Chapter 1 Engineering Economics.pptx

Chapter 1
Foundations Of
Engineering
Economy
Lecture slides to accompany
Engineering Economy
8th edition
Leland Blank
Anthony Tarquin
© 2012 by McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y All RightsReserved
1-1

LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Role in
decision
making
2. Study approach
3. Ethics
and
economic
s
4. Interest rate
5.Terms and symbols
6. Cash flows
7. Economic
equivalence 8. Simple
and compound
interest
9. Minimum
attractive rate of
return
10.Spreadsheet
functions
1-2

Why Engineering Economy is Important
to Engineers
• Engineers design and create
• Designing involves economic decisions
• Engineers must be able to incorporate economic
analysis into their creative efforts
• Often engineers must select and implement from
multiple alternatives
• Understanding and applying time value of money,
economic equivalence, and cost estimation are vital for
engineers
• A proper economic analysis for selection and
execution is a fundamental task of engineering
1-3

Time Value of Money (TVM)
Description: TVM explains the change in the
amount of money over time for funds owed by
or owned by a corporation (or individual)
 Corporate investments are expected to earn a return
 Investment involves money
 Money has a ‘time value’
The time value of money is the most
important concept in engineering
economy
1-4

Engineering Economy
1-5
• Engineering Economy involves
 Formulating
 Estimating, and
 Evaluating
expected economic outcomes of alternatives
designed to accomplish a defined purpose
• Easy-to-use math techniques simplify
the evaluation
• Estimates of economic outcomes can
be deterministic or stochastic in nature

General Steps for Decision Making Processes
1-6
1. Understand the problem – define objectives
2. Collect relevant information
3. Define the set of feasible alternatives
4. Identify the criteria for decision making
5. Evaluate the alternatives and apply
sensitivity analysis
6. Select the “best” alternative
7. Implement the alternative and monitor
results

Steps in an Engineering Economy Study
1-7

Ethics – Different Levels
• Universal morals or ethics – Fundamental
beliefs: stealing, lying, harming or
murdering another are wrong
• Personal morals or ethics – Beliefs that an
individual has and maintains over time; how
a universal moral is interpreted and used by
each person
• Professional or engineering ethics – Formal
standard or code that guides a person in
work activities and decision making
1-8

Code of Ethics for Engineers
All disciplines have a formal code of ethics. National Society of
Professional Engineers (NSPE) maintains a code specifically for
engineers; many engineering professional societies have their own code
1-9

Interest and Interest Rate
Interest – the manifestation (indicator) of the time value
of money
•
•
Fee that one pays to use someone else’s money
Difference between an ending amount of money and
a beginning amount of money
1-10
There are always two perspectives to an amount of interest—interest paid
and interest earned.

Interest paid Interest earned
Interest rate
1-11
Rate of return

Interest and Interest Rate
Interest Paid
Interest = amount owed now –principal
Interest rate – Interest paid over a time period expressed
as a percentage of principal
1-12
The time unit of the rate is called the interest period.
• By far the most common interest period used to state an interest rate is
1 year.
• Shorter time periods can be used, such as 1% per month.
• Thus, the interest period of the interest rate should always be included.
• If only the rate is stated, for example, 8.5%, a 1-year interest period is
assumed.

Interest Earned
From the perspective of a saver, a lender, or an investor,
interest earned is the final amount minus the initial amount,
or principal.

Interest paid Interest earned
Interest rate
1-18
Rate of return
The term return on investment (ROI) is used equivalently with ROR in
different industries and settings, especially where large capital funds are
committed to engineering-oriented programs.

Rate of Return
Interest earned over a period of time is expressed as a
percentage of the original amount (principal)
Rate of return (%) =
interest accrued per time unit
x 100%
original amount
• Borrower’s perspective – interest rate paid
• Lender’s or investor’s perspective – rate of return earned
1-19
The time unit for rate of return is called the interest period, just as for
the borrower’s perspective. Again, the most common period is 1 year.

When more than one interest period is involved, e.g., the
amount of interest after 3 years, it is necessary to state whether the
interest is accrued on a simple or compound basis from one period to
the next.
Inflation can significantly increase an interest rate. By definition,
inflation represents a decrease in the value of a given currency.
The changing value of the currency affects market interest rates.

In simple terms, interest rates reflect two things: a so-called
real rate of return plus the expected inflation rate. The real rate
of return allows the investor to purchase more than he or she
could have purchased before the investment, while inflation
raises the real rate to the market rate that we use on a daily
basis.
Assume a bond pays an interest rate of 5% per year. If the
inflation rate is currently 3% per year, the real return on your
savings is only 2%.

Commonly used Symbols
t = time, usually in periods such as years or months
P = value or amount of money at a time t
designated as present or time 0
F = value or amount of money at some future
time, such as at t = n periods in the future
A = series of consecutive, equal, end-of-period
amounts of money
n = number of interest periods; years, months
i = interest rate or rate of return per time period;
percent per year or month
1-23

Cash Flows: Terms
1-29
Cash Inflows – Revenues (R), receipts,
incomes, savings generated by projects and
activities that flow in. Plus sign used
Cash Outflows – Disbursements (D), costs,
expenses, taxes caused by projects and
activities that flow out. Minus sign used
Net Cash Flow (NCF) for each time period: NCF
= cash inflows – cash outflows = R – D
End-of-period assumption:
Funds flow at the end of a given interest period

Cash Flows: Estimating
1-30
Point estimate – A single-value estimate of a
cash flow element of an alternative
Cash inflow: Income = $150,000 per month
Range estimate – Min and max values that
estimate the cash flow
Cash outflow: Cost is between $2.5 M and $3.2 M
Point estimates are commonly used; however, range estimates
with probabilities attached provide a better understanding of
variability of economic parameters used to make decisions

Cash Flow Diagrams
What a typical cash flow diagram might look like
0 … … … n - 1 n
Draw a time line
1 2
One time
period
0 n
Show the cash flows (to approximate scale)
1 2 … … … n-1
Cash flows are shown as directed arrows: + (up) for inflow
- (down) for outflow
1-31
Always assume end-of-period cash flows
Time
F = $100
P = $-80

Cash Flow Diagram Example
Plot observed cash flows over last 8 years and estimated sale next
year for $150. Show present worth (P) arrow at present time, t = 0
1-32

Economic Equivalence
1-33
Definition: Combination of interest rate (rate of
return) and time value of money to determine
different amounts of money at different points
in time that are economically equivalent
How it works: Use rate i and time t in upcoming
relations to move money (values of P, F and A)
between time points t = 0, 1, …, n to make
them equivalent (not equal) at the rate i

Example of Equivalence
0
1-34
1
Different sums of money at different times may
be equal in economic value at a given rate
$110
Rate of return = 10% per year
$100 now
$100 now is economically equivalent to $110 one year from
now, if the $100 is invested at a rate of 10% per year.
Year

Simple and Compound Interest
Simple Interest
Interest is calculated using principal only
Interest = (principal)(number of periods)(interest rate)
I = Pni
Example: $100,000 lent for 3 years at simple i = 10%
per year. What is repayment after 3 years?
Interest = 100,000(3)(0.10) = $30,000
Total due = 100,000 + 30,000 = $130,000
1-35

Simple and Compound Interest
Compound Interest
Interest is based on principal plus all accrued interest
That is, interest compounds over time
Interest = (principal + all accrued interest) (interest rate)
Interest for time period t is
1-36

Compound Interest Example
Example: $100,000 lent for 3 years at i = 10% per
year compounded. What is repayment after 3
years?
Interest, year 1:
Total due, year 1:
I1 = 100,000(0.10) = $10,000
T1 = 100,000 + 10,000 = $110,000
Interest, year 2:
Total due, year 2:
I2 = 110,000(0.10) = $11,000
T2 = 110,000 + 11,000 = $121,000
Interest, year 3:
Total due, year 3:
I3 = 121,000(0.10) = $12,100
T3 = 121,000 + 12,100 = $133,100
Compounded: $133,100
1-22

Minimum Attractive Rate of Return
MARR is a reasonable rate
of return (percent)
established for evaluating
and selecting alternatives
An investment is justified
economically if it is
expected to return at least
the MARR
Also termed hurdle rate,
benchmark rate and cutoff
rate
1-38

MARR Characteristics
1-39
MARR is established by the financial
managers of the firm
MARR is fundamentally connected to the cost
of capital
Both types of capital financing are used to
determine the weighted average cost of capital
(WACC) and the MARR
MARR usually considers the risk inherent to a
project

Types of Financing
 Equity Financing –Funds either from retained
earnings, new stock issues, or owner’s
infusion of money.
 Debt Financing –Borrowed funds from outside
sources – loans, bonds, mortgages, venture
capital pools, etc. Interest is paid to the lender
on these funds
For an economically justified project
ROR ≥ MARR > WACC
1-40

Opportunity Cost
 Definition: Largest rate of return of all projects not
accepted (forgone) due to a lack of capital funds
 If no MARR is set, the ROR of the first project not undertaken
establishes the opportunity cost
Example: Assume MARR = 10%. Project A, not
funded due to lack of funds, is projected to
have RORA= 13%. Project B has RORB= 15%
and is funded because it costs less than A
Opportunity cost is 13%, i.e., the opportunity to
make an additional 13% is forgone by not
funding project A
1-41

Introduction to Spreadsheet Functions
Excel financial functions
Present Value, P:
Future Value, F:
Equal, periodic value, A:
Number of periods, n:
Compound interest rate, i:
Compound interest rate, i:
= PV(i%,n,A,F)
= FV(i%,n,A,P)
= PMT(i%,n,P,F)
= NPER((i%,A,P,F)
= RATE(n,A,P,F)
= IRR(first_cell:last_cell)
Present value, any series, P: = NPV(i%,second_cell:last_cell) + first_cell
Example: Estimates are P = $5000 n = 5 years i = 5% per year
Find A in $ per year
Function and display: = PMT(5%, 5, 5000) displays A = $1154.87
1-42

Chapter Summary
1-43
 Engineering Economy fundamentals
 Time value of money
 Economic equivalence
 Introduction to capital funding and MARR
 Spreadsheet functions
 Interest rate and rate of return
 Simple and compound interest
 Cash flow estimation
 Cash flow diagrams
 End-of-period assumption
 Net cash flow
 Perspectives taken for cash flow estimation
 Ethics
 Universal morals and personal morals
 Professional and engineering ethics (Code of Ethics)

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