Physiology Exam tickets - 2nd Year (Questions)

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РФ
ГБОУ ВПО ПЕРВЫЙ МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ
УНИВЕРСИТЕТ имени И.М.СЕЧЕНОВА
Кафедра нормальной физиологии
EXAMINATION ON THE COURSE OF NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket № 1
1. The subject of physiology. Biological features of living organism. Systemic
approach to investigation of living organism’s properties and functions: principles
of correlation, regulation, selfregulation.
2. The Functional system maintaining the optimal for metabolism level of Blood
Gases in the organism. How is self-regulation of respiration performed?
3. Describe the structure of the pituitary gland. Which hormones are produced by the
anterior pituitary lobe? Which hormones are accumulated in the posterior pituitary
lobe?
Head of teaching program for General Medicine Faculty, provided bilingually,
professor Glazachev O.S.
Ticket № 2
1. Electrogenesis in excitable tissues. Methods for membrane potentials registration.
Action potential: the phases and it’s ionic mechanisms. The "All or none" law.
Types of stimulation for excitable tissues. Correlation between threshold and
excitability. The excitability change and its origin during excitation process.
2. How does respiratory system function under hypobaric condition? Describe
mechanisms of acclimatization to altitude. What are effects of increased barometric
pressure?
3. Name the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla. The physiologica1 roles of
adrenaline and noradrenaline. How is the hormone production in the adrenal
medulla controlled?

Ticket № 3
1. Characteristics of excitability for nerves and muscles. Conduction mechanism of
excitement in nervous fibers. The laws of excitation propagation along nerve fibers
and nerves. Experiment of Gasser-Erlanger. Classification of nervous fibers
according to the conduction rate.
2. The definition of external respiration. Significance of negative intrapleural pressure.
What is the composition of inhaled, exhaled and alveolar air? Why they are
different?
3. The structure of the thyroid gland. What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
How is the production of iodine-containing thyroid hormones controlled? The basic
actions of thyroid hormones.
Ticket № 4
1. Mechanism of excitement conduction in synapses. Properties of synapse
functioning. Lability and its characteristics. Types of mediators. Excitatory and
inhibitory synapses.
2. The nature of respiration. The mechanisms of external inspiration and expiration.
Significance of negative intrapleural pressure. The Donders model illustration of
respiration. The composition of inhaled, exhaled and alveolar air.
3. The pancreatic cells serving the endocrine function. What hormones are produced in
the pancreas and their physiological effects. The functional system maintaining the
optimal for metabolism blood glucose level

Ticket № 5
1. Types of muscular contraction. Components of a single muscular contraction.
Conditions of stepwise and tetanic contraction. Correspondence between lability,
optimum and pessimum. Peculiarity of confluencing contraction in the human body.
2. The mechanisms of external respiration. List and describe the phases of the
respiratory cycle. Lung volumes. Describe methods for their determination.
Spyrography.
3. Outline the structure of the adrenal glands. Hormones produced by the adrenal
cortex. Physiological effects of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
Ticket № 6
1. Peculiarities of smooth muscles contraction: automaticity, plastic tone and others.
Significance of these properties to functioning of internal organs. Why do excitable
tissues obey the "All or none" law?
2. What is the physical basis for gas diffusion throughout the whole process of
respiration? Mechanisms of alveolar-capillary diffusion in the lungs.
3. System organization of emotional reactions. Biological role of emotions,
mechanisms and theories. Emotional stress: sensitivity and resistance to it.
Prophylaxis of emotional stress.

Ticket № 45
1. The structural and physiological peculiarities of the parasympathetic division of the
ANS: nerve centres, efferent nerves, physiological effects.
2. The mechanism of gas transport by the blood. Oxygen transport by the blood in
different forms. The curve of Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation. CO2 transport
mechanisms.
3. The central arhitectonic of a behavioral act on the basis of the theory of functional
systems of P.K. Anokhin and its main stages (useful adapting result, afferent
synthesis, bringing solution, efferent synthesis, acceptor of the action result).
Autonomic and endocrine arrangement of the behavioral act.
Ticket № 8
1. Principles of somatic and visceral functions regulation. Differences and biological
significance of neural and humoral regulation, their morphological and functional
features. Hormonal regulation and its role in a whole organism.
2. Gas blood transport. How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood? What is the
role оf carbonic anhydrase in СО2 transport?
3. The functional structure and constituents of an analyzer. Pavlov's theory of
analyzers. Define the concepts of а sensory organ, analyzer, sensory system, and
sensation.

Ticket № 9
1. Outline the functions of the autonomic nervous system. The principal differences
(in structure and functions) in comparison with somatic nervous system. Methods of
investigation.
2. Neuronal regulation of respiration. Which neurons is the respiratory centre
composed of and where is it located? What are the levels of regulation of the
respiratory centre activity?
3. Describe the receptor and its function. Receptor’s classifications. The physiological
properties of receptors.
Head of the chair of normal physiology Prof. Sudakov K.V.
Ticket № 10
1. The structural and physiological peculiarities of the sympathetic division of the
2. How can the humoral regulation of the respiratory centre be proved? What аrе the
mechanisms of the СО2 influence on the activity of the respiratory centre neurons?
Describe the Fredericq’s cross-circulation in dogs experiment.
3. The skin receptors: tactile, pressure, warm, cold, and pain.

Ticket № 11
1. The structural and physiological peculiarities of the parasympathetic division of the
2. Neural and humoral adjustments of respiration. The organization of respiratory
center. Classify and describe physiologically normal and clinically important
various respiratory patterns.
3. The taste and olfactory analyzers. Comparative analisys.
Ticket № 12
1. Describe the peculiarities of the efferent part of sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions of ANS reflex arc. Identify the nerves by which their axons leave the
central nervous system.
2. Describe the methods of calorimetry. Direct calorimetry. Indirect calorimetry with
complete gas analysis. Respiratory quotient. The respiratory quotient during
muscular work.
3. Physiological functions of erythrocytes. Haemoglobin and its role. The
physiological functions of leucocytes. Leucocyte’s formula and it’s clinical
significance.

Ticket № 13
1. The sympathetic nervous system. Characterise the sympathetic capacities for
«preparation for flight or fight» Adapting and trophic functions of the sympathetic
nervous system. Orbeli’s experiment.
2. The concepts of assimilation and dissimilation. Nitrogen balance. Positive and
negative nitrogen balance. The basal metabolic rate and the conditions to estimate
it. Factors that influence the basal metabolic rate.
3. The concept of haemostasis. Mechanisms of vascular platelet haemostasis,
physiological functions of thrombocytes
‘
Ticket № 14
1. Humoral regulation. How are all humoral factors can be classified? The functional
significance of endocrine glands. The basic properties of hormones.
2. Define the concept of total metabolism. Define the concept of working surplus.
Energy expenditure under various kinds of labour. Nutrition and its role in
replenishing the energy and substances losses. Assimilation of nutrients. The
principles of compiling а diet.
3. The physiology of the mid-brain. What are the roles of the anterior and posterior
quadrigeminal bodies? Position finding reflexes. Decerebrational rigidity: the origin
and symptoms.

Ticket № 15
1. Hormone’s classification. The mechanism of hormone’s action on the target-cells.
What physiological role do the hormones play in the human body? How is the
activity of the endocrine glands regulated? The fate of hormones in the body.
2. The constancy of internal milieu body temperature as а necessary condition of
metabolism. The functional system determining the constancy of body temperature.
Analysis of its central and peripheral components.
3. Neurophysiology of pain. Draw the functional system determining optirnal organs
and tissues body functioning including pain sensation. The nociceptive and
antinociceptive systems.
Ticket № 16
1. How are the endocrine glands of the human organism classified? Types of
endocrine glands. Methods of functional evaluation of the endocrine glands.
2. The functional system determining the constancy of body temperature Heat
production. Metabolism as а heat source. The role of internal organs and tissues in
heat production. Regulation of this process.
3. How is the nerve center defined and what is its role? The basic principles of nerve
centers functioning. The principles of excitation‘s propagation in the CNS.

Ticket № 17
1. The system and pulmonary circulation. The main and accessory mechanisms of the
blood flow. External manifestations of the cardiac activity. Name the cardiac valves
and describe their functions and mechanisms. Properties of cardiac muscle.
2. The functional system determining the constancy of body temperature Heat release.
Forms and ways of heat release and regulation of this process. The role of sweat
glands in thermoregulation processes.
3. The physiology and the structure of the diencephalon. What is the role of the
thalamus? What structures belong to the basal nuclei and what are their roles?
Ticket № 18
1. What are the properties of the myocardium? Specificity of the myocardial refractory
period and cardiac muscle contraction. The extrasystole, its types and causes.
2. Describe the methods of calorimetry. Direct calorimetry. Indirect calorimetry with
complete gas analysis. Respiratory quotient. The respiratory quotient during
muscular work.
3. Muscle’s tone regulatory mechanisms. Functions of cerebellum in posture and
muscular tone regulation. What motor disorders are observed in cerebellar lesions?

Ticket № 19
1. The conducting system of the heart, its composition and physiological significance.
The test demonstrating cardiac automaticity. The origin and gradient of the heart
automaticity.
2. The temperature scheme of human body and its daily fluctuations. Thermometry.
Thermoregulation under high and low environmental temperature. Нуро – and
hyperthermia.
3. The physiology of CNS. The reflex arcs and their components. Classification. Name
the types of unconditioned reflexes. Unconditioned reflexes in human, their
classification and methods to evaluate.
Ticket № 20
1. The phases of the cardiac cycle. What is the significance of cardiac diastole, systole
and pause? Name the features of ventricular systole and diastole. The intracardiac
pressure during different phases of cardiac cycle.
2. Digestion. Functions of the digestive tract. Methods to study digestive processes:
classification and clinical significance.
3. Classification and characteristic of methods to study CNS functions. The
physiological origin of electroencephalogramme, EcoG. Name and describe major
EEG rhythms. The role and clinical implementation of EEG. Evoked potentials.

Ticket № 21
1. Name the laws of cardiac activity. Frank-Starling’s mechanism and it’s
significance.
2. The functional system determining the optimal for metabolism nutrients' level in the
body. What components has the alimentary centre and what is its function? The
physiological mechanisms of hunger. What are the physiological mechanisms of
appetite and satiety?
3. The origin and classification of inhibition in the CNS. Historical background,
synaptic basis and mechanisms of inhibition in CNS. Experiment of Sechenov's
inhibition. Inhibition mechanisms: hyperpolarization, long depolarization,
postsynaptic, presynaptic and pessimal. Reciprocal, antidromal and reticular
inhibition.
Ticket № 22
1. Innervation of the heart. Intracardiac neuronal structures and their significance.
How is the cardiac activity influenced by the vagus and sympathetic nerves?
2. The functional system determining the optimal for metabolism nutrients' level in the
body. Its external and internal regulatory mechanisms.
3. The functional structure of the visual analyzer. Draw the light waves passes through
the optic eyeball system. Structure of the retina. Electroretinogramme.
Accommodation and its mechanisms. Refraction abnormalities and their соrrection.

МОСКОВСКАЯ МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ имени И.М.СЕЧЕНОВА
Кафедра нормальной физиологии, объединенная с Научно-исследовательским
институтом имени П.К. Анохина РАМН
EXAMINATION ON COURSE OF NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket № 23
1. What is afferent аnd efferent innervation of the heart? How is reflex control of the
cardiac activity accomplished? Describe the influence of the cerebral cortex on the
cardiac activity.
2. The physiological nature of absorption. Protein, carbohydrates and lipid absorption’
mechanisms in the digestive tract.
3. Inhibition of conditioned reflex: classification and biological role. What are the
orientation reflexes? What are their features? Instincts, examples of instincts. What
is defined as the dynamic stereotype?
Ticket № 24
1. Humoral regulation of thе cardiac activity. Cardiostimulating and cardioinhibiting
hormonal and nonhormonal factors.
2. Oral digestion. How the salivary glands are classified according to their size and
function? What enzymes does the saliva contain? The mechanisms of salivation and
its regulation.
3. The mechanisms of coagulation haemostasis. The anticoagulation mechanism.
Anticoagulants. Regulation of blood clotting.

Ticket № 25
1. Electrical events in the heart. The Electrocardiogramme and the meaning of its
waves and intervals. Basic principles of the method. Clinical implementation of
ECG. Vectorelectrocardioraphy.
2. Digestion in the stomach and its regulation. What glands are there in the gastric
mucosa? What are the methods to evaluate gastric secretion? Food evacuation from
the stomach.
3. The physiology of the medulla oblongata. What reflex centres are present in the
medulla oblongata? Name the features of the reticular formation neurons. What is
it’s physiological role?
Ticket № 26
1. Acoustic manifestations of the cardiac activity. What are the mechanisms and
location of the apex beat? The phonocardiogram and the meaning of its oscillations.
Origine of the hearts tones. Clinical implementation of PhCG.
2. Enzymes of the gastric juice. How do nutrient components affect gastric secretion?
The phases of gastric secretion. What kind of motility occurs in the stomach?
3. The physiology of vision. The roles of rods and cones in vision. Describe the
mechanism of light sensation. Binocular vision. The theory of colour vision.

Ticket № 27
1. Stroke volume and cardiac output, their measurements and physiological norms.
Basic principles of the echocardioraphy.
2. Small intestine and its role in digestion. Regulation of its secretory and motor
activity.What enzymes does the intestinal juice contain? How аrе cavital and
parietal digestion defined?
3. How is the higher nervous activity understood? The definition of conditioned reflex.
Classification of conditioned reflexes. Describe the major differences between, and
mechanisms оf conditioned and unconditioned reflexes.
Ticket № 28
1. What are the main and accessory mechanisms of the blood flow? List the types of
blood vessels. Their classification and functions. Define the blood turnover time.
What is the difference between the volume and linear blood flow rate?
2. Liver and its role in digestion, Regulation of bile production and bile ехcretion,
What is the role of bile in digestion? How do vesical and hepatic bile differ?
Methods for clinical investigation.
3. The functioning and structure of the acoustic analyzer. The vestibular analyzer.

Ticket № 29
1. Laws of vascular blood flow. The relationship between flow rate, pressure, and
resistance in the vascular system. The Poiseuille-Hagen formula for flow in blood
vessels.
2. Pancreas and its role in digestion. Regulation of pancreas juice production and
excretion. What are the phases of pancreatic secretion? How can pancreatic activity
be tested?
Ticket № 30
1. The blood pressure and its main determining factors. Definitions of systolic,
diastolic, pulse and mean arterial blood pressure, their meaning. Blood pressure’s
waves of the 1-st, 2-nd and 3-rd orders. Outline the technique of measuring the
human arterial pressure.
2. Large intestine and its role in digestion. Regulation of its secretory and motor
activity. Act of defecation.
3. The basis of blood-grouping. The rhesus (Rh) factor and rhesus conflict. Blood-typing
and transfusion of blood.

Ticket № 31
1. The microcirculation. Name the constituent vessels of the microcirculatory bed.
The anatomy and function of capillaries. Physiological significance.
2. Kidneys аs the basic executive mechanism of the functional system determining the
osmotic pressure of blood optimal for the body metabolism. Nephron and its
function.
3. The physiology of spinal cord. What is the physiological role of the anterior and
posterior spinal roots? Regulation of muscular tone at the level of spinal cord. What
reflex centres are located in the spinal cord? Role of a- and g-motoneurons. The
origin of spinal shock.
Ticket № 32
1. Describe the venous blood flow. Determinants of the venous return. What organs
and vessels serve as blood reservoirs? Their significance. The lymphatic system, the
structure of lymphatic capillaries. The Composition and properties of the lymph.
2. The physiological mechanism of urine formation: ultrafiltration. Regulation of
glomerular ultrafiltration. Examination of filtration’s intensity.
3. The central arhitectonic of a behavioral act on the basis of the theory of functional
systems of P.K. Anokhin and its main stages (useful adapting result, afferent
synthesis, bringing solution, efferent synthesis, acceptor of the action result).
Autonomic and endocrine arrangement of the behavioral act.

Ticket № 33
1. The mechanisms of blood redistribution in the vascular system. What are the
features of the pulmonary, muscles and cerebral circulation?
2. Non-excretory functions of kidneys: participation in determining the acid - base
status of blood; maintaining of the blood pressure; participation in haemopoiesis.
The urine excretion (micturition) and its regulation.
3. Neurophysiology of pain. Draw the functional system determining optimal organs
and tissues body functioning including pain sensation. The nociceptive and
antinociceptive systems.
Ticket № 34
1. Vascular tone adjustments. The peculiarities of blood vessels innervation. What
are the vasoconstrictor and vasodilator nerves?
2. The reabsorptive process in а nephron: the obligatory and optional reabsorption
in the convoluted tubules and collecting duct. Regulation of reabsorption.
3. Motivation (drive) and memory as components of afferent synthesis. Types of
motivation. Mechanisms of long-term and short-term memory. Learning and
memory.

МОСКОВСКАЯ МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ имени И.М.СЕЧЕНОВА
Кафедра нормальной физиологии, объединенная с Научно-исследовательским
институтом имени П.К. Анохина РАМН
EXAMINATION ON COURSE OF NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Ticket № 35
1. The functional system maintaining the optimal for metabolism arterial blood
pressure level. The vasomotor center, its location, structure, and function. What
factors influence the neurons of the vasomotor centre?
2. The physiological mechanism of urine formation: reabsorbtion and secretion
process. Neural and humoral regulation of urine formation.
3. Types of the higher nervous activity. The Pavlovian types of the higher nervous
activity in animals. Methods for HNA types determination. The types of the higher
nervous activity in humans.
Ticket № 36
1. Humoral regulation of vascular tone. List the principal vasoregulatory factors
secreted by endothelial cells, and describe the function of each of them. The
principal hormones that affect blood pressure.
2. Nephron as the functional unit of kidneys. Peculiarities of the renal blood The
countercurrent multiplication mechanism of Henle's loop. Its physiological
significance.
3. System organization of sex functions. Sex hormones and their functions. Regulatory
mechanisms of sex functions. Interrelation of social and biological functions in
sexual behavior.

Ticket № 37
pressure level: principal characteristics and their dynamic while blood pressure
rising or falling.
2. Clinical methods of examination of kidneys and urine analysis Methods to
determine the glomerular filtration rate, reabsorption, and secretion in humans.
3. Regulation of tone of skeletal muscles by spinal cord. Role of proprioreceptors: the
intrafusal muscular fibers (spindles) and the Golgi's tendon organs. Role of a- and
c-motoneurons.
Ticket № 38
1. Outline the neural mechanisms of blood pressure and heart rate control, including
the receptors, afferent and efferent pathways, central integrating mechanisms, and
effector mechanisms involved. Reflexogenic zones of the aortic arch and carotid
sinus and specify their function.
2. The composition of blood. Physiological functions of the blood. The functional
system maintaining the constancy of circulating blood mass.The proteins of blood
plasma and their functions.
3. Describe the receptor and its function. Receptors classifications. The physiological
properties of receptors.

Ticket № 39
1. Classification and possibilities of methods to examine the vascular tone. Reography,
sphygmography.
2. The osmotic pressure of blооd. The functional system maintaining the constancy of
the osmotic pressure of blood. Humoral adjustments of the osmotic pressure.
3. Rhythms of physiological processes. Work physiology. Basics of social physiology.
Influence of ecological factors on human’s social and psycho - physiological
activity.
Ticket № 40
1. The functional system maintaining the level optimal for metabolism of arterial
blood pressure. What are the mechanisms of cardiovascular functional adjustment
during physical activity?
2. The acid-base status (рН) of blood. Draw the functional system maintaining the
constancy of blood pH value.
3. Physiology of sleep. Biological significance and structure of sleep. Modern theories
concerning the sleep nature and sleep mechanisms. Sleep-therapy.

Ticket № 41
rising or falling.
2. Non-excretory functions of kidneys: participation in determining the acid - base
status of blood; maintaining of the blood pressure; participation in
haemopoiesis. The urine excretion (micturition) and its regulation.
3. Types of the higher nervous activity. The Pavlovian types of the higher nervous
activity in animals. Methods for HNA types determination. The types of the
higher nervous activity in humans.
Ticket № 42
1. Humoral regulation of vascular tone. List the principal vasoregulatory factors
secreted by endothelial cells, and describe the function of each of them. The
principal hormones that affect blood pressure.
2. The composition of blood. Physiological functions of the blood. The functional
system maintaining the constancy of circulating blood mass.The proteins of
blood plasma and their functions.
3. Neurophysiology of pain. Draw the functional system determining optimal
organs and tissues body functioning including pain sensation. The nociceptive
and antinociceptive systems.

Ticket № 43
1. The microcirculation. Name the constituent vessels of the microcirculatory bed.
The anatomy and function of capillaries. Physiological significance.
2. The basis of blood-grouping. The rhesus (Rh) factor and rhesus conflict. Blood-typing
and transfusion of blood.
Ticket № 44
2. The reabsorptive process in а nephron: the obligatory and optional reabsorption
in the convoluted tubules and collecting duct. Regulation of reabsorption.
3. The physiology of the medulla oblongata. What reflex centres are present in the
medulla oblongata? Name the features of the reticular formation neurons. What
is it’s physiological role?

Ticket № 46
1. Hormone’s classification. The mechanism of hormone’s action on the target-cells.
What physiological role do the hormones play in the human body? How is
the activity of the endocrine glands regulated? The fate of hormones in the
body.
2. Pancreas and its role in digestion. Regulation of pancreas juice production and
excretion. What are the phases of pancreatic secretion? How can pancreatic
activity be tested?
3. Neurophysiology of pain. Draw the functional system determining optirnal
organs and tissues body functioning including pain sensation. The nociceptive
and antinociceptive systems.
Ticket № 47
1. How are the endocrine glands of the human organism classified? Types of
endocrine glands. Methods of functional evaluation of the endocrine glands.
2. The functional system determining the constancy of body temperature Heat
production. Metabolism as а heat source. The role of internal organs and tissues
in heat production. Regulation of this process.
3. How is the nerve center defined and what is its role? The basic principles of
nerve centers functioning. The principles of excitation‘s propagation in the
CNS.

Ticket № 48
1. The conducting system of the heart, its composition and physiological
significance. The test demonstrating cardiac automaticity. The origin and
gradient of the heart automaticity.
2. Liver and its role in digestion, Regulation of bile production and bile ехcretion,
What is the role of bile in digestion? How do vesical and hepatic bile differ?
Methods for clinical investigation.
3. The physiology of CNS. The reflex arcs and their components. Classification.
Name the types of unconditioned reflexes. Unconditioned reflexes in human,
their classification and methods to evaluate.
Ticket № 49
1. The phases of the cardiac cycle. What is the significance of cardiac diastole,
systole and pause? Name the features of ventricular systole and diastole. The
intracardiac pressure during different phases of cardiac cycle.
2. Kidneys аs the basic executive mechanism of the functional system determining
the osmotic pressure of blood optimal for the body metabolism. Nephron and its
function.
3. Classification and characteristic of methods to study CNS functions. The
physiological origin of electroencephalogramme, EcoG. Name and describe
major EEG rhythms. The role and clinical implementation of EEG. Evoked
potentials.

Ticket № 50
5. Digestion in the stomach and its regulation. What glands are there in the gastric
mucosa? What are the methods to evaluate gastric secretion? Food evacuation from
the stomach.
6. The physiology of vision. The roles of rods and cones in vision. Describe the
mechanism of light sensation. Binocular vision. The theory of colour vision.
Ticket № 51
rising or falling.
2. Clinical methods of examination of kidneys and urine analysis Methods to
determine the glomerular filtration rate, reabsorption, and secretion in humans.
3. Regulation of tone of skeletal muscles by spinal cord. Role of proprioreceptors:
the intrafusal muscular fibers (spindles) and the Golgi's tendon organs. Role of
a- and c-motoneurons.

Physiology Exam tickets - 2nd Year (Questions)

Physiology Exam tickets - 2nd Year (Questions)

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (18)

Similar to Physiology Exam tickets - 2nd Year (Questions)

Similar to Physiology Exam tickets - 2nd Year (Questions) (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Physiology Exam tickets - 2nd Year (Questions)