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THE STATE OF A WORLD ECONOMIC POWER.
(California one of the world's most prominent
and powerful economic powers by itself)
Article from: Plants Sites & Parks Article date: October 1, 2000 Author: Gaines,
Sam
Our nation's largest state is one of the world's most prominent and powerful economic
powers all by itself. And it's only getting more so.
Back in 1993, such a thing seemed hardly imaginable, as military base closings and
drastic defense cuts, worsened by the recession of the early 1990s, drained high-paying
jobs from the aerospace and defense sectors. These were the linchpins of the state's
economy, even as late as the end of the 1980s.
The state didn't take it sitting down, however; California began aggressively pursuing
diversified industries, especially the emerging IT sector. After six consecutive years of
expansion and a gross state product (GSP) that now tops $1.2 trillion, the Golden State
is raising its own Golden Standard for the rest of the nation--and world. The word
"diversity" may sound hackneyed in discussing economic strategies, but the concept
itself is anything but. It is, indeed, nothing less than the fuel for California's economic
engine. "California's economy is hitting on all cylinders," says Lon S. Hatamiya, secretary
of the state's Trade and Commerce Agency. "What we are now seeing is an emphasis on
high-tech manufacturing, advanced telecommunications, motion pictures and multimedia,
tourism, space and navigation, professional services, tools and content for the Internet,
and biotechnology and genetic engineering."
The ongoing renaissance stands on a solid foundation of developing industries,
particularly the high-tech umbrella, manufacturing, professional/business services and
foreign trade. The state is encouraging their innovations, too; in early September, Gov.
Gray Davis announced the award of $6 million in technology grants to 34
California-based companies aimed at helping them bring their creations to the
marketplace for a wide array of industries. Under the auspices of the California Trade
and Commerce Agency's CalTIP (California Technology, Investment Partnership)
program, the grants are matched by funds from technology-savvy federal agencies, such
as NASA, the National Science Foundation and the Department of Commerce's
Advanced Technology Program.
Secretary Hatamiya explain the focus: "Advancing technology to the marketplace is the
cornerstone of California's new, expanding economy, and these grants provide a vital
step in sustaining higher-wage jobs for Californians. In order to fill those jobs, we need to
properly train the potential workers. This means not only the existing workforce of today,
but also the young people who will fill these posts tomorrow." Hence the cooperative
efforts between the state's large university system, community colleges, public schools
and training programs to keep Golden State workers up to speed with technology's
at-times breakneck pace.
Yet the industries that extend back to the state's early days--farming and food
processing, among others--continues to thrive, albeit on a relatively smaller scale. Gains
have been impressive, though; manufacturing employment is up from 1999, and over the
decade jumped 8.1 percent--a solid indicator for the possibility of sustained growth.
And the aerospace/defense industry is by no means on the way out. Quite the contrary:
The state of California is currently competing aggressively for a major Department of
Defense project, the ,Joint Strike Fighter, potentially a $750 billion defense contract that
will lead to the U.S. military's next generation of fighter aircraft-- and 30 years of work for
thousands of skilled aeronautics engineers and technicians.
It's the state's workforce that is benefiting most directly from this economic groundswell.
In June 2000, California's employed figure topped 17 million for the first time in the
state's history (and up 2.7 percent from June 1999). Not surprisingly, perhaps, the
unemployment roles continue to drop--for the 36th consecutive month, the state's
unemployed remained below 1 million, and the rate hovered at the 5 percent level. Still,
in some California counties, unemployment rates run in the teens, so work-force
availability continues to draw success-minded companies in many diverse sectors.
The numbers are, obviously, outstanding, but they cannot tell the whole story of
California's appeal. Embracing vast farmlands and major metropolises within its expanse,
California remains a state of breathtaking diversity, and not merely in terms of
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topography. The cultural bouillabaisse that is California's people underscores the state's
status as standard-bearer for the communities of the future. Factor in the massive
entertainment juggernaut of metro Los Angeles and a celebrated quality of life, and it's
clear that a seven-year Golden Age is promising to stretch well into the next century--and
millennium.
PALMDALE AND THE JET
Palmdale, Calif., is a city of over 120,000 located in Los Angeles County, about 60 miles
north of the metropolis. Its industry? Put it this way: Among its biggest employers are
Lockheed Martin Aeronautics, Northrop Grumman, Boeing and NASA Dryden Flight
Research. Palmdale is also home to one of California's major defense facilities: U.S. Air
Force Plant 42, the home of the renowned aircraft design facility responsible for the B-2
and B-1B bombers, the F-5 fighter jet and the L-1011 jetliner.
So, as the state lost 300,000 defense jobs within a decade's worth of military base
closings and military cutbacks, Palmdale suffered too. But even as the city focused on
attracting a broader base of industries--Senior Systems Technology is located there-it
remained devoted to retaining its aero industry to the fullest extent possible.
With that level of aeronautics presence, Palmdale was a natural fit for an aircraft
maintenance specialist. Enter Swiss firm SR Technics (a division of SAirGroup), which
announced its decision to locate its new North American headquarters for aircraft
maintenance, repair and overhaul at Plant 42. The December 1999 announcement was
the single largest business expansion of the decade in California; the SR Technics facility
is expected to create 6,000 jobs. The deal was massive; California's Trade and
Commerce Agency worked with the City of Palmdale, LA World Airports, the Los Angeles
Economic Development Commission, the U.S. Air Force, Antelope Valley Community
College, the Aerospace Alliance and Southern California Edison in crafting a $84 million
state incentive package (over 15 years) to bring SR Technics to Palmdale. That figure
was enhanced significantly thanks to Plant 42's location in the Antelope Valley Enterprise
Zone. The new facility is expected to generate as much as $226 million in revenue over
the next five years--a handsome return on the investment for the stale and Palmdale.
That was good news, and great news may be on the horizon for Palmdale in the guise of
three words--Joint Strike Fighter. The military's next-generation multi-role aircraft project
is a contract that could be worth as much as $750 billion, up for grabs among three savvy
competitors. Indeed, two of Palmdale's industrial residents, Boeing and Lockheed Martin,
are building their own prototypes of the JSF even now. Both have been at work on the
aircraft prototype since 1996. However, both companies have relocated their construction
operations to Fort Worth, Texas, and St. Louis respectively; should either win the
contract, Palmdale gets nothing. But with thousands of aerospace experts (including
Stealth technology-qualified professionals) living in the area, and a seven-year EMD
phase ahead of' production, Palmdale has a viable opportunity to land the JSF contract
all the same.
The JSF contract will be awarded by the Department of Defense early next year. As
State Commerce Secretary Lon Hatamiya told the Los Angeles Times' Andrew
Blankstein in March 2000, the project is vital to the future of California's aerospace
industry. "The logic behind pursuing the JSF is to maintain our existing jobs and the
expertise that goes with them," Hatamiya told Blankstein.
A June 1999 study by Arlington, Va.-based SDS International concluded that awarding
the contract to Plant 42 would generate an initial savings of $2.2 billion. The SDS study
also cited Plant 42's turnkey stealth production capabilities, as well as other important
considerations. "California's multiple tax credits, state and local incentives, skilled
resident workforce, and supplier and technical support bases are superior to any in the
nation," the report states.
HIGH-TECH HUBS EXTEND OUTWARD
California and high-tech are synonymous. It's not just Silicon Valley, although the
reputation is richly deserved; California is the home of biotechnology, and high-tech
industries span the state.
One of the prime generators of California's "innovation economy" cluster is Rockwell, the
$7 billion electronic controls and communications giant. The company boasts a leading
research and development division--the Rockwell Science Center. The Science Center
has been a major driver for Rockwell's continued success; the company underscored the
point with the August 2000 announcement that the research division would be opening a
third facility in the Mission Oaks Business Park in Camarillo, Calif., not far from its home
base of Thousand Oaks, Calif. Since 1962, RSC has been a major R&D facility,
supporting Rockwell's businesses with cutting-edge technological development, including
prototypes, as well as high-tech support to major corporations (Boeing and Conexant
among them), as well as the federal government and universities and other R&D facilities
worldwide.
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The new RSC facility will be a 65,000-square-foot unit and will employ approximately
100. Ground-breaking is slated for November 2000, and the new unit will be operational
in the fall of 2001. The goal of the new addition will be to expand the company's imaging
sensors business, as well as to make optical components for the telecom industry. "This
additional facility will enable us to implement production and commercialization initiatives
that are key to our strategy as a growing high-tech business," said Derek Cheung, vice
president for research and director of the Science Center. "We look forward to a positive
and constructive working relationship with the City of Camarillo."
Camarillo is sitting in the proverbial "catbird's seat" -- namely, the dynamic Ventura
Freeway high-tech corridor. "Camarillo is the preferred address for high tech," notes Jim
Jevens, economic development consultant for the City of Camarillo. Nineteen of the 50
"fastest-growing high-tech businesses" in the Los Angeles area cited by Deloitte &
Touche are located along this corridor. "The corridor runs from the San Fernando Valley
to Santa Barbara, and we're perched as the hub," Jevens adds.
UP NORTH
Further north, in California's San Joaquin Valley, the high-tech bug keeps biting. Clovis,
Calif., is home to the Central Valley Research and Technology Business Park--a major
new development, especially for a region rebuilding after setbacks to its dominant
agricultural economy. As hightech facilities move outward from California's metropolis,
Clovis is nestled in an ideal location for companies seeking the pleasant quality of life
characteristic of smaller cities, yet with outstanding schools, utilities and general
infrastructure. Particularly noteworthy is the Center for Advanced Research and
Technology, which opened in August 2000. The facility is a cooperative initiative between
the public and private sector in Clovis, a hallmark of the business recruitment
environment that Clovis nurtures.
Recently boosted by a $2.8 million grant from the U.S. Economic Development Agency
for infrastructure improvements, the 166-acre campus will benefit from the soon-to-
be-completed Sierra Freeway 168. "With our unemployment rate, and with our need in
this area to attract good jobs, this is something that will set Clovis apart," explains Mike
Dozier, community and economic development director for the City of Clovis. Currently
underway, the infrastructure improvement program is slated for completion by spring
2001. Ultimately, some 3,500 to 4,000 high-tech employees are expected to make their
home in Clovis.
Closer to San Francisco and Silicon Valley itself, the City of Concord enjoys a solid
high-tech presence. Recently, Servicecorp, the well-known business-service provider for
the nation's credit unions, announced a 20,000-square-t:oot expansion to its Concord
facility.
Concord is well prepared for locations and expansions. Along with a thriving business
incubator that has launched six successful companies to date, the city has welcomed
$60 million in venture capital and financing investments in 2000. "Concord is a city that
thrives on proactive partnerships with resident and interested businesses," explains John
Montagh, economic development specialist for the City of Concord.
The tools are here: In addition to the Software Advanced Technologies Institute, Concord
is home to one of the Bay Area campuses of Chapman University, a regular entry in U.S.
News & World Report's annual "America's Best Colleges" guide. Chapman has 20 such
satellite campuses dedicated to adult education.
DOWN SOUTH
Not far from Los Angeles, the City of Grand Terrace offers its own lures to high-tech
industry--and many are simply built in to the city's character and social fabric. The people
of Grand Terrace earn a median income of $59,318--higher than Beverly Hills, even.
Given that over 65 percent of the city's population is college-educated, that comes as no
true surprise. More than 70 percent of the city's homes are owner-occupied. These are
the hallmarks of a small city functioning as a bedroom community, but Grand Terrace isn't
settling for that status.
The city is actively recruiting high-tech business and other industries, notes Patrizia
Materassi, director of Grand Terrace's Community and Economic Development
Department. "We want to get the word out," Materassi explains. "We have been a
bedroom `hidden jewel' and now we have decided to diversify."
In his study of the city's potential, economist John Husing noted Grand Terrace's
excellent prospects for high-tech industrial development. "[The city] should target
high-tech industries because of its educated, skilled labor force ... [the city's strategic
location] between San Bernardino and Riverside, [and its] commitment to advance its
technological industrial base," Husing wrote.
Two small industrial companies have signed onto the idea; Superior Pool Products and
ESSCO Wholesale Electric both call Grand Terrace home now. Given the city's prime
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location, top-notch workforce ready to embrace closer-to-home employment, and
numerous incentives available through the city and the Inland Empire Economic
Partnership, many more are sure to follow.
Closer to L.A., the City of Burbank makes a strong case for its own version of a high-tech
hub. 3 Point Digital, a four-year-old manufacturer of high-tech video equipment and
system solutions for the entertainment industry, chose to leave Los Angeles for Burbank
in 1998 for the smaller city's lower taxes. "The 3 Point Digital example shows how a
low-tax business environment can generate more revenue by attracting businesses who
ultimately add to the local economy," explains Steve Donley, deputy community
development director for the City of Burbank.
Indeed, that environment is something the city actively strives for. "Burbank is unique in
the Los Angeles Metro area," Donley is quick to point out. "We have a strong
pro-business environment here, with plenty of land available for development because of
the aerospace decline of the past decade, and the lowest taxes that are among the
lowest in the region. For a major metro city, that's unusual--but then, that's Burbank."
That environment is also key to retaining existing businesses. For Align-Rite
International, one of the world's major producers of quartz photomasks (plates used as
stencils for imprinting integrated circuit designs on semiconductor wafers), its Burbank
headquarters and manufacturing facility are its expansion hub. Align-Rite now has
customer support tech centers in Santa Clara, Calif.; Colorado Springs, Colo.; and
Middlebury, Conn. All told, Align-Rite employs 180 people. The company's Burbank
facility is also ISO 9000 certified.
In terms of infrastructure, Burbank is well prepared for IT and multimedia expansion. The
city just completed a city-spanning fiber-optic loop, and it's looking into the prospect of
constructing a satellite farm. Another key development is the Regional Intermodal
Transportation Center, which is currently receiving an $18 million expansion through
state and local agencies. Once completed, RITC will offer passengers a full-service mass
transit hub, including an improved Metrolink access. "Burbank is the second busiest
station in the Metrolink system," Donley points out. The Metrolink system covers all of
Metro L.A., a four-county region. In addition to 40 Metrolink commuter trains, RITC is
served by six MTA bus lines, as well as privately operated shuttles and local and regional
bus systems.
Likewise, the Morongo Basin city of Twentynine Palms, Calif., offers a small-town
environment with a distinction: the resources of the Twentynine Palms Marine Corps
base, the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, the largest and fastest-growing
Marine base in the U.S. But it isn't just the recently annexed base that's spurring the
city's growth. "Twenty-nine Palms is on the brink of some true development," says Suzan
Gilliam, the city's director of economic development. "There has been more active
development here in the last year than in the previous 10 years."
Boasting a strong fiber-optic trunk, Twentynine Palms is well suited to telecom and
information technology development--something that Michael Collins saw potential for
back in 1989. Collins, the owner of Collins Computer Innovations, started as a one-man
project after finishing his military career at the Twentynine Palms Marine base and now
operates a Radio Shack franchise (along with his staff), in addition to his custom
computer-building business.
But Collins was also drawn by the simple things that make this city of more than 26,000
people so attractive. "You can walk down the street and greet the mayor by first name,"
Collins explains. "It's a great place to raise a family, send your children to school and
enjoy a good life." Collins' business practices reflect an old-school approach to
new-school technologies --he offers a lifetime guarantee that, as his website explains,
truly lasts a lifetime. And with the celebrated Joshua Tree National Park headquarters so
nearby, it's easy to see why a lifetime in Twentynine Palms is a good thing for people and
businesses.
DESERT DEVELOPMENTS, VALLEY VISIONS
In the High Desert region of Los Angeles County neighbor San Bernardino County, the
City of Hesperia has the workforce and the land for companies looking to locate. It's not
hard to see why. The city of 60,000 offers a marvelous quality of life; 73 percent of
Hesperian homes are owner-occupied, and 43 percent of Hesperians (median household
income: $41,543) commute more than half an hour to work. They're well-educated, too;
40 percent have college degrees.
Hesperia's government and chamber prove their pro-business attitude by offering
fast-track, one-stop permitting, drastically lower development and land costs, and--vital
for manufacturing--outstanding transportation resources. The city lies at the intersection
of Interstate 15 and Highway 395, the region's two major highways. Which goes a long
way toward explaining the presence of major terminalsfor trucking giants Roadway
Express and Yellow Freight System.
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Among those companies who continue to call Hesperia home are MerMar, an assembler
of electronic controllers for medical devices, and Vydac, a worldwide leader in the
production of high-speed liquid chromatography materials.
Even further south is the City of Brawley. Located in California's Imperial County (on the
Southeast border with Mexico), Brawley has a high unemployment rate--22 percent
--indicating that the workforce is available. Wages are 25 percent lower than the state's
average, too. Additionally, the city offers a business park with direct airport access,
enticing development cost reductions (including impact fee waivers and a job-creation
break that can cut land costs to zero), and the Mexical Port of Entry, an international port
it shares with Mexico.
While agriculture is the dominant industry--the city and area are rich in arable land--the
city is focusing on industrial development, as well. Toward that end, Brawley offers
Federal Enterprise Community designation (with financing available through state
industrial bonds or federal enterprise bonds) and is the only designated Manufacturing
Enhancement Area in the state, which means considerable state tax breaks.
THE POWER IS ON IN HANFORD
Kings County, Calif., is nestled in the state's San Joaquin Valley (32 miles south of
Fresno). Long an agricultural dynamo, the county began aggressively attracting a
broader economic base of companies as agriculture's fortunes began to slip a bit.
The results have been pronounced --particularly in Hanford, a city of nearly 39,000. The
county has its own enterprise and foreign trade zones, and has been steadily improving
its infrastructure in accord with its growth. Earlier this year, the city completed a $3.5
million wastewater treatment facility expansion.
Of particular interest is the Hanford Energy Park, located in the Kings Industrial Park,
where owner GWF Power Systems offers a viable solution for industry requiring electrical
or thermal energy. Scheduled for commercial operation early in 2002, the expansion of
this existing facility will provide an additional 98.7 megawatts of power to industries
taking advantage of its location and incentives. GWF's current list of industrial clients
includes Pirelli Tire North America and IGM Grain Processing.
But agriculture is by no means only a part of Hanford's past--which means, of course,
that food processing is among its targeted industries. Toward that end, HEP will feature a
water-cooled co-generation unit (fueled by natural gas) providing 250,000 pph of steam
at 250 psig and 400 degrees Fahrenheit. In addition to steam, the facility is also capable
of providing chilled water. "This facility is perfect for a milk processor or cheese
manufacturer," explains Riley Jones, business manager of GWF Power Systems.
Currently, the HEP project is in the California Energy Commission's "Fast Track"
permitting approval process. For interested manufacturing and industrial businesses, this
will eliminate capital outlays, permitting costs and, of course, delays in getting permitting
approved. Locating at HEP also saves another key consideration in power delivery--
transportation costs. "For the right industry, this is the right project in the right place at the
right time," Jones adds.
For business communities throughout the entire state of California, that statement would
seem to serve very well as a Golden motto.
ENTERPRISE ZONES SPUR HEW HEIGHTS IN GROWTH
California's Enterprise Zones are effectively (and collectively) a perpetual-motion
machine--one that injects positive growth where it is most needed.
"The California Enterprise Zone Program has shown to be an effective complement to
California's strong and diversified economy," says Secretary Hatamiya. The numbers
bear that out. In the more-than-10 years since the program was created, the Enterprise
Zone Program has saved over $500 million in taxes for businesses locating in any of the
state's 59 EZs.
With a powerhouse package of incentives implicit to the EZ designation, businesses
continue to seek opportunities to expand into state Enterprise Zones. Among the most
recent to do so is Chatsworth Products Inc., one of the world's top manufacturers of
computer storage solutions for the telecom industry. With Chatsworth's operations in
Georgetown, Texas; New Castle, Ind.; and New Bern, N.C., as well as the Chatsworth,
Calif. location, the May 2000 announcement of the company's intention to expand into
Redding, Calif.'s Shasta County Enterprise Zone is great news for the state. For the city,
too; it means 180 new jobs over the next three years, and a new 70,000-square-foot
facility.
Chatsworth Products worked with the state's Sacramento Regional Office to negotiate
the deal. In addition to the EZ program incentives, Chatsworth has access to potential
Employment Training Panel funds, and is putting together development bond financing
with the Infrastructure and Economic Development Bank.
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But the state's EZ Program is available to businesses large and small, and covers many
industries. In addition to the statewide incentives, each local EZ offers its own unique
package of incentives as well, which can range from permit processing expedition and
permit/construction fee nullification to reduced utility and land costs.
CALIFORNIA EZ INCENTIVES
* Hiring Tax Credit: $26,894 or more per qualified employee in state tax credits.
* Sales and Use Tax Credit: For manufacturing or processing machinery, data processing
and communications equipment, and motion picture manufacturing equipment (central to
production or post-production). Up to $1 million for individuals, and $20 million per
corporation.
* Business Expense Deduction: Upfront expensing of certain depreciable property.
* Net Operating Loss Carry-over: Up to 100 percent of NOL may be carried forward for
15 years.
* Net Interest Deduction: Lenders to EZ-established businesses may receive a new
interest deduction.
* Unused Tax Credits: Can be applied to future tax years
* Preference Points on State Contracts: Available to any EZ company.
SATI: HIGH TECH, HIGH INCOME
Last year, Software Advanced Technologies Institute chose Concord for its second
campus. SATI specializes in training new professionals in testing the upward-scaling
technologies that businesses need. SATI has proven very successful at placing
graduates of its program in highly desired, high-paying high-tech jobs; 97 percent of its
graduates have been hired in positions paying $20 to $30 per hour.
As Concord continues to benefit from Silicon Valley's outward reach, the importance of a
trained workforce is clear. Concord's population is well-educated; 68 percent have
completed at least some college, and 42 percent have a four-year degree. With
population growth projected at 46 percent for Contra Costa County by 2045, the need will
only deepen.
With the state's emphasis on high-tech training through CalTIP initiative and other
programs, the work of SATI and other training institutes--as well as the state's many
institutes of higher learning--only grows in importance.
BIOTECHNOLOGY: HOME AND HEALTH
California's legacy in the biotechnology industry is well-established--in fact, biotech
began in the Golden State back in 1973. In that year, a team of collaborating researchers
from the University of California, Stanford University and San Francisco University
successfully inserted foreign, functioning genes into bacteria using recombinant-DNA
methodology.
Later, California biotech researchers developed the first recombinant pharmaceutical
product, the first polymerase chain reaction and the first transgenic calf. All these
pioneering advances established industry standards and techniques still in use today. In
terms of business, too, California biotech has been a successful pioneer; in 1992, Amgen
became the first Fortune 500 biotech company. Private investment in California biotech
continues to skyrocket, too. In 1999, $465 million of venture capital poured into Golden
State companies, double the amount in 1998. In fact, the first quarter of 2000 alone
witnessed another $318 million in venture capital investments.
Among the heavyweight companies operating in California are Amgen, Genentech,
Cetus, ESCAgenetics, Affymetrix, Bio-Rad and Chiron, among many others. Around
these have grown seven major clusters in the San Francisco Bay Area, Sacramento,
Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, the Inland Empire, Orange County and San Diego.
All told, California boasts one-third of the nation's public companies and one-half of the
nation's biotech employment. Also noteworthy: the University of California's faculty, which
includes 19 Nobel laureates and 266 members of the National Academy of Sciences.
CALIFORNIA BIOTECH
Total companies 2,500
Public and private
research institutions75
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Direct employment 212,700
Worldwide Revenues $20 billion
Exports $4.2 billion
National Institute of
Health grants awarded $1.7 billion
Source: California Healthcare Institute; 1999 Ernst & Young LLP study.
THE INTERNET'S WORLDWIDE GROWTH
Annual
Growth
1999 (percent)
Internet Domain Names 12.8 million 60
People Online Worldwide240 million 30
Internet Host Computers 56.2 million 70
International Telephone Traffic Minutes100 billion 10
Source: California Trade and Commerce Agency figures (2000)
CALIFORNIA EXPORTS 1999
ValuePercent
(US$, millions) of Total
Total California Exports 104,968100.0
Electrical, electronics products29,208 27.8
Industrial machinery, computers 26,166 24.9
Transportation equipment11,438 10.9
Instruments 9,060 8.6
Food products5,280 5.0
Chemicals, pharmaceuticals 4,326 4.1
Crop products3,032 29.0
Fabricated metal products2,403 2.3
Misc. manufacturing industries 1,980 1.9
Primary metal products 1,825 1.7
Other products 10,250 9.8
Percent
of U.S.
Total California Exports15.4
Electrical, electronics products26.9
Industrial machinery, computers 21.4
Transportation equipment 9.0
Instruments 22.1
Food products 18.5
Chemicals, pharmaceuticals 6.5
Crop products 12.6
Fabricated metal products 11.6
Misc. manufacturing industries 17.7
Primary metal products 7.8
Other products 9.6
Sources: California Trade & Commerce Agency figures (2000)
CALIFORNIA WORKS
Second First
Quarter Quarter
2000 2000
Labor Force (thousands) 16,95816,807
Employment (thousands)16,10416,003
Unemployment (thousands) 854 804
Unemployment Rate (percent) 4.8 4.9
Change
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