13. The "War over Water" also the Battle over
Water refers to a series of confrontations
between Israel and its Arab neighbors from
November 1964 to May 1967 over control of
available water sources in the Jordan River
drainage basin. The 1949 Armistice
Agreements which followed the 1948 Arab–
Israeli War, created three Demilitarized
zones on the Israel-Syria border. The
southernmost, and also the largest of
stretched from the south-eastern part of the
Sea of Galilee eastwards to the Yarmuk River
where the borders of Israel, Jordan and
Syria converged, The issue of sharing the
waters of the Jordan–Yarmuk system
between Israel, Syria and Jordan turned out
to be a major problem.
In July 1953, Israel began construction of
the intake of its National Water Carrier at
the Daughters of Jacob Jordan Bridge north
of the Sea of Galilee and in the demilitarized
zone.

14. ACWA released a major policy document on
groundwater management in April 2011. The
document, “Sustainability from the Ground
Up: A Framework for Groundwater
Management in California,” provides an indepth look at current efforts to manage
groundwater basins in California and
recommends proactive steps to
advance sustainable management.
Following the release of the
Framework, an implementation subcommittee
started working on an action plan for 2012‐'13.
The final plan, completed in January
2012, includes two elements: (1) a matrix of
each recommendation in the Framework with
status and timeline for action, and
(2) a narrative document, which expands upon
several areas that will be the focus for
2012‐2013.

15. Groundwater sustainability relates to the
development and use of groundwater to meet
current and future purposes without causing
unacceptable consequences. Find out about
the factors that contribute to local, regional, or
state-wide groundwater, shortages, the
strategies that can be implemented to
promote a sustainable groundwater
supply, and what resources or tools are
needed to implement these strategies
successfully.

16. Water supply managers in 36 states expected
state-wide, regional, or local freshwater
shortages between 2003 and 2013 even under
normal conditions.
Given the importance of
groundwater to the nation and the
anticipated water shortages, the
Association of American State
Geologists, Ground Water
Protection Council, Interstate
Council on Water Policy, and NGWA
undertook, in 2007,
he National Ground Water Association has
been working with the Association of American
State Geologists, the Ground Water Protection
Council, and the Interstate Council on Ground
Water Policy to gather information to build a
national picture of groundwater monitoring.
We have concluded the compilation of
responses to the Joint State Ground Water
Quality and Level Monitoring surveys relating
to state and regional ambient groundwater.

18. The Narmada Dam Project, is a
project involving the construction of a
series of large hydroelectric dams on
the Narmada River in India. Sardar
Sarovar Project (SSP) is the largest
multipurpose project in it. The project
was first conceived of in the 1940s by
the country's first prime
minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. The
project only took form in 1979 as part
of a development scheme to increase
irrigation and produce
hydroelectricity. Of the 30 large
dams planned on river
Narmada, Sardar Sarovar is the
largest. With a proposed height of
136.5 m, it's also high on discord
between the planners and the
Narmada Bachao Andolan.

19. The Andolan
Narmada Bachao Andolan is the
voice of hundreds of thousands
of indigenous people and peasants
who are losing their land and
livelihoods to large dams on the
Narmada River. The nonviolent
satyagraha (insistence on truth)
of the displaced people for their
rehabilitation has spanned two
decades, challenging the
centralized development programs
and envisioning alternatives. The
movement has won policy changes
in World Bank and other multilateral funding agencies

22. With hard water, soap solutions form a white
precipitate (soap scum) instead of
producing lather, because the 2+ ions destroy
the surfactant properties of the soap by
forming a solid precipitate (the soap scum). A
major component of such scum is calcium
stearate, which arises from sodium
stearate, the main component of soap:
2 C17H35COO- + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2Ca
Hard water also forms deposits that clog
plumbing. These deposits, called "scale", are
composed mainly of calcium
carbonate(CaCO3), magnesium
hydroxide(Mg(OH)2), and calcium
sulfate(CaSO4). Calcium and magnesium
carbonates tend to be deposited as off-white
solids on the inside surfaces of pipes and heat
exchangers

23. The water that lathers readily with
soaps are called soft water. It describes
type of water that contain few or no
minerals like calcium(Ca) or
magnesium(Mg) ions. The term is usually
relative to hard water, which does
contain significant amounts of such ions.
Soft Water mostly comes from peat or
igneous rock sources, such as granite but
may also come from sandstone
sources, since such sedimentary rocks
are usually low in calcium and magnesium.
However, soft water does have negative
side effects and can be bad for the
heart. Thus it should be drunk in
moderation if at all.