This document summarizes major historical periods and events related to Western civilization from the 4th century CE to the modern era. It discusses the conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity under Constantine in the 4th century CE, the Renaissance from the 15th to 16th centuries, the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, the Scientific Revolution of the 16th to 18th centuries, and the Enlightenment of the 18th century. It also mentions the Congress of Vienna in 1815 and the six major ruling families in Europe at that time. The document then discusses various influences on art and thought over time, including Pre-Socratic Greeks, indigenous Australians, Eastern thought, Romanticism, and modern movements.

2. Roman Catholic Europe - 4CE (Constantine converts)
Renaissance - Mid 15CE - mid 16CE (Scholasticism >
Humanism)
Reformation - 16CE – Protestantism & secularism
Scientific Revolution - 16CE - 18CE
Enlightenment - 18CE - 19CE
Modernism - 20CE

3. Congress of Vienna, 1815
Six ruling families: the Hapsburgs (Austria and eastward), Hanovers (Britain), Romanovs
(Russia), Ottomans (Turkey), Hohenzollerns (Germany), and Bourbons (France).

5. Pre-Socratic Greeks Indigenous
Australian
Enlightenment and
Modernism
Eastern Thought
World
Romanticism  
The psychologised ‘self’  
Political art (‘art for change’)  
‘Art’ vs ‘artisanship’  
Capitalism & Commercialism  
State sponsored art  
Virtual/mixed reality   
Neurology  
Education & training  
State welfare  
‘ Liberal arts’  
Science  
Symbolism   
Knowledge & Mind   

6. The ‘enlightenment
project’:
1.Autonomy
2.The human end purpose of our acts
3.Universality
In Defence of the Enlightenment - Tzvetan Todorov

7. 1. Autonomy
(‘Emancipation’)
‘Giving priority to what human
beings decide for themselves,
rather than what is imposed on
them by an external authority.’
(Critical) It is necessary to be
free from external authorities
(Constructive) It is necessary to
be guided by laws, norms & rules
decided by the same people to
whom they’re addressed

8. 2. The human end purpose
of our acts
The purpose of action was seen in human rather
than divine terms. The question for salvation
was replaced by the search for happiness. The
state was not an instrument of a divine plan but
an instrument for the welfare of its citizens.

9. 3. Universality
Human rights (in addition to citizen’s rights) –
common to all human beings. Right to life >
contestation of death penalty. Right to physical
integrity > contestation of torture. Demand for
equality > women, slaves, children, the poor.
The past – not a set of object lessons and templates
but as a series of events developing ideas over time
(‘progress’)

10. Darwin (Science)
Freud (Psychology)
Marx (Political Economics)

11. Literary – new literary genres, foregrounding ‘the individual’ – the novel, and autobiography – works
not about eternal laws but singular men & women in particular situations
Visual – no longer mythological or ‘classical’ subjects but daily, unexceptional, routine gestures & topics
Political – the origin of power is to be found in the people, the ‘general will’. Individual freedom
relative to state power – requires pluralism and a balance of powers (temporal and spiritual) -> secularism
Legal – only ‘offences’ - misdeeds against society – were punishable; not sins – misdeeds against God
Education – removed from the ecclesiastical
Press – public debate
Economy – removal of arbitrary restraints in favour of free circulation of goods and adjustment to
division of labour (work and individual effort, rather than inherited privilege)
... and cities

14. When old age shall this generation waste,
Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe
Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou sayst,
"Beauty is truth, truth beauty," – that is all
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know
Ode on a Grecian Urn, John Keats, 1820

16. mathematics
physics
technology
biology
medicine
geology
probability theory
psychology
linguistics
information science
politics
law
ethics
theology
history
philosophy
philology

18. (Gödel's First Incompleteness Theorem)
If P is ω-consistent, then there is a sentence which is neither provable nor refutable from P.
Proof: By judicious coding of syntax referred to above, write a formula Prf(x,y)[11] of number theory,
representable in P, so that
n codes a proof of φ ⇒ P ⊢ Prf(n, ⌈φ⌉).
And
n does not code a proof of φ ⇒ P ⊢ ¬Prf(n, ⌈φ⌉).
Let Prov(y) denote the formula ∃x Prf(x,y)[12]. By Theorem 2 there is a sentence φ with the property
P ⊢ (φ ↔ ¬Prov(⌈φ⌉)).
Thus φ says ‘I am not provable.’ We now observe, if P ⊢ φ, then by (1) there is n such that P ⊢
Prf(n, ⌈φ⌉), hence P ⊢ Prov(⌈φ⌉), hence, by (3) P ⊢ ¬φ, so P is inconsistent. Thus
P ⊬ φ
Furthermore, by (4) and (2), we have P ⊢ ¬Prf(n, ⌈φ⌉) for all natural numbers n. By ω-consistency P ⊬
∃x Prf(x, ⌈φ⌉). Thus (3) gives P ⊬ ¬φ. We have shown that if P is ω-consistent, then φ is independent
of P.
On concluding the proof of the first theorem, Gödel remarks, "we can readily see that the proof just
given is constructive; that is … proved in an intuitionistically unobjectionable manner… " (Gödel
1986, p. 177).

19. The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur
l’herbe) 1863

20. Literary scholar Peter Childs sums up the complexity:
"There were paradoxical if not opposed trends towards revolutionary
and reactionary positions, fear of the new and delight at the
disappearance of the old, nihilism and fanatical enthusiasm,
creativity and despair."
These oppositions are inherent to modernism: it is in its broadest
cultural sense the assessment of the past as different to the
modern age, the recognition that the world was becoming more
complex, and that the old "final authorities" (God, government,
science, and reason) were subject to intense critical scrutiny.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism

21. 1760 >>

23. 1806 – 1859

24. Clifton Suspension Bridge 1864

31. Making money is art and
working is art and
good business is the best art
Andy Warhol

32. Let us create a new guild of craftsmen, without
the class distinctions that raise an
arrogant barrier between craftsman and artist.
Together let us conceive and create the new
building of the future, which will embrace
architecture and sculpture and painting in one
unity and which will rise one day toward heaven
from the hands of a million workers, like
the crystal symbol of a new faith.
Bauhaus Manifesto

40. 1.Autonomy
2.The human end purpose of our acts
3.Universality
Darwin (Science)
Freud (Psychology)
Marx (Political Economics)
Art
Religion
Technology
Politics
The City

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