The document defines sports as physical activities involving skill and competition governed by rules. It notes that sports can be viewed as a type of play, which is characterized as free, uncertain, governed by rules, and separate from ordinary life. Sports are considered a type of game, and while not all games are sports, all sports are considered games. The document outlines different types of sports and examines concepts like leisure, competition, aesthetics, ethics, and the importance of sports.

1. SPORTS

2. WHAT IS SPORT(S)
 An activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team
competes against another or others for entertainment.
 An occasion on which people compete in various athletic activities.
 an individual or group activity pursued for exercise or pleasure, often involving
the testing of physical capabilities and taking the form of a competitive game
 an athletic activity requiring skill or physical prowess and often of
a competitive nature
 An activity involving physical exertion and skill that is governed by a set of rules o
r customs and often undertaken competitively.
 a game, competition, or activity needing physical effort and skill that is played or
done according to rules, for enjoyment and/or as a job
 all types of physical activity that people do to keep healthy or for enjoyment

3. SPORTS AS A RELIGION
 Novak (1976) describes sport as a natural
religion based on qualities and
characteristics fundamental to the
experience
 How is sport a religion?
 Rituals, i.e., coin toss
 Costumes
 Sense of power outside of one’s control
 People who enforce rules
 Teaches principles, i.e., courage

4. WHAT IS LEISURE?
 Can be viewed as an attitude of freedom
 Often distinguished from work activities
 Viewed also as discretionary time left-over after work

5. WHAT IS PLAY?
 Sport is a manifestation of play
 Characteristics of play represent a
continuum such as:
 Free
 Uncertain
 Governed by rules
 Separate
 Economically unproductive
 Governed by make-believe
Play is not trivial, but rich with psychological,
sociological, and historical meaning

6. CAILLOIS: 6 CHARACTERISTICS OF
PLAY
 it is free, or not obligatory
 it is separate from the routine of life, occupying its own time
and space
 it is uncertain, so that the results of play cannot be pre-
determined and the player's initiative is involved
 it is unproductive in that it creates no wealth, and ends as it
begins economically speaking
 it is governed by rules that suspend ordinary laws and
behaviors and that must be followed by players
 it involves imagined realities that may be set against 'real life'.

7. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
CHILD’S PLAY VS. ADULT PLAY
 Play is the most basic behavior in young children
 Children’s continuum includes: turbulence, gaiety,
spontaneity, diversion
 Adults’ continuum includes: calculation, subordination
to rules, contrivance and ritual
One is not better than the other, however, as
children grow and develop, their continuum
goes toward the adult side

8. TYPES OF SPORTS
 INDIVIDUAL
 DUAL
 TEAM
 BOARD
 INDOOR
 OUTDOOR
 ICE
 BALL
 BEACH
 AIR
 ACROBATIC
 COMBAT
 MOTOR
 PRECISION
 RACING
 RACQUET
 SUMMER
 WINTER
 WATER
 ROLLER
 EXTREME
 E-SPORTS

9. GAMES VS SPORTS
 There are no exact distinctions between
the two terms
 Three important areas of the concept
“game”:
1. Games derive from play
2. Games involve competition
3. Game outcomes are based on skill, strategy
or chance
 Not all games are sports but all sports
are a game

10. CONT’D
 Sports are games involving skill and strategy
 Sport games have primary and secondary rules
 Sport games are classified into four categories:
1. Territory or invasion games
2. Target games
3. Court games
4. Sector games

11. COMPETITION CONCEPT
 Rituals and traditions are easily seen
 Strives to achieve an objective
 Involves a state of rivalry

12. ROLES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
SPORTS AS AN INSTITUTION
 Codification of rules
 Officials or referees
 Organization and structure of sport teams, i.e., NCAA
 Record keeping to measure performance
 Dissemination of information to the public, i.e.,
newspaper

13. AESTHETICS OF SPORTS
 One tries to find the beauty in sports, form sports,
and other sports
 Form sports: performers consciously work on
achieving a physical form that is aesthetic
 Examples of qualities are: harmony, form, dynamics,
flow, gracefulness, rhythm, poise

14. CONT’D
 Carlisle (1974) has suggested four types of beauty in
other sports:
 Well-developed physique
 Well-designed play or execution of the maneuver
 Dramatic competition
 Unity of an entire performance

15. ETHICS IN SPORTS
 How people behave or conduct themselves in
particular situations, i.e., games or sports
 Fair play: how a competitor behaves before, during
and after competition
 19th Century concept from England, i.e., Arnoldism
 Concept still permeates in our society today
 Rule violations are meant to be enforced by officials
or referees
 Sports still can build character and teach important
life lessons
 However, sport can be corrupt and has the ability to
teach negative lesson in life

16. IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS
 Fitness
 Stress Buster
 Learning a Skill
 Teamwork
 Socializing
 Character Building
 Constructive Use of Time
 Health
 Decision-making
 Self-confidence
 Sports generalizes to
achievement
 Academic Success
 Resilience
 Clear vision
 Determination to succeed
 Shared goals
 Adaptability to change
 Complimentary strengths