Understanding Fake News: history, origins, solutions

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Slides for "Fake News: Why It Matters and How to Fight It" an event hosted by Eugene Public Library, May 23 2017. "UO Journalism professors Damian Radcliffe and Peter Laufer explore the current debate about fake news. These information experts will offer historical insights, contemporary analysis, and practical tools to empower the public in telling fact from fiction." https://www.eugene-or.gov/Calendar.aspx?EID=12837

Internet

Understanding
Fake
News
Damian Radcliffe
University of Oregon
May 2017

Traditional Definition
News written and published with the intent to
mislead, in order to gain financially or politically.

Why it matters
“Stories that are provably false, have enormous
traction… and are consumed by millions of people.”
Michael Radutzky, a producer of CBS 60 Minutes

Distinctions
• Not the same as news satire.
• Fake news is a type of yellow journalism.
Little
or
no

researched

stories
that

became

popular
in
19th
century

Based
upon

sensationalism
and

crude
exaggeration

Is the term a misnomer?
Fake News means:
“Stories that are fabricated out of thin air.
By most measures, deliberately, and by any definition,
that's a lie.”
Guy Campanile, also a 60 Minutes producer

Fake News and propaganda
• In theory, Fake News may be divided into:
- That which is made for profit
- Propaganda meant to influence
• We may also distinguish between:
- People who spread it unintentionally
- Those who spread it with an intent

Transformative technologies
• The advent of the printing press in the 15th century
revolutionized access to / dissemination of information.
• Invention and the mainstreaming of the Internet
widened access and the power to spread information.
Including fake news.

Pre-dates even that
• Demonstrable in 1st century B.C.
• Power struggle between Augustus Caesar’s successors
Octovian and Anthony led to a smear campaign.
• Mark Antony committed suicide following misinformation.

Historic examples: 1600s
17th Century
• Publications became widespread.
• No standard of journalistic ethics to follow.
• With Galileo’s trial, the demand for verifiable news
increased.

Historic examples: 1700s
18th Century
• Publishers of fake news fined and banned in the
Netherlands.
• Gerard Lodewijk van der Macht, banned four times by
Dutch authorities. Each time he moved and restarted
his press.

1782: Boston, USA
• Benjamin Franklin spread fake news to intensify the
American revolution.

Historic examples: 1800s
19th Century
• The Great Moon Hoax of 1835.

Historic examples: 1900s
20th Century
• Anti-German (fake) stories that the Germans ran
factories using human fat as raw materials published
during WWI.
• New York Times reporting on Russia, fake news
scandal, 1932–1933.

How it works
As it always has:
• Fake news often employs eye-catching headlines or
fabricated news stories to increase readership.
Plus:
• As in the case of internet-based stories, online
sharing and click/view revenues.

What’s different
• Easier to do than ever.
• Designed to deceive readers.
Ø And to maximize traffic and profit.
• New platforms (Facebook, Google Ads, Search, Programmatic)
don’t distinguish fact from fiction.
• Lack of visual clues: fake vs real look same.

Macedonian teenagers
• Many online pro-Trump fake news stories were created
in a small city in Macedonia by teenagers paid to
generate sensationalist stories.

Large reach in 2016 election
• Voters interacted with more fake news on Facebook than
with real news. (Source: BuzzFeed)

Not unique to the USA
• Italy
• India
• Germany
• China

Some measures being taken
• Fact-checking sites such as Snopes.com and
FactCheck.org, have posted guides to spotting and
avoiding fake news websites.
• Facebook and Google taking measures to combat
fake news.
• In April 2017, Jimmy Wales announced Wikitribune.

$More research Q: Do we overstate the problem? Fabricated stories favoring Trump were shared a total of 30 million times, nearly quadruple the number of pro- Hillary shares in the run-up to the election, says Stanford’s Matthew Gentzkow. Even so, he and his co-author found the most widely circulated hoaxes were seen by only a small fraction of Americans.$

Email: damianr@uoregon.edu
Twitter: @damianradcliffe
Web: damianradcliffe.com
Thanks for listening.

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