Implementation guidelines for livelihood project

1. The development of electronic computers had
clearly helped to visualize the concept of
computer. The computer system has teken a big
leap forward with each technological
breakthrough during the development process.
The functions performed by the computers and
speed of their operations have been changing.
There have been a great variation in size and
cost of the computers.

2. 
 First generation computer used vacuum tubes as memory devices. The
computers were large size and very costly and used the assembly language for
programming.
 Colossus was the first electronic computer of this era. It's every aspect
was kept secret by British Government.
 In 1945, Von Neumann Architecture was introduced. Eckert and Mauchley
began working on EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer) but it never completed. Later Von Neumann developed his own
EDVAC (IAS machine).
 In 1946, the development of ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer), which was started in 1943, was completed.
 Some other computers of this generation are UNIVAC, MARK II, MARK
III, Z2, Z4, SSEC (Selective Sequence Electronic calculator) and some IBM
computers series such as IBM 604, IBM 650, IBM 701, IBM 702.
 In 1954, first version of FORTRAN (Formula Translator) was published by IBM.

3.  The first generation computers used vacuum tubes for
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were
often enormous, taking up entire rooms. The vacuum
tube was developed by Lee DeForest. A vacuum tube is
a device generally used to amplify a signal by
controlling the movement of electrons in an evacuated
space. First generation computers were very expensive
to operate and in addition to using a great deal of
electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the
cause of malfunctions.

4.  First Generation computers are characterised by the
use of vacuum tubes. These vacuum tubes were used
for calculation as well as storage and control. Later,
magnetic tapes and magnetic drums were
implemented as storage media. The first vacuum tube
computer, ENIAC, was developed by US army
ordinance to calculate ballistic firing tables in WWII.
It had about 17 000 vacuum tubes.

5.  The machine weighed 30 tons, covered about 1000
square feet of floor, and consumed 130 or 140 kilowatts
of electricity. The ENIAC's clock speed was about 100
kHz. In addition to ballistics, the ENIAC's field of
application included weather prediction, atomic-
energy calculations, cosmic-ray studies, thermal
ignition, random-number studies, wind-tunnel design,
and other scientific uses. No electronic computers
were being applied to commercial problems until
about 1951.

6.  Vacuum tube circuit
 This is an example of a vacuum tube based circuit used in a
first generation computer (a Burroughs), pictured here
next to a transistor based circuit, with similar functionality,
from a second generation computer (the IBM 1620). The
vacuum tubes (at the top of the circuit) have been damaged
because of overheating. We suspect that this particular
circuit is a 4-bit register. Circuits created i this way were
extremely bulky. To create a 32-bit ADD circuit would
require 800 logic gates using a total of 1,504 transistors. In
vacuum tube based computers, this many vacuum tubes
would take up a space about the size of a refrigerator.

7.  Vacuum tube circuit

8.  Vacuum tube
 This is a small vacuum tube, used in first generation
computers. Here you can clearly see the effect of
overheating, leaving a black stain on the inside of the glass
tube. Constant overheating and burnout in the vacuum
tubes of ENIAC, the first electronic computing device, in
1947 led AT&T Bell Telephone Laboratory engineers John
Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain to seek out
a suitable alternative for the commercially unreliable
vacuum tube. The three successfully demonstrated the
principle of amplifying an electrical current using a solid
semiconducting material, silicon, forming the basic
concept behind the transistor.


9.  Vacuum tube

10.  CHARACTERISTICS
1) First generation computers were based on vacuum tubes.
2) The operating systems of the first generation computers
were very slow.
3) They were very large in size.
4) Production of the heat was in large amount in first
generation computers.
5) Machine language was used for programming.
6) First generation computers were unreliable.
7) They were difficult to program and use.
UNIVAC, EDVAC, EDSAC and ENIAC computers are
examples of first generation computing devices.

11.  Astu
 Soa
 Name: mahamed omer
 Idno: R/3549/06
 Dept: srwm
 Assingnment: one
 Submitted by: mahamed omer
 Submitted to: instructer, gulelat abebe