The Production Of The Pharmaceutical Industry

The Production Of The Pharmaceutical Industry
Research, create, market and sell are four processes in a Pharmaceutical industry. It is one of the
most booming industries in Canada. This field consists of large number of sub–sectors and different
segments that covers all the drug firms, pharmaceuticals companies, biopharmaceutical small and
medium sized enterprises (biopharmaceutical SMEs), and contract service providers (CSPs). The
first pharmaceutical industry was opened by E.B. Shuttleworth in Toronto in 1879. Today most of
the owners of Pharmaceutical companies in Canada are foreigners. The Canadian pharmaceutical
industry is diverting towards generic drugs as compared to branded drugs. Pfizer is leading
pharmaceutical company and generic manufacturer in Canada. Apotex is fifth ... Show more content
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(Pharmaceutical Industry)
Responsible
In Canada Health Canada is responsible for safety and quality of drugs in Canada. It is also
responsible for the packaging, labelling, importing and goods manufacturing processes. The Health
Products and Food Inspectorate (Inspectorate) is the part of Health Canada that regulates Food and
Drugs Act and its Regulations. The Therapeutic Products Directorate of the Health Products and
Food Branch is in charge of reviewing new drugs and products for licensing and labelling purpose.
(Export)
Export between USA and Canada:–Canada and USA are two big trade partners. Both countries are
tied up with a free trade agreement called NAFTA (North America Free Trade Agreement). Due to
this agreement export of pharmaceuticals products from Canada to USA becomes cheaper and
easier. Canadian pharmaceutical companies provide a large number of drugs to American at a
cheaper rate. But now because of the booming pharmaceutical companies and Mexican exporters,
the export between Canada and USA slowed down.
Transportation
These will be medium of transportation of our product
Air and Sea transportation
Road transportation
Terms and conditions related to Delivery For the delivery there are some terms which should be
followed for any deal in between two different countries.
Incoterm: Incoterm provides set of rules which define responsibilities of sellers and buyers for the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Pharmaceutical Patents And Its Effects On Society
Everyone loves a good bad guy. It seems to make complex issues easier to deal with when there is a
scapegoat defined. Disease kills many people on a daily basis all around the world. However, many
people view the big drug companies as evil profiteers in the fight against disease, wielding patents
to protect their profits rather than wielding medicine to combat disease. Medicines have been
created to combat disease which greatly improves survival outcomes and daily quality of life. Many
of the large pharmaceutical companies are responsible for inventing and manufacturing a majority of
the medications that have had this positive impact on society. Although it may seem that many view
pharmaceutical companies as profiteering from illness via patents, people world–wide benefit from
the process, especially when generic production is authorized. This would never happen without the
current model utilizing pharmaceutical patents.
Patents give intellectual rights to a person or a group of people that invent something. Patents fuel
innovation because they give a temporary monopoly to the inventor that received the patent.
Otherwise, the originator of a product may not receive the credit, more specifically, the financial
reward for creating something useful and sharing it with the world. This applies to medicine just as
much as anything else. Pharmaceutical companies spend enormous amounts of time and treasure to
research and develop new, effective and safe medications to

Pharmaceutical Rights and Marketing
HIV Informative Essay The United States is notorious for many things such as being one of the most
powerful and wealthy nations on the planet. However, something that most people don't know is that
the United States has 1.1 million citizens ill with the HIV virus. Something even more astounding is
that of those 1.1 million only about 200,000 are receiving medication and have the virus under
control due to the high cost of the medication. Many pharmaceutical companies have begun to find
gaps within the government patent system. As rivalry has started to grow, many of these
pharmaceutical companies are beginning to use product patents to create a monopoly. The ending
result is to change the patent law and increase restrictions in order to provide fairness and reasonable
prices.
Although, we have made significant strides in research and development for HIV medication,
pharmaceutical companies have yet to find a way to lower the cost of medication. The average cost
of meds in the United States for HIV positive person is $2,500 a month with an average cost of
$25,000 a year. As a result, thousands of infected Americans are left everyday suffering through the
pain of not knowing whether or not their name will be selected from a government assistance list.
The Aids Drug Assistance Program, helps those infected with HIV secure free medication with the
help of the government. Unfortunately there are terms associated with the program. The most
displeasing is the fact that a

Pharmaceutical Marketing Controversy
There has been increasing controversy surrounding pharmaceutical marketing and influence as
accusations and findings of influence on doctors and other health professionals through drug reps,
including the constant provision of marketing 'gifts' and biased information to health professionals
have lead to the suspicion of influencing doctors decisions in a way that profits the pharmaceutical
company which in some cases has resulted in doctors prescribing products which would not benefit
the patient at all or less than other drugs. Some advocacy groups, such as No Free Lunch, have often
criticized the effect of drug marketing to physicians but the huge lobby the industry has established
make it difficult for such activists groups to achieve any

Pharmaceutical Drug Pricing Strategy For Pharmaceutical...
Pharmaceutical Drug Pricing Strategy The Veteran's Health Administration, VHA, uses a systematic
government regulated pricing strategy for its pharmaceutical drugs service. The Pharmacy Benefits
Management, PBM, service is in place to provide pharmaceutical services to beneficiaries of the
VA. PBM's of the VHA promote wellness, manage disease, ensure patient safety, and optimize
health outcomes (VHA, 2015). PBM's offer managed medication, emergency, and mail order
services that help personalize healthcare. They also use research and technology to better serve the
VHA and its beneficiaries.
Pricing strategies are maintained through the National Acquisition Center, NAC, with the use of the
Contract Catalog Search Tool, CCST. The CCST has the ability to search for contracts, pricing,
ordering information and socioeconomic information that allows the NAC to compare prices and
perform research. The VA uses a Formulary "to provide high quality, best value pharmaceutical
products while assuring the portability and standardization of the pharmacy benefit to eligible
Veterans accepted by the Department of Veteran Affairs for care" (VA, 2015). The Formulary is
essentially a list of drugs that the VA covers and thus allows to be prescribed through the VHA. In
order for prescription drugs to be listed on the formulary, the Federal Supply Schedule (FSS) must
reflect all drugs that a particular developer makes. It must also provide the price given to "the most–
favored nonfederal

The Probility Of Patents For Pharmaceutical Products
The availability of patents for pharmaceutical products has been a huge controversy in the patent
system over the years. The reason for this is that the necessary operating licenses of which the
inventor will benefit cost an amount of money which maybe developing countries will not be able to
afford. There are two approaches to follow in this debate, the legal side in which the law must be
followed and the human side, in which the needs of people are taken into account regardless of other
things. These two options lead to a question: should the patentability of pharmaceutical products be
excluded in order to protect the right to health of those who can not pay these products? To begin
with, WTO Members are under an obligation to grant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is not obvious and creates a difficult problem to solve is whether pharmaceutical companies,
which are responsible for the pricing of the pharmaceuticals, as well as the WTO, who administrated
the TRIPS Agreement, are also bound by international human rights. A solution to the doubtful
liability of pharmaceutical companies can be modelled in a way which leads to the interpretation of
human right law as if it contains a state's duty to protect individuals from violations of their rights
by the state itself and also by private parties. This means that companies are under the jurisdiction of
the specific state in whose territory they are located or engaged. It should be mentioned that there
has been many efforts so far to create some guidelines or initiatives for the purpose of assigning a
certain and consistent responsibility to these bussiness, such as the Draft Norms on the
Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with regard to
Human Rights. In relation to international organizations, they are subjects of international law with
their own rights and obligations. As such they can sign treaties and as a consequence of that they are
bound by them. The problem that arises here is that the WTO has not signed any human convention
or similar, the WTO Agreement is silent in this field. This means the WTO remains bound

Merck : The Pharmaceutical Research
Merck introduction Merck was a manufacturer of fine chemicals in Germany, had only a small sales
presence in the United States until the First World War. In 1917, the U.S. government seized the
stock of all German–held subsidiaries, the Merck family and other investors bought back the
company's stock and incorporated as a U.S. firm with no ties to the German parent. Mergers and
acquisitions with other small U.S. chemical firms followed, and scale economies, coupled with
necessity, led to a large R&D push at Merck. By the start of World War II, Merck Research Labs
(MRL) was the leading pharmaceutical research institution in the United States. Developments in
vitamins, antibiotics, hormones made by Merck boosted its profitability and strengthened its
position as leading drug researcher and manufacturer. Merck was seen as a science led company
which made breakthrough drugs and theses drugs would sell themselves on its own merits. They had
a research driven model which was highly successful in the beginning and their profits were at the
top most levels in the industry. In the 1990s, operating profit margins as high as 40% were common
among leading drug makers. By 2001, price competition and buyer demands exerted pressure on
margins, but the return on human pharmaceuticals sales still exceeded 30%, more than double that
of the average corporation in the S&P 500 Composite Stock Index. They were successful in
attracting top scientific minds into the company to manufacture drugs

Case Study Of Pharmaceuticals
The case of 'Tanner Pharmaceuticals and the Price of a New Drug' discusses the pricing increase of a
new life–saving drug titled 'Zorstat' aimed to fight Nulux virus developed and introduced by Tanner
Pharmaceuticals which is the only producer of the drug. The price of the drug in the U.S. has been
increased by 550% within 5 years. Now, Tanner Pharmaceuticals has started receiving flak in the
press and by the politicians.
1. Why is the pharmaceutical industry one of the most profitable industries?
There are a wide variety of reasons that make pharmaceutical industry one of the most profitable
industries. One of them is how the drug patents work. If a drug gets passed through the regulatory
bodies like U.S. Food & Drug Administration, the company ... Show more content on
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There is a huge media outcry and a lot of negative publicity going on against the Tanner
Pharmaceuticals because of the price hike. This will further increase the damage to brand and its
reputation.
2. There is an ongoing election campaign going on in the United States. Candidates like Kanye West
can take a stance against the hike in drugs by firms like Tanner Pharmaceuticals and make negative
comments. His comments already caused a fall in the stock price. Tanner Pharmaceuticals cannot
and should not become the scapegoat for the propaganda of such politicians.
3. The mission of Tanner Pharmaceuticals is to help patients all around the world to live a better life.
By increasing the price of Zorstat which is the only available successful vaccine against Nulux
virus, Tanner Pharmaceuticals is acting against its own mission. The price increase might restrict the
ability of a lot of uninsured and underinsured patients to buy this vaccine.
4. Also, Tanner Pharmaceuticals recently indulged in Stitching to reduce the taxes paid to the U.S.
By staying in the limelight, this issue might become a center stage. Politicians might argue against
this and force a price control on Zorstat. This would lead to further damage to the brand

Pharmaceutical Compounding
Pharmaceutical compounding is the creation of a particular pharmacological product to fit the
unique needs of a patient, using various tools. Compounding medications allows for patient–specific
dosing of the medication and therefore less risk of side effects. It is great for children and infants
since they might need a much lower dose of a medication for a different or easier to take dosage
form, or a better–tasting one. It's great for patients with unique or unusual medication needs, it is
necessary when a certain medication is discontinued or back–ordered by the manufacturer.
Compounding pharmacies also include Bio–identical hormone replacement therapy which has been
shown to have better effects and less undesired side effects for the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At American Integrative Pharmacy, we use the newest and most specialized equipment to make our
compounds. Our machines are never old or second–hand. We also purchase our powders and all
ingredients from certified sources of highest quality. Our staff is very knowledgeable and eager to
help our patients. Every time our patients call, they speak to a live person right away. They do not
have to push any buttons or stay on hold while getting connected. They also never have to go
through a customer call–center first.
At American Integrative Pharmacy we pride ourselves on the extra time and effort we put in when
creating our products. This is to ensure the best possible drug therapy outcomes for our patients.
One unique technique we practice is to till our thyroid sustained release products (without the use of
heat) for 40 minutes in a tumbler. This evens out the mixture and ensures it is truly sustained release.
We also send out our samples for accuracy testing with a 2% differential as opposed to the standard
10%. As a closed–door, compounding–only pharmacy, we are able to center our attention on making
excellent

Pharmaceutical Cost Pricing
Ocean Watts
Professor Sanderson
ENG 1123
24 October 2016
Price Gouging in the Pharmaceutical Industry Every year in the United States millions of Americans
go without taking their prescribed medications. This is not because they simply do not wish to take
their medications or they forget their daily doses but rather something more heartbreaking. A multi–
billion–dollar company won't allow these Americans to take their medications. In this case the
company has not recalled the medications or sent out representatives to retrieve the medications
from these individuals. You may ask yourself why these people are going without their medications
if there is no risk involved. Well the reason is that these pharmaceutical companies raise their prices
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although this is not a popular concept in the United States this method is used in various countries
around the world. Many critics argue that if it were implemented in the United States, it would have
a negative effect on the pharmaceutical industry. It is believed that this would cause investment and
innovation in the pharmaceutical industry to cease thus compromising the health of future patients.
Although there is always a negative risk associated with such a drastic change it would stop
pharmaceutical CEOs from running the industry as if it were a hedge fund operation. There is the
high publicized case of Martin Shkreli, a former hedge fund manager turned pharmaceutical CEO
who raised the price of Daraprim, a drug used to treat AIDs patients, from $13.50 to $750 a tablet

The U.s. Pharmaceutical Industry
The U.S. pharmaceutical industry is continuously growing and profiting. How these industries profit
and grow in the current status of the American business is caused by various factors such as demand
of the citizens, change in marketing and competition. To understand how the factors added to the
increase in profit and growth of the pharmaceutical industries, we need to know how it was founded
and industrialized.
In an article written by Robin Walsh for Pharmaphorum the history of pharmaceutical industries can
be seen as a multi–stage development. One of it is the root of the pharmaceutical industry lying back
with apothecaries and pharmacies that offers traditional remedies as far back as the Middle Ages.
The spread of rationalism and experimentation is a scientific revolution that occurred in the 17th
century and increased the profit of pharmaceutical industries. The
Industrial revolution that occurred during that time had transformed the production of goods. "...the
marrying of the two concepts for the benefit of human health..." sated by Robin Walsh.
The manufacturing of pharmaceuticals was done through druggist; they were forced to learn how to
manufacture it due to the revolutionary war. After acquiring such knowledge, they were invested and
these druggists were among the earliest to manufacture general chemicals in the U.S.
According to "Emergence of Pharmaceutical Science and Industry 1870–1930" U.S. in the1880's
established a co–operative relationship which later

Teva Pharmaceutical
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd
1) External Environment:
The Pharmaceutical Industry is dependent on political and legal conditions of general environment.
In pharmaceutical industry we have two kind of medications which are generic or innovative.
Innovative pharmaceutical industry success depends on the patent protection in the industry. For
example, in United States innovative industry can have 10 to 12 years of patent protection life from
the time that product is for sale in the market. Success of the generic pharmaceuticals which are
bioequivalent to innovative pharmaceutical is also related to the political and legal environment of
their market. If we look at pharmaceutical industry globally we can see that ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover revenue growth and net income growth was positive and high during the 12 and 36 month
period. Teva occupy 18% of generics market in USA and by merging with Ivax it has the highest
number of 180–day exclusivity in 2006.Also since 1985 Teva did merger and acquisition valuing
$12 billion which is unique between generic companies. Teva is largest public company in Israel and
was among the first companies that are on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange in 1968.
4) Strategy of the firm and Gap analysis
a) Business level strategy: They have tried to become as large as they can by using merger and
acquisition technique to compete better with their competitors .Cost leadership is the business
strategy that Teva is achieving. They spent a lot of time on their business model to be able to offer
the lowest price.
b) Corporate strategy:
Exhibit 7 shows that Teva is practicing the dominant business strategy and almost 80% of Teva
revenue is from generic sales.
GAP ANALYSIS:
Gap is very small for Teva Company because they are very good in their acquisition strategy.
The small gap can be filled by entering into physician driven market instead of waiting for change in
concerned countries regulation even if it would be more costly in short term. Teva should continue
in its

The Pharmaceutical Industry And Society
Abstract
The dependency of profits to promote sales to please shareholders and research and development of
new products seem to be the mindset of the pharmaceutical industry. It is without question that the
pharmaceutical companies only care about making a profit more than they do to help the people of
the United States. Pharmaceutical companies and doctors that represent them are only acting in their
own best interest; patients are the ones who are suffering the most. With that, new information being
produced it is not always being fully disclosed in the fine print, or the other option to the drugs they
take, this just only helps fuel business's.
This paper will tempt to tell the ethical issues of the relationship that the pharmaceutical ... Show
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Main concern of Pharmaceutical Industry Marketing and priorities of the pharmaceutical industry
have been a dilemma for years. Scare– mongering has been increased on the importance of drugs
(Shah, 2010). For example, executives at Mylan, a pharmaceutical company that owns Epipen,
reportedly reaped in nearly three hundred million in compensation from 2011 to 2015 (Tuttle, 2016).
Heather Bresch, the CEO of Mylan, was accused of jacking up the price by 600%; her response was
to blame the "broken health system", Obamacare, and the rise of high– deductible health insurance
plan. But should this be the case to do these to millions of families who can barely afford something
that take thirty dollars to make and jack the price up to seven hundred dollars? We live in a greedy
nation that is only there to take from one another. When people see this you can only think of how
the pharmaceuticals being an "industry" it basically prioritizes that revenue comes before the needs
and cures to the human society.
Advertizing, only help boost with sales, with the previous example it was noted that it was
encouraged that the states to be required to purchase these Epipen's to fight life–threatening allergic
reactions. It so happens to be that the CEO of Mylan, mother was on the National School Boards
during these years. It also does not hurt to have your dad as the

Actavis Pharmaceutical Company Essay
I– Introduction
A. The companies that were chosen and why
Actavis was the organization I decided to conduct my research on due to the company being a
pharmaceutical company, with the pharmaceutical company on the raise in the economy and many
insurance and doctors leaning towards generic brand medicine Actavis was a great pick for me to
start my career and do my research on them as well to give me an idea of how the pharmaceutical
industry works. Business management is currently my major and I fore see myself working as
business administrator or a human resource coordinator, with the position of contracts Administrator
opened I figured this is a great opportunity for me to kick start my career in the pharmaceutical
industry. With the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even after the acquisition by Watson there was no name change to the company, previous sites were
still named Watson and Actavis was still in existence until January of 2013 when Watson adopted
Actavis Inc., as the name to be used and a new symbol ACT as its new trading symbol.
III– Interviews
Organizational requirements
The job description; Documentation Specialist 11283BR
Summary: Employee will manage contracts that relates to purchases and sale of products including
and not limited to, bids and awards, as well as customer service initiative. Assures compliance and
good customer relations regarding contract terms;
Essential Job Functions; Performs contract administration and manages national account assigned,
follow up with all contract portfolios including rebate programs and bid proposals; follow federal,
state and local procedures when performing all contract bids; carry out all company policies,
procedures and responsibilities on a daily basis to develop strong customer relation with clients.
Required Knowledge and skills: Current good manufacturing practices (cGMP), Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), and regulatory requirements. Data collection and analysis procedures and
computational methods. Company policies and procedures, including safety rules and regulations,
current company pricing policies and contract process including chargeback polices and process.
Skills: Implementing goals, objectives and

Pharmaceuticals: Senate Report
CONGRESSIONAL INTENT IN REGULATING PET DRUGS
The need of the application for an NDA or ANDA and CGMPs to compounded PET drug products
in which FDAMA is concerned are implemented by two reports such as the Joint Explanatory
Statement of the Committee of Conference issued by the House of Representatives on November 9,
1997, and a Senate report published on July 1, 1997. The Senate report consists of a more detailed
information regarding the clinical importance of PET molecular imaging and an ideal option of a
regulatory framework for PET radiopharmaceuticals. The report indicates that Section 619 (the
Senate's version of Section 121 of FDAMA) is intended to provide a new framework for the
regulation of PET drugs based on the standards set by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is contrary to the Congressional intent of the regulation of PET drugs, as expressed in House
and Senate reports, in minimizing the regulatory burden placed on academic PET centers and
allowing the useful PET technology more readily available and easy access to the public. The
enforcement of USP standards for PET drugs by state boards of pharmacy would be a rational
alternative which traditionally has provided oversight for compounding practices for all

Teva Pharmaceutical
TEVA Pharmaceutical is a global pharmaceutical company that develops, produces and markets
generic drugs. Its subsidiary, formally known as Sicor, is based in Irvine California and is
responsible for the production of injectable suspensions and injectable complex drug delivery
systems. TEVA USA's Irvine office markets products from diverse therapeutic areas including
analgesic, anti–infective, cardiovascular, oncology, CNS, dermatological and anti–inflammatory.
TEVA's global structure is vertically–integrated with three main business segments, finishing dosage
generic pharmaceuticals, active pharmaceutical ingredients and proprietary branded
pharmaceuticals. TEVA's corporate structure is one of its core competencies. TEVA has a ... Show
TEVA has policy guidelines in place, not policies. The engineers at TEVA, in the interviews we had,
were portrayed as exhibiting the one track mind set outlined in the book. TEVA 's chemical
engineers seemed to have tunnel vision, focusing on the project at hand and ignoring any
management involved in the process. The senior chemist for R&D that we interviewed gave a good
example. He gave the analogy of a football team where the team was pushed hard to produce but not
given the right tools. Without management (a coach) the projects demonstrate chaos. Engineers go
from extinguishing one fire to tackling the next one that pops up. The main problem was the lack of
management at TEVA. This is attributed to the mindset of the chemical engineers being above
businessmen, or not needing the experience of expert managers because they are engineers and feel
they can solve all problems themselves. TEVA operates on the assumption that yesterday's answers
will apply to future markets. TEVA's focus is on being lean, flexible and able to adjust quickly to the
market. They have to be to be first to receive approval on their drugs. However, with price being the
basis for competition and the lack of beaucracy and management, the waste that TEVA's culture
creates puts them at serious risk amongst their competitors. The way TEVA deals with a problem is
to throw money at it. In fact, there is so much money in the industry there really is no incentive to
cut costs. An

The Security Of Pharmaceutical Use Essay
Checking the security of pharmaceutical use in youngsters is of central significance since, during the
clinical improvement of prescriptions, just constrained information on this perspective are produced
through clinical trials. Utilization of pharmaceuticals outside the determinations depicted in the
permit (e.g. as far as definition, indications, contraindications or age) constitutes off–name and off–
permit use and these are a noteworthy zone of concern. The abuse of antibiotics in kids is turning
into a noteworthy general wellbeing issue. Although the majority of the basic youth diseases, for
example, looseness of the bowels and upper respiratory tract contaminations are brought about by
infections, expansive volumes of anti–infection agents are endorsed for these diseases in kids in the
essential consideration settings. Over the top utilization of anti–toxins is the major danger
component for the improvement of anti–infection resistance. Classification of drugs according to
their safety for administration by children : Of the aggregate calls concerning the utilization of
medications in the examined period, drug mistakes submitted by human services experts were broke
down reflectively from the electronic database of the TIC, which gathers records for each
toxicological request. The individual circumstance is portrayed that had prompted the overdose or
utilization of the pharmaceutical in an improper route or of the wrong medication and unmistakably
separates it from an

Pharmaceutical Drugs Essay
What would you do if you had to suffer every day from a life threatening illness that was
debilitating and incurable? Over nine hundred million people throughout the world die each year
because of incurable diseases such as cancer, HIV, and AIDS (What par 1). The number of people
that suffer from these varying illnesses is slowly increasing, but the use of pharmaceutical drugs is
helping to solve this problem. "The pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing industry has
produced a variety of medicinal and other health related products undreamed of by even the most
imaginative apothecaries of the past" (Pharmaceutical par 1). Every day, millions of lives are saved
with the use of these medications, and they allow these innocent people to live ordinary lives
(Pharmaceutical par 1). According to William Lang, Vice President of policy and advocacy for the
American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, "There's an increasing number of people with
chronic illnesses, and the primary management tool available for dealing with chronic illness is
medication" (Thompson par 10). While some take medications for simple health issues such as
headaches, the flu, or minor colds, others use them to aid in the treatment of more serious illnesses
such as pneumonia, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and cancer
(Pharmaceutical par 2). Doctors and hospitals prescribe hundreds of thousands of new medications
each day to patients, and many of these prescriptions range in cost

The Pharmaceutical Industry
Along with saving lives and helping people live an ordinary life in comfort, the pharmaceutical
industry makes billions of dollars every year; money that is invested in research/development as
well as lining the pockets of shareholders. However, in the past two years the system has been
abused by those hoping to make a hefty profit from buying or acquiring a drug and then raising the
price ten or twenty–fold, often with the simple reason of greed or matching what other companies
do (Johnson). Occasionally, such as in 2015, the United States Senate will scrutinize these CEOs,
but with no real consequences added on other than bad publicity (Sternberg). What the federal
government can do is to prevent this price–gouging via legislature that does not directly control the
price of a drug, as in the past those types of economies fare poorly. The poster–child for this issue,
according to the L.A. Times, is Martin Shkreli, who in 2015 bought the parasitic disease treatment–
drug Daraprim and then proceeded to raise "...up its price 5000%, from $13.50 a pill to $750," after
buying the one company that makes the drug (Hiltzik). Actions such as these have been occurring
for decades, but only with the recent incident of Turing Pharmaceuticals has drawn light to the
problem of drug pricing. Because of this, the Senate formed a special committee to investigate four
companies: Turing Pharmaceuticals (owned by Shkreli), Valeant Pharmaceuticals, Retrophin, Inc.,
and Rodelis Therapeutics

Lorex Pharmaceuticals Essay
Cougar Consulting
Memo
To: Carter Blakely
From: Charles Johnson of Cougar Consulting
Date: 3/15/2011
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Re: Fill Rate for 10 ounce bottles of Linatol
Introduction
Lorex Pharmaceuticals recently gained FDA approval to market and sell a new product called
Linatol. This memo will address the need to select a target amount to which each 10–ounce bottle of
Linatol will be filled. The analysis of several target fill rates was conducted to determine the one
that maximizes the contribution per case, therefore generating the maximum revenue for Lorex
Pharmaceuticals. This ideal fill rate will allow more bottles to be sold at the full retail price of $186
and limit the under filled ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For each target fill rate the proportion of bottles filled correctly had to be determined. This
calculation provides a breakdown between cases that can be sold for the full amount of $186 and
cases that are designated as seconds, which are sold for 80% of the full price or $148.80. Revenue
per case grows continuously as the target fill rate increases. From the blending costs which include
$67,662 of active ingredient per 5000 liters, and blending labor of $432 per 5000 liter batch the cost
per ounce of medication is approximately $0.40. This provides input for the active ingredient cost.
Based on the labor cost of $8.50 per hour at 12 cases per hour, the input for rework cost per case is
approximately $0.70 per case. Contribution per case is derived from the revenue minus the costs.
The contribution per case is the performance criteria that our decision is based upon. Results
A balance between revenue and cost is seen at a target fill rate of 10.4 ounces per bottle. The
revenue per case is greater when the bottles are filled to 10.5 ounces; however the resulting increase
in the active ingredient cost produces a lower contribution per case. The recommendation is to use a
target fill rate of 10.4 ounces per bottle. Initially there will be an increased cost of active ingredients
but in the long

The Global Pharmaceutical Industry
Strategic Management
Student name: Thivhilelililio Mkojiholo
Assignment Title: The Global Pharmaceutical Industry
Date: 2011 August 20
Table of content
Contents Page
1. Introduction 4
2. Pestel analysis of the global pharmaceutical industries 5–6
3. Drivers for change in the future of pharmaceutical 7
4. Five forces analysis on the global pharmaceutical industry 8–10
5. Threats to a big pharmaceutical company 11
6. Conclusion 12
7. Bibliography 13
Introduction
The pharmaceutical industry
According to (Johnson et al, 2008:56) the pharmaceutical industry can be traced to the late
nineteenth century. It develops, produces drugs for use as medications. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Marketing and new product development should identify eco opportunities to promote as well.
(Shaw, January – 19 – 2011).
LEGAL
It embraces legislative constraints or changes such as health and safety legislation International
agreements on
Political Economical
Changes to the health care funding
Introduction of stringent price controls
Lack of public and political support for the industry (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2008:610).
Introduction of price or reimbursement controls

The reduction in consumer disposable income.
Increased pressure from shareholders has caused a consolidation of the industry: more mergers and
acquisitions will take place over the coming years. Shaw (2011).
Switching to generics to save costs
Social Technological
The increasing aging population creates pressure to the health care funding system.
Patients are becoming more informed. Shaw (2011).
Payers are establishing generic drugs as a first–line treatment option, with a patented drug used if
generic fail. (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2008:610)
Payers use variety of methods to control pharmaceutical spending Complex and costly clinical trials
Decline R&D productivity with lengthening development times (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington,
2008:614)
Increase of the biopharmaceuticals
Growth in the generic market
Environmental Legal
A move to become health information

Hypothesis For Pharmaceutical Pricing
Hypothesis: The manipulation of patents and market pricing have allowed pharmaceutical
companies to raise the prices on drugs necessary for individuals in the US compared. With no
competition, the companies are able to exploit the patent system to maximizing profits with no
regard to the consumers economic welfare. The price of pharmaceuticals are constantly higher than
the rest of the world and the people of America are paying that price. Method of Inquiry: After
conducting a thorough analysis of all my available sources, connections were made between this
issue to the industry of pharmaceuticals and the economic markets. My conducted method of
research was meta–analysis. The purpose of this study was to compare the prices that manufacturers
receive for pharmaceutical products depending on where they sell their products. Exploring the issue
at hand, using non experimental, quantitative data along with secondary research allowed me to
explore and explain differences in pricing for certain drugs found around the world and evaluate the
pricing found in my data. The raw data of pharmaceutical pricing is from credible data sources
collected. Additionally, while exploring the direct impact of the monopolies created by
pharmaceutical companies, price fluctuation was analyzed. I used a variety of secondary sources
while collecting my raw data of pharmaceutical prices. To establish a baseline view of
pharmaceutical monopolies, exploration of the the far reaching effects of these

Direct Advertising In The Pharmaceutical Industry
"The human body experiences a powerful gravitational pull in the direction of hope. That is why the
patient's hopes are the physician's secret weapon. They are the hidden ingredients in any
prescription," this quote by journalist, Norman Cousins, embodies a controversial aspect of the
current pharmaceutical industry. Who doesn't fear death or sickness? Taking care of our bodies is
extremely important, since we only have one. In modern days there are all kinds of unnatural drugs
to help us advance in our daily routines. Our normal every day troubles can be easily manipulated
by drug advertising companies, making people fear that they have a problem. The pharmaceutical
industry advertises prescription drugs to doctors and consumers trying to make the most profits and
keep up with competitors. The more prescriptions written, the more profit the company makes.
There has been controversy with pharmaceutical companies because it is one of the most important
and largest industries in the world. The pharmaceutical drug industry has to have the FDA approve a
New Drug Application (NDA) before a product can be placed in the market. They have to regulate
whether physicians should prescribe a drug or be over the counter. The FDA also controls the
marketing for pharmaceutical products. The two types of advertising that pharmaceutical companies
utilize are: direct advertising to physicians (DTP) and direct to consumer advertising (DTCA) (Huh,
441). This paper on the Pharmaceutical industry

New Pharmaceuticals Environmental Analysis : Crossroads...
Quintessential Pharmaceuticals Environmental Analysis As a wholesale supplier of organic and
specialty drugs, Quintessential Pharmaceuticals Suppliers desires to be a vital supplier for CVS
Health Corporation, which provides help to millions daily on their path to a healthy life. The
following environmental analysis of Quintessential Pharmaceuticals Suppliers will provide the basic
elements of the internal and external elements that affect the organization's future performance:
Political
CVS/Pharmacy declares on their website, they are "working with federal and state policymakers and
others within their industry, the broader business community, and nonprofit and civic partners to
advance policies that will improve health outcomes" (CVShealth.com, 2016). States are expressing a
need for savings within the pharmaceutical industry as California is expected to vote in their
November election to limit soaring prices of prescription drugs. "Recent polling by the Kaiser
Family Foundation showed that 77 percent of Americans believe making medications affordable to
people with chronic conditions is a top health care priority for politicians. And 72 percent said drug
costs are unreasonable" (Gorman, 2016).
Economic
Spending on specialty drug medication increase annually in the United States. Approximately 3.1
percent or $84 billion of the America's National health spending were consumed by specialty drugs
purchases in 2012 (The Pew Charitable Trusts, 2015). The future is

Pharmaceutical Drugs And Its Effects
Drug delivery is the process by which a pharmaceutical drug is delivered to the patient to provide
medical treatment to ameliorate the well–being of the patient and prolong their lifespan. While
pharmaceutical drugs have shown to be of great aid in the treatment of patients injecting foreign
compounds throughout the entire body can be hazardous and cause unforeseen consequences. The
side effects of some drugs are can prove to be life–threatening if consumed irregularly and even
under the best conditions drugs can still have nasty side–effects. To try and solve this issue
biomedical engineers have designed several drug delivery systems to combat this issue. There were
three main factors that were considered to minimize the damage done by pharmaceutical drugs. The
first thing that was needed to be done was to increase the drug acting period and this was generally
achieved by linking the drug with macromolecules or encapsulating the drug within a polymer. The
next major contribution was to enhance the targeting ability of the drug so the drug found the site of
action instead of spreading itself randomly throughout the body; this was done mainly through the
use of linking the drug with an antibody and ligand so it would react to the a certain type of cell as
well as avoid natural defenses placed by the host's body. After the drug reached the site of action the
release of the drug needed to be controlled at the action site (such as tissues/organs) and this was
done through

Pharmaceutical Industry and Merck
Merck, being on one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world today, came from a meek
beginning and still encounters many problems today while trying to maintain a lead amongst its
competition. While being looked at as a research and development driven company, Merck now has
to go beyond R&D to stay competitive in the pharmaceutical industry. Attracting talent to work for
the company has never been a problem for Merck, but the bigger question was whether or not this
talent would be able to keep Merck's profits at a maximum and keep developing drugs in the
pipeline.
Through the late 80's to early 90's, Merck was able to boast profits and sales through biochemistry
drugs that were seen as breakthrough drugs in this new market. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Weaknesses:
Although Merck has encountered success, the organization has confronted weaknesses and
disappointments. One weakness that Merck has confronted is the duration of the drug development,
the value of the drug being evaluated and the length of the FDA application for drug approval. For
example, of the 5,000 molecules that are discovered, only couple of hundred are investigated, only
one enters into the market and only a third becomes a marketable success (Gilbert and Sarkar 3). A
drug development time may take on average over 15 years and expenditure R & D total costs of
about $880 million (Gilbert and Sarkar 2) (Exhibit 3). The length for and FDA application is at least
100,000 pages, which details the potential drug's usage, production, formula and labeling. Another
weakness with Merck is that too much power is given to scientists in decision–making of candidate
drugs. The MRL was somewhat the main decision–makers in organizing the drug development
process including final say on whether Phase V or post–evaluation drug studies could be used.
MRL, at one time, did not show a lot of emphasis on Phase V and wanted to move on after Phase
III. Figures like Per Wold–Olsen, President of Human Health Europe, had to fight to get approval
and funding for Phase V research. The third weakness is the inadequacies and lack of
communication between marketing and research. For

Pharmaceutical Products : An American Pharmaceuticals And...
Abbott Laboratories is an American pharmaceuticals and health care products company. It has
100,000 employees and operates in over 130 countries including Dubai, Cabanillas del Campo,
Mexico and Caloocan. The company was founded by Chicago physician Wallace Calvin Abbott in
1888.
Abbott 's core businesses focus on pharmaceuticals, medical devices and nutritional products, which
have been supplemented through acquisitions. The firm 's divisions are:
Diabetes Care: Glucose monitoring devices
Diagnostics: Hematology, immunodiagnostic, oncology and clinical chemistry (including the i–Stat)
Established Pharmaceutical Products: Branded generic drugs sold exclusively in developing
markets.
Molecular: analysis of DNA, RNA, and proteins at the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Abbott is protecting itself from the cyclical nature of the pharmaceutical industry through
diversification. The company is placing increasing emphasis on non pharmaceutical products, and
perhaps even shifting their main focus to medical devices in order reduce their reliance on the riskier
pharmaceutical drug R&D process.
Abbott is seeing sales growth in all three of its major segments, and positive net income. However,
two of the segments, Pharmaceuticals and Diagnostics, are in industries where the growth rates are
lower than they were ten years ago. Therefore, this shift towards medical devices is well timed.
Recommendations that Abbott continue to build up its medical device practice, but not allow it to
drain R&D expenditures away from the Pharmaceutical segment.
The nutritional industry has seen flat sales in all areas except the consumer products sector. This is
where Abbott's Healthy Living products are located, consisting primarily of EAS and ZonePerfect.
These are more like consumer products than medical products, which explains why Abbott recently
put the former head of Wrigley in charge of Ross Products. Abbott must give increased priority to
the importance of the Healthy Living division within Ross Nutritionals and expand these products
offerings. This trend must continue,

Americans ' Views Of The Pharmaceutical Industry
Americans' views of the pharmaceutical industry slipped back into negative numbers in 2015.
Gallup's annual measure of 25 major U.S. business sectors revealed that the percentage of
Americans with a positive view of the pharmaceutical industry dropped from 40% in 2014 to 35% in
2015. The percentage with a negative view rose from 36% to 43%. This leaves the pharmaceutical
industry with a negative net positive rating of –8 in 2015 (Norman). This negative opinion of the
pharmaceutical industry is due the recent increasing controversy surrounding pharmaceutical
marketing, influence, and also over private companies who own the manufacturing licenses of
various drugs that allow them to control drug prices and their availability on the market. ... Show
The 5,556 percent price increase of a common anti–parasitic drug, Daraprim, used to treat patients
with AIDS earned Shkreli the nickname 'the most hated man in America (Pollack). Private
pharmaceutical companies should not be able to set their own drug prices because this allows them
to gain enormous profit over the health and well–beings of the humans it serves. Prescription drug
prices continue to rise in the U.S., mainly driven by the introduction of specialty drugs. There are
very little indications that costs will stabilize soon. The issue has moved back into the national
political scene. Presidential candidate Bernie Sanders has announced he will introduce a bill that
takes aim at these private drug companies, 'big pharma.' But in order to change the policies
regarding the pharmaceutical industry, one must understand their history. The modern
pharmaceutical industry traces its origin to two sources: apothecaries that moved into wholesale
production of drugs such as morphine, quinine, and strychnine in the middle of the 19th century and
dye and chemical companies that established research labs and discovered medical applications for
their products starting in the 1880s (EMERGENCE).
Nevertheless, at the start of the 1930's, most medicines were sold without a prescription and private
companies were supplying these physicians with their requested

Pharmaceutical Drugs
Introduction Pharmaceutical drugs have been beneficial to our modern society, but a consequence of
their manufacturing is that numerous pharmaceutical industries are simultaneously releasing toxic
compounds in the environment. Due to the manufacturing of several pharmaceutical industries, it
generated huge quantities of wastes in the water, which directly affected the aquatic organisms
(Patneedi et al. 2015). It has been over four decades since the discovery of pharmaceutical drugs in
the water, but only in the last decade has there been increasing concerns about active pharmaceutical
contaminants in waste–water effluents (Patneedi et al. 2015). Pharmaceuticals are one of the
emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) detected in water systems ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If the HQ calculated is less than 1 (HQ < 1), there will be no anticipated adverse effects as a result
of exposure, however, the study indicated how the hazard quotient (HQ) of 50% of the 2986
different pharmaceutical compounds in the water exceeded the value of 1 (HQ > 1) (Sanderson et al.
2004b). Also, the study determined that pharmaceutical compounds such as cardiovascular,
anxiolytic sedatives hypnotics and antipsychotics, gastrointestinal, antiviral and corticosteroid, had
high HQs in which it would exceed the value of 1 even without the assessment factor of 1000
(Sanderson et al. 2004b). Combination of the frequency and toxicity of the different classes
indicated that the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and anxiolytic sedatives hypnotics and
antipsychotics, were the three most hazardous classes based on predicted toxicity (Sanderson et al.
2004b). Since there are pharmaceutical chemicals that exceeded the HQs, aquatic organisms such as
fishes were susceptible to the adverse effects and the high toxicity of the pharmaceuticals in the
water (Sanderson et al. 2004b). A more recent study by Carlsson et al. (2006) depicted how nine out
of twenty–seven APIs selected in Sweden identified as a danger to the aquatic

Pharmaceutical Industry : The Largest Pharmaceutical...
3. Overview:
AstraZeneca is the second largest pharmaceutical company in UK, which has biopharmaceutical
business in over 100 countries. In 2015, company's market capitalization is $70.816 billion, and
their net income is US$2.826 billion, with a 4.5% market share of US and a 2.5% market share of
Europe, and the number of employees is 61500 (AstraZeneca, 2015). Their main competitors are
GlaxoSmithKline & Amgen. The purpose of AstraZeneca is to promote scientific advancements
through innovative science and sustainable development to provide life–changing medicines to
patients. So, they have a clear vision: to be a global company which focused in core therapy areas
(AstraZeneca, 2016). Besides, company's main organizational structure including: Board, audit
committee, remuneration committee, nomination and governance committee, science committee and
the senior executive team.
4. Challenges:
Pharmaceutical industry is facing intense competition and enormous challenge in the recent year,
mainly due to the threat from generics drugs and competitors enhance ability and adoption of new
technology (Taylor, 2015). For AstraZeneca, they face the unprecedented challenge which is how to
continually innovate (AstraZeneca, 2015).
5. Transformational Leadership:
Nowadays, transformational leadership theory has been applied to many different industries, such as
manufacturing, pharmaceutical, service industry and even in education (Covey, 2007). A large
number of researchers have

Pharmaceutical Industry & Legality Essay
Specify the types of country risks that pharmaceutical firms face in international business. How do
the political and legal systems of countries affect the global pharmaceutical industry? The different
types of country risks for the pharmaceutical firms are: 1. Pricing: Many Asian and African
countries are poor and cannot afford the costly medicines. The Pharmaceutical firms spend vast
amounts on R&D in creating and marketing drugs, thus charging high prices enables for cost of
capital recovery and profit generation. 2. Patent related and Generic Competition: The developed
countries like US and Europe have strong patent protection laws which gives a lot of benefits for the
pharmaceutical companies. But, the patent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is the proper role of the following groups in addressing these dilemmas: National
governments, Branded pharmaceutical firms, and Generic manufacturers? Healthcare is the most
important factor for the growth and well being of any country. If the governments cannot provide
subsidies for healthcare and Pharmaceutical firms just focus of their R&D, the other groups can
address these issues. The National governments can play a major role. They have budget and relief
funds allotted for the poor. It can also ask the insurance companies to reduce the premium based on
the income of the poor. If the insurance and health coverage system is initiated by the national
governments, the poor can greatly benefit from this. The branded pharmaceutical firms account for
more than 50% of worldwide pharmaceutical sales. Thus they make huge profits. These profits can
be used to fund hospitals in poor areas. This will not only give the firms respect but also a good
recognition. Generic medicines are cheap and easily available. Though they may not be effective,
but they serve the purpose for the poor. Some generic medicines may not give the desired results but
the major diseases which occur among the poor people can be treated with generic medicines.
Consult www.phrma.org, The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America. What steps
is the branded industry taking to address the

Pharmaceutical Labeling Challenges
The overwhelming success and profitability of pharmaceuticals has given rise to an increased
amount of companies getting into the medication business. To be sure that medications are safe for
use on humans they are heavily regulated. Pharmaceuticals is one of the most heavily regulated
industries. The FDA does not approve any drug unless it is heavily tested and been through vast
clinical trials. Pharmaceutical companies have to prove that new medication benefits outweigh all
the risks involved. There are also many regulations regarding the labeling and marketing of
medications to ensure that they are not false or misleading to the public in any way, shape or form.
Large pharmaceutical companies spend millions of dollars and many years developing new and
innovative medications. To protect their investment of time and money, they apply and are granted
patents from the government, which gives the scientist and pharmaceutical companies a protected
period of time that they can be assured that others will be prevented from selling their invention
(Williams & Torrens, 2008). This protected period of time gives these companies a period of time
that they can sell their new product at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The pharmaceutical industry is growing at such a pace that the demand for trained pharmacists
outweighs the ability of schools to produce trained professionals. It is estimated that if every school
in the U.S. graduated the maximum number of students, they would still remain unable to meet the
current demand. The substantial demand for trained pharmacists coupled with the need for more
schools that offer pharmacy programs has increased the need for educators to teach new pharmacy
students (Covvey, Cohron & Mullen, 2015). There are currently not enough trained pharmacy
educators to educate the influx of students that will be needed to meet the anticipated pharmacist

Pakistani Pharmaceutical Industry
OPPORTUNITIES
Forecasts predict that by 2016 Pakistan will be the 11th largest pharmaceutical market in the Asia
Pacific region, which is the major core world's population and growth pole.
The industry is a net beneficiary of the boom in base materials mostly from China and this
positively impacts their margins. Further treaties and trade agreements will boost this trend further.
The country's Large Scale Manufacturing (LSM) has registered positive growth of 1.85 percent
during the July–Sep first quarter of the current FY13 over the corresponding period of the last FY12
showing signs of improvements. The manufacturing items observed growth throughout the first
quarter over the same period of last year involved pharmaceuticals (4.09%).
FBR has reduced the rate of the 0.5 percent withholding tax under Section 153A of the Income Tax
Ordinance, 2001 to 0.3 or 0.2 percent for those segments reimbursing lower rate of turnover tax
below 0.5 percent. This has yearned to be a major facilitative measure to be announced for all such
sectors like manufacturers of pharmaceutical products having low turnover and also paying turnover
taxes that are high. By volumes and generated percentage, the Pharmaceutical industry might
possibly be considered a small industry which can prove itself of substantial value considering the
amount of profits that can be generated, and the number of promising investors that exist. Enormous
prospective exists for the Industry in a country of

Ethics and the Pharmaceutical Industry
1. Introduction Over the past couple of decades, a sudden change has started to take over the way
business is done. The time when no rules applied, and anyone could do what they pleased at the cost
of others or the environment is rapidly ending. Instead, companies today have become aware that it
is essential for them to employ ethics and morality in their actions, if not they will be heavily
scrutinized and rejected by the public. This way of thinking also applies to the pharmaceutical
industry, which over the past century has been rapidly expanding. Do to the fact that this industry
can determine the health and lives of millions of people, it is imperative that this industry follow an
ethical and moral path. When talking about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though the pharmaceutical industry has made great improvements to human health and quality
of life, like creating drugs for the treatment of AIDS, cancer, and other diseases, an increasing
tension is growing between the public and the industry. These thoughts are fueled by issues such as
drug pricing, affordable health care, and the battle against epidemic diseases in third world
countries; social critics wonder whether this multi–billion dollar industry is giving enough back to
the community and fulfilling its social responsibility. But the question still remains, how has ethics
become involved in the pharmaceutical Industry? To understand this better, I will briefly talk about
the history of the industry. In the late 19th and early 20th century key discoveries, such as insulin
and penicillin, were made. These medicines were needed in large quantities, and thus allowed major
companies that we know today to begin the mass–manufacture and distribution of these. In order to
test and approve drugs and to require appropriate labeling legislation was enacted. As the
pharmaceutical industry grew, prescription and nonprescription drugs became legally distinguished
from one another. From the 1950 's on, numerous new drugs were developed and mass–produced,
including the first oral contraceptive, Cortisone, blood pressure drugs, etc. In 1960 Valium

Pharmaceutical Industry : The Biggest Profits
Of all the innovation businesses in industry, the pharmaceutical industry produces the biggest
profits; in 2013 five of the pharmaceutical giants made net revenue of more than 20%. The United
States represented almost 50% of the worldwide pharmaceutical market, and at the forefront was the
United States pharmaceutical mammoth Pfizer.(Anderson, 2014) The pharmaceutical industry is
ethically unique because of its capacity to impact innumerable lives by improving the quality of life
or by providing life–saving medications. Consumers must remember that the pharmaceutical
industry is as much as a business as any other industry. And as such, they are in the business to make
a profit. By exploring what it takes to get a drug into the hands of the consumers, the patent process
that pharmaceutical companies use to gain profits, and by examining a pharmaceutical giant's
success and failures, students can come to comprehend why innovation in the drug industry costs so
much. It takes an average of 350 million dollars and twelve years for a United States company to get
an experimental drug from the laboratory into the hands of a consumer. (Drug, 2016) The Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) closely monitors the
United States pharmaceutical industry, one of the most stringent pharmaceutical systems in the
world. The job of CDER is to evaluate each and every new drug before approving it for market. In
order to pass this evaluation to bring

The Effects Of Pharmaceuticals
At least 271 million pounds of pharmaceuticals deposit into the drinking water waterways in the
United States. (Donn) Pharmaceuticals find their way into the water through either unintended or
direct disposal. In unintended disposals, medicines occur by ingestions and later excretions. In direct
disposals, individuals discard unused medicines. The medicines, not often disposed of properly, end
up in the water supply. Next, the water, containing discarded, unused medicines, flows to a waste
disposal site intermingling with ground water and then tap water. Numerous research supports the
reduction of direct and indirect pharmaceutical footprints by the improvement of treatment facilities.
This research states, "Advanced wastewater treatment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since pharmaceuticals find their way into the water by the direct disposal of medicines, the Macon
community must conquer their understanding of how to dispose of certain medicines properly.
Specifically, in support of the Macon Water Authority, funding offers provisions for pharmacies in
Macon to access the means to educate the community members through a blueprint of easy steps on
how to help contribute to a clean water supply. An article in the Harvard Health proposes three ways
the community can keep the water supply clean, "use drug take–back programs, do not flush unused
medicines or pour them down the drain, and be careful about how you throw medicines into the
trash." The following statistic indicates the importance of the education of the public: "A U.S.
survey of 500 callers to a poison information center found that the most common methods of
disposal of unused medications were trash disposal (54 percent), flushing down the toilet or rinsing
down the sink (35 percent) and simply not disposing (seven percent)." Based on these facts, the
public's obvious unawareness of pharmaceuticals ending up in our drinking water produces long–
lasting and serious consequences. Therefore, funding would provide pharmacists the opportunity to
educate the public on the consequences. One of the effects on human health exists with the lingering
impact of the pharmaceuticals in the water mixing with the individual's prescriptions. As medical
professionals prescribe

Pharmaceutical Industry Analysis
A. Introduction
Pfizer, US pharmaceutical company is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world.
Unfortunately, Pfizer faced challenges by macro–environment forces that affect their sales volume
decline dramatically in 2011. PESTEL, Porter's Five Forces and Industry Lift Cycle frameworks to
be applied to analysis the broad macro–environment that affected Pfizer in the pharmaceutical
industry.
1. PESTEL framework
PESTEL (Appendix I) is classifies into six environmental influences including Political, Economic,
Social & Cultural, Technological, Environmental and Legal.
i) Political * The promotion of pharmaceuticals products in US and patent protection period were
direct governed by Food and Drug ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* The impact of information technologies and marketing tools such as advertising, promotion and e–
prescribing (pull strategies) for well–informed patients in order to switch towards personalized
healthcare.
v) Environmental * The investors and employees are more emphasis on sustainability in the market.
* There are no significant information stated that the pharmaceutical process will influence on the
environmental such as pollution, raw material waste etc.
vi) Legal * The intellectual property rights to protect the companies on new product including
patents etc. against imitators to copy their new invention. The patent protection period in US is fixed
on 20 years to prevent the erosion of generics products. * The regulations to ensure drug safety by
FDA to protect consumer interest. Hence, additional cost incurred on this monitoring. * There were
many companies are re–organized through merger or acquisition to adopt new technologies, gain
economies of scale and to fund in US. There are no significant information stated in the case on the
regulations of company mergers and acquisitions in US. * The increase in liability claims such as
Lilly and Merck were filed in the United States Department of Justice. These were caused lost
confidence from patients or public in the pharmaceuticals industry and FDA.
2. Five Forces Models
The five forces models (Appendix II) is to analysis the attractiveness of an

Cure Pharmaceutical Companies
Pharmaceutical Companies Against A Cure
Through the years rumors have swarmed over the accusations that there is actually a cure for the
different types of cancer. However, based on research there seems to be a notable profitable gain
within certain pharmaceutical companies, some assume that these companies value money more
than offering a permanent cure. Thus making it hard to believe that pharmaceutical companies are in
favor of offering medicines that cure certain types of cancer but instead prolong it. This makes
pharmaceutical companies feel as if they are operating under a more "Jekyll and Hyde" type of
business standard.
Cancer is a wide, and fast spreading illness. "Nearly half of American's will develop cancer
sometime during ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This process of delay by drug companies is called, "evergreening" and once again proves the point
that money overrides a person's quality of life or life in itself. Proven in 2013, pharmaceutical
companies actually got the US Supreme Court to allow them to pay these generic drug companies in
order to delay the release of certain generic medications for some time, after the patent for
medication expires. This allows pharmaceutical companies more time to profit off of their name
brand medications (Belk). In fact, pharmaceutical companies paid the FDA around $712 million
dollars in 2013 for prescription drugs user fees which in return helped the FDA in the process of
approving drugs for sale and distribution in the US

Turing Pharmaceutical Advertising
The reputation of the biopharmaceutical industry continues to be battered. Some of this has been
earned as with the illegal detailing of drugs or questionable sales and marketing practices, but the
industry has been tarnished by the immoral behaviors of others. The most recent example of this is
Martin Shkreli, the CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals and a former hedge fund manager. Turing
acquired Daraprim, a drug that has been available for over 60 years to treat a life–threatening
disease, toxoplasmosis. After acquiring the drug, Shkreli promptly raised the price of a tablet from
$13.50 to $750, a 5,500% increase (NY Times, 2015).
Controversy
Nobel Prize–winning American scientist Gertrude Elion developed the drug at Burroughs–Wellcome
(now part ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
House of Representatives to answer questions related to the Daraprim price increase (NBC News,
2016). On February 4, 2016, Shkreli appeared before the House committee. Shkreli followed his
lawyer's advice and refused to answer any questions, except to confirm his name by exercising his
Fifth Amendment rights (NBC News, 2016).
Martin Shkreli defended the price hike by saying, "If there was a company that was selling an Aston
Martin at the price of a bicycle, and we buy that company and we ask to charge Toyota prices, I
don't think that that should be a crime." Shkreli assured to never deny patients access to the drug.
On December 17, 2015, Shkreli was arrested by the FBI after a federal indictment in the U.S.
District Court for the Eastern District of New York was filed, charging him with securities fraud.
SEC accused Shkreli of misappropriating investors' money. Currently, he is free on bail pending
trial. Robert Reich wrote that what Shkreli did wrong was to be more audacious while "play the
same game many others are playing on Wall Street and in corporate suites" (Forbes, 2016).
Nevertheless, price for the Daraprim still remains the

The Production Of The Pharmaceutical Industry

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