness or
mild paralysis on one side of the body; and/or difficulty
speaking or loss of speech
at least one aura symptom develops gradually over > 4
minutes
two or more symptoms that occur at the same time
no aura symptom lasts > 1 hour
headache follows aura within 1 hour
21. Sudden onset associated with confusion,
drowsiness, vomiting or neurological signs (e.g.
consider subarachnoid, intracerebral
haemorrhage, dissection)
Recent onset with fever, confusion or drowsiness
(e.g. consider meningitis, encephalitis)
Age > 50 years (increased rate of tumours,
temporal arteritis, glaucoma, subdural
haemorrhage and herpes zoster)
Trauma.
24. Keypoints
Analgesia not hinder the diagnostic
Non-selective NSAIDs and opioids provide
effective analgesia for renal colic.
The use of pethidine should be avoided in
favour of other opioids.
25. Analgesia technique
For severe pain use:
▪ IV Morphine Pain Protocol
▪ If morphine is contraindicated, consider
▪ Fentanyl at 25 to 50 micrograms IV as initial equivalent dose
▪ NSAID or COX-2 inhibitor
For moderate pain use:
▪ Tramadol
▪ with or without
▪ NSAID or COX-2 inhibitor
26. Key points:
Regular paracetamol, and then if ineffective,
NSAIDS may be used for musculoskeletal pain.
NSAIDs used short term.
Short term oral weak opioids may be required.
27. Severe pain
IV Morphine Protocol + IV PCM 1g
Or oral 4hrly PRN
And/or
NSAIDs or COX2 inhibitor
Moderate
Oral PCM 4hrly PRN and/or NSAIDs or COX2
inhibitor
28. Keypoints
Analgesia NOT hinder diagnostic process
Analgesia techniques
For severe pain use:
▪ IV Morphine Pain Protocol
▪ Fentanyl at 25 to 50 micrograms IV
And
▪ Paracetamol 1g IV (if available) 4 hourly prn (to a
maximum dose of 4g per 24 hour period)
29. For moderate pain
Paracetamol 1g orally 4 hourly PRN
If the oral and rectal routes are contraindicated,
Tramadol IV/SC 50-100mg 6-8 hourly PRN (to a
maximum dose of 400mg per 24 hour period)
Disposition:
Consider referral to Gastroenterologist/ General
Surgeon if recurrent episodes of acute dyspepsia
as outpatient.
Pain free discharge
30. Key points
Simple analgesics and physiotherapy referral if
from musculoskeletal origin.
Postural advice, minimizing bed rest, staying
active and heat wrap therapy
Spinal pathology osteoarthritis, spondylosis,
bulging discs and canal stenosis are often
asymptomatic and may not be the cause of the
pain.
31. Symptoms or signs of infection or risk factors for
infection (fever, immunosuppression, steroid use
and history of IV drug use)
History of trauma (this includes minor trauma in
the elderly, osteoporotic or those on
corticosteroids)
History of malignancy or recent unexplained
weight loss
Neurological signs
Age greater than 50 years.
32. For severe pain use:
IV Morphine Pain
Protocol
and
Paracetamol 1g orally 4
hourly PRN
and/or
NSAIDs or COX-2
inhibitor
For moderate pain use:
Paracetamol 1g orally 4
hourly PRN
and/or
NSAIDs or COX-2
inhibitor
33. Key points:
Titrated boluses of IV morphine most effective
Opioid dose requirements will typically be higher
for burns patients
Non-pharmacological interventions cooling
and covering
34. For severe pain use:
IV Morphine Pain Protocol
If morphine is
contraindicated, consider
Fentanyl at 25 to 50
micrograms IV as initial
equivalent dose.
And
Paracetamol 1g IV (if
available)/ Oral 4 hourly
PRN
For moderate pain use:
Paracetamol 1g orally 4
hourly PRN
If the oral and rectal
routes are
contraindicated,
Paracetamol can be given
IV 1g 6 hourly
35. Key points:
Evidence for dental pain management based
on tooth extraction research
Paracetamol, NSAIDs and tramadol provide
effective analgesia for acute dental pain.
Dental nerve block effective analgesia
36. For severe pain use:
IV Morphine Pain
Protocol
If morphine is
contraindicated,
consider
Fentanyl at 25 to 50
micrograms IV as initial
equivalent dose.
and/or
NSAIDs or COX-2
inhibitor
For moderate pain use:
Paracetamol 1g orally 4
hourly prn (to a
maximum dose of 4g per
24 hour period)
or
NSAIDs or COX-2
inhibitor
37. Key points
Immobilisation, resting, the injured site, ice and
elevation
Femoral nerve block in combination with IV
opioids is more effective than IV opioids alone in
treating pain from fractured neck of femur.
Anticipate procedures where movement required
38. For severe pain use:
IV Morphine Pain Protocol
If morphine is
contraindicated,
consider
Fentanyl at 25 to 50
micrograms IV as initial
equivalent dose.
And/ Or
Paracetamol can be given
IV/ Oral 1g 6 hourly
And/ Or
NSAIDs or COX-2
For moderate pain use:
Paracetamol 1g orally 4
hourly prn (to a maximum
dose of 4g per 24 hour
period)
And/ Or
NSAIDs or COX-2 inhibitor
If the oral and rectal
routes are
contraindicated,
Paracetamol can be given
IV 1g 6 hourly
39. Key Points
In suspected ruptured AAA, the most important
the effect of analgesic to haemodynamic status
Opioid titrated doses (recommended)
40. Severe Pain
Fentanyl (initial dose 50 to 100 mcg IV, then
titrated)
Or
IV Morphine Pain Protocol
Disposition:
Refer toVascular/ General Surgeon
41. Key Points:
There are no significant differences between
morphine and other pure mu receptor agonists.
NSAIDs provide good analgesic effect
42. Severe Pain:
IV Morphine Pain Protocol (Refer Pain AsThe Fifth
Vital Sign Guidelines Handbook Page 38)
Or
NSAIDs or COX-2 inhibitor
Disposition:
Consider referral to General Surgeon
Pain free discharge*
43. Key Points:
Marine envenomation can result from discharging nematocysts
(e.g. jellyfish, fire coral), puncturing spines (e.g. sea urchins,
stingrays), or actual bites (e.g. blue octopus, sea snakes).
For the jellyfish (Cnidaria or Coelenterates) envenomation, hot
water immersion (40 to 45 degree Celsius via immersion or
shower, for up to 90 minutes), can inactivate venom and
achieve better pain relief than alternative approaches such as
acetic acid, papain and opioids).
Whether considering physical interventions (e.g. warm water
immersion), topical therapies (e.g. acetic acid dousing), or IV
drug therapy (e.g. with antivenom), treatment for different
marine envenomation, even though from different members of
the same genus, can vary significantly.
44. Warm water immersion or shower (40 to 45
degreeCelsius, as tolerated for 90 minutes)
Jellyfish: Acetic acid dousing with 4-5% solution
household vinegar
And/ Or
IV Morphine Pain Protocol
45.
46. Guidelines for pain management in
Emergency &Trauma Department