Introduction to quantum computing presented at Malta AI & Blockchain Summit in November 2019

2. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
SPEAKER
Mario Cartia
Managing Director @ Agile Skill
https://www.agileskill.it

3. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
1. WHAT’S
QUANTUM COMPUTING?

4. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
1. WHAT’S
QUANTUM COMPUTING?
It’s a new model of computation different from
classical ones (like "Turing machine" or "Lambda
calculus") relying on the concept of qbit (quantum
bit) and using some peculiar phenomena of
quantum physics such as superpositions and
entanglement

5. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
2. WHAT’S
A QBIT?

6. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
2. WHAT’S
A QBIT?
It’s the quantum version of the classical binary bit
but whereas in a classical system a bit would have
to be in one state or the other (0 | 1), quantum
mechanics allows the qubit to be in a coherent
superposition of both states/levels simultaneously

7. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
3. WHAT ARE
THE MAIN BENEFITS?

8. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
3. WHAT ARE
THE MAIN BENEFITS?
There are challenges that classical systems can’t
solve. For problems above a certain size and
complexity, we don’t have enough computational
power. Quantum computers leverage the quantum
mechanical phenomena to create states that scale
exponentially with number of qubits

9. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
4. WILL QUANTUM
COMPUTERS REPLACE
CLASSIC ONES?

10. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
4. WILL QUANTUM
COMPUTERS REPLACE
CLASSIC ONES?
No, there are problem classes for which it will make
more sense to use traditional CPUs. Think of
quantum processors as "co-processors" as, for
example, current GPUs

11. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
5. WHAT DOES A
QUANTUM COMPUTER
LOOK LIKE?

12. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL

13. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL

14. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL

15. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
6. WHAT DOES A
QUANTUM SOFTWARE
LOOK LIKE?

16. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL

17. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL

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AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
Year
1950
UNIVAC

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AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
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AGILE SKILL
7. IN WHAT AREAS COULD
QUANTUM COMPUTING BRING
DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION?

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AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
7. IN WHAT AREAS COULD
QUANTUM COMPUTING BRING
DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION?
Artificial Intelligence, cybersecurity (encryption),
finance, insurance, logistics, energy,
communications, aerospace, physics, chemistry,
medicine, pharma, etc.

21. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
8. WHAT DOES
“QUANTUM SUPREMACY”
MEANS?

22. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
8. WHAT DOES
“QUANTUM SUPREMACY”
MEANS?
Quantum supremacy is the potential ability of
quantum computers to solve problems that
classical computers practically cannot
(in computational-complexity-theoretic terms)

23. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
8. WHAT DOES
“QUANTUM SUPREMACY”
MEANS?
Example:
Shor's algorithm is a quantum computer algorithm
for integer factorization which runs (theoretically)
in polynomial time instead of the exponential time
required by “classic” algorithms

24. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
9. DID GOOGLE REALLY
ACHIEVE QUANTUM
SUPREMACY?

25. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
9. DID GOOGLE REALLY
ACHIEVE QUANTUM
SUPREMACY?
Yes and No!
Google recently published a paper entitled
"Quantum supremacy using a programmable
superconducting processor" that proves to have
obtained it in a simple real-life use case

26. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
9. DID GOOGLE REALLY
ACHIEVE QUANTUM
SUPREMACY?
It is not possible to say today that we will soon be able
to apply quantum computing to the areas described in
the previous slides due to various hardware-related
technical difficulties not yet overcome as well as the
limited number of qbits available

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AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL

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AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
10. HOW MANY QBITS
WOULD YOU NEED TO BUILD
RELEVANT APPLICATIONS FROM
A BUSINESS POINT OF VIEW?

29. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
10. HOW MANY QBITS
WOULD YOU NEED TO BUILD
RELEVANT APPLICATIONS?
Implementing real-world applications requires a
minimum of 1 million qbit(s). There are also other
relevant technical issues to be resolved such as error
correction. It's realistic to think of a 5-7 year time frame
to see the first real quantum applications on the market

30. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL

31. QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL
QUANTUM 101:
AN ENTERPRISE APPROACH
MARIO CARTIA
AGILE SKILL