adjustmental and learning disability

2. Submitted To: Submitted By:
Mrs.Sivapriya Sreelatha.N
Lecturer in nsg IIyr MSc Nsg

3. Adjustment reaction to school:
Adjustment disorder is normally a time
limited condition with manifestation arriving
almost immediately after the appearance of
pressure causing events and resolving within
six months of the elimination of the stressors.

4. Definition:
An adjustment disorder is an abnormal,
debilitating and excessive reaction usually
lasting less than six months to a life stress such
as starting school, experiencing grief.

5. Defense Mechanisms:
These are unconscious psychological
strategies brought into play by various
entities to cope with reality and maintain self
image.
 Rationalisation
 Projection
 Introjection
 Identification
 Isolation
 Sublimation

6.  Displacement
 Repression
 Supression
 Conversion
 Regression
 Reaction formation
 Simple denile
 Fantacy

7. Causes:
a) Strange feeling
b) Unfamiliarity
c) Change in environment

8. Sub groups of adjustment disorder:
1. Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
This is characterized by the feelings of
sadness or hopelessness of varying degrees.

9. 2. Adjustment disorder with Anxiety
It typically includes agitation or nervous
behaviour or obsessive worrying
3. Adjustment disorder with mixed anxiety and
depressed mood
4. Adjustment disorder with disturbance of conduct
5. Adjustment disorder with mixed disturbance of
emotions and conduct
6. Unspecified adjustment disorder

10. Symptoms
1) Agitation
2) Conduct disturbances
3) Depression
4) Palpitations
5) Physical complaints
6) Trembling or twitching

11. Diagnosis:
The child being evaluated for an adjustment
disorder needs to meet the following criteria in
order to confirm the diagnosis.
1) Has had a psychological evaluation
2) The symptoms clearly follow a stressor
3) Shows the symptoms that appear disproportionate
to the stress-full event
4) Does not appear to be suffering from any other
underlying mental or physical illness.

12. Treatment:
Treatment depends upon the age and
overall health of the child as well as the
severity of the symptoms. It includes . . .
a) Behaviour therapy
b) Individual psycho therapy
c) Family therapy
d) Self-help group

13. Behaviour therapy

14. Individual psycho therapy

15. Family therapy

16. Self-help group

17. Prognosis:
Adjustment disorders usually get better
quickly with out any remaining symptoms.
Prevention:
There is no known way to prevent this
disorder. Strong support from friends
and family can help.

18. Definition:
It is defined as a psychological and
neurological impediment to development of
adequate perceptual or communication
behavior.

19. Causes and risk factors:
 Genetic influences
 Brain development
 Environmental impacts
 Conduct disorder
 ADHD
 Depression

20. Types:
It can be categorized either by the type of
information processing that is affected or by the
specific difficulties caused by a processing
deficit.
 Information processing deficits
 Specific learning disabilities

21. Information processing deficits
Learning disabilities fall into broad
categories based on before stages of
information processing used in learning.
 Input
 Integration
 Storage
 Output

22. Specific learning disabilities
Deficits in any area of information
processing can manifest in a variety of specific
learning disabilities.
 Reading disorder
 Writing disorder
 Maths disorder
 Non-verbal learning disorder
 Dyspraxia
 Disorders of speaking and listening
 Auditory processing disorder

23. Reading disorder Writing disorder

24. Treatment and intervention:
 Mastery model
 Direct instruction
 Classroom adjustments
 Special equipments
 Classroom assistance
 Special education

26. Direct instruction- Features:
 Explicit, Systematic instruction based on
scripted lesson plans.
 Ability grouping
 Emphasis on pace and efficiency of instruction
 Frequent assessment
 Embedded professional development or
coaching
 Correcting mistakes immediately
 Achievement based grouping

27. Classroom adjustments:
 Special seating assignments
 Alternative or modified assignments
 Modified testing procedures
 Quiet environment

28. Special equipments:
 Electronic spellers and dictionaries
 Word processors
 Talking calculators
 Books on tape
 Computers
 Dictation programms

29. Classroom assistance:
• Note takers
• Readers
• Proof readers
• Scribes

30. Special education:
 Prescribed hours in a resource room
 Placement in a resource room
 Enrollment in a special school for learning
disabled students
 Individual education plan.

31. Nurses responsibility:
 Provide training to care deliverers
 Health promotion
 Assessment
 Multi disciplinary working
 Research and service development

32.  Summery and Conclusion
 Theory application
 Bibliography