Standard Reading - Level 8 4 Patterns of Paragraph 2 今回のフォーカスは「パラグラフの4パターン②」です。 ②では比較・対照、原因⇒結果という2つのパターンについてカバー。 パラグラフのパターンを理解、展開を先回りして確実にフォローしましょう。

1. Reading: Level 8

2. 4 Patterns of Paragraph 2

3. 4 Patterns of Paragraph 2
Finding Keywords and Signal Phrases
Identifying Similarities and Differences
Cause and Effect
Multiple Causes or Effects

4. 4 Patterns of Paragraph 2
Identify and understand two
types of paragraph:
1. Comparison/contrast
2. Cause and effect

5. Finding Keywords and Signal Phrases
The comparison/contrast
paragraph mentions two things
that are similar and/or
different.

6. Finding Keywords and Signal Phrases
Key words that suggest this type of paragraph:
"same"
"different"
"both"
"in common"
"compare"
"contrast"

7. Identifying Similarities and Differences
Words and phrases that suggest similarities:
"similarly"
"also"
"in the same way as"
"as"
"like"
"both"
"in common"

8. Identifying Similarities and Differences
Signal words that imply differences:
"however"
"but"
"on the other hand"
"although"
"while"
"conversely"
"than"
"unlike"

9. Identifying Similarities and Differences
Gold and Silver
Both gold and silver are popular metals in the production
of fine jewelry. The two are used frequently in accessories
from earrings to cuff links. Another likeness is that they
are used around the world. People from different
countries appreciate the beauty of gold and silver jewelry
and accessories. However, while silver is more affordable,
gold can be very expensive. Another notable difference is
that silver is difficult to maintain due to its tendency to
rust. On the other hand, gold can be taken care of quite
easily.

10. Identifying Similarities and Differences
Gold and Silver
Both gold and silver are popular metals in the production
of fine jewelry. The two are used frequently in accessories
from earrings to cuff links. Another likeness is that they
are used around the world. People from different
countries appreciate the beauty of gold and silver jewelry
and accessories. However, while silver is more affordable,
gold can be very expensive. Another notable difference is
that silver is difficult to maintain due to its tendency to
rust. On the other hand, gold can be taken care of quite
easily.

11. Identifying Similarities and Differences
Gold Silver
Similarities • Used in accessories
• Appreciated by people
around the world
• Used in accessories
• Appreciated by people
around the world
Differences
• Expensive
• Easy to maintain
• Affordable
• Difficult to keep clean

12. Cause and Effect
• An action or event caused another situation,
action or event
• Key words and signal words:
"lead to" "is the cause of"
"create" "make"
"produce" "contribute to"
"is due to" "is the result of"
"come from" "is caused by"
"is a consequence of"

13. Cause and Effect
• Signal words are often verbs
• These verbs can be active or passive
e.g.
Active: The train caused me to be late.
Passive: My tardiness was caused by the
train.

14. Cause and Effect
Don't assume the first thing
mentioned is the cause and the
second is the effect!
Ask yourself: What happened first?

15. Cause and Effect
Droughts can lead to forest fires.
Carelessness can result in mistakes.
Because they were small, the dice were lost.

16. Multiple Causes or Effects
One cause has many effects
One effect is the result of many causes
Chain of events: One event causes
another, which causes a different effect,
and so on

17. Multiple Causes or Effects
One cause, many effects:
Tom missed the ball causing it
to hit a parked car and a small
child before rolling to a stop
underneath the tree.

18. Multiple Causes or Effects
One effect, many causes:
The amusement park closed last
week. Due to few customers, poor
shop sales, and high maintenance
costs, Fun Kingdom had no choice
but to close its doors for good.

19. Multiple Causes or Effects
Chain of events:
Three years ago, Emily was given a free ticket
to a concert. There, she met the lead singer
who introduced her to a producer. As a result
of speaking with the producer, Emily got the
chance to record her own album, which
brought her to the fame she enjoys today.

20. 4 Patterns of Paragraph 2

21. Reading: Level 8