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也谈精神分析
 在读此书之前,我也已经拜读过弗公的一些著作,包括其最著名的《梦的解析》。其中对于
梦境的分析尤其吸引我,解梦之一类的内容大概听来颇有些神秘色彩,最是容易吸引好奇心。
不过关于标题的兴趣似乎并无助于我来理解弗公的理论。 总的来说当时的我对于精神分析
并无甚么了解,几可说是一无所知,关于潜意识之类的也并不明了。但一点来说我还是肯定
的,弗洛伊德这一百多年前的人物,竟能创出如此前卫的思想。不过精神分析中关于将人类
的一切能动皆归于性本能的言论总让人感觉不太舒服就是了。

   至于最近阅读《精神分析引论》也不完全是课业所致,总归有些个人兴趣在内。心理
学于日常生活中还是有其用武之地的,至少在我看来每个人多多少少都有些学习心理学的必
要。如经常接触社交场合的人便可通过心理学的学习更精确地揣摩他人心思,即使你是个不
擅言谈安于自处的人心理学知识也可助人自省。不过若仅仅因为心理学的实用意义而简单的
将心理学划分为一种工具就显得有失公允了。弗公创立精神分析之初是作为一种临床的精神
诊疗工具,不过经历了多年的发展精神分析已经成为了心理学的主要流派之一。他的学说著
作影响了相当一部分后来的心理学大师,即如荣格虽然与弗洛伊决裂我们依然能从集体无意
识的理论中看到弗公理论的影子。 不可否认的荣格作为现代心理学的鼻祖之一,于心理学
上自有其非凡的造诣和独到的见解,但我想说的是没有弗洛伊德就绝没有荣格更不会有现代
精神分析学派。



  西格蒙德· 弗洛伊德 1856 年 5 月 6 日出生在奥地利帝国摩拉维亚弗莱堡一个犹太商人
家庭。 四岁时全家迁居到维也纳,他的一生几乎都是在那里度过的。弗洛伊德读书时就是
一个出类拔萃的学生,1881 年他在维也纳大学获得医学学位。在随后的十年中,他在一个
精神病诊所行医,个人开业治疗神经病,同时致力于生理学的研究。他在巴黎与杰出的精神
病专家让·夏尔科共事。他还曾与维也纳内科专家约瑟夫·布鲁尔共过事。
  弗洛伊德的心理学思想是逐渐发展起来的。直到 1895 年才出版了他的第一部论著《歇
斯底里论文集》;他的第二部论著《梦的解析》于 1900 年问世,这是他最有创造性、最有意
义的论著之一。虽然该书开始非常滞销,但是却大大地提高了他的声望,他的其它重要论著
也相继问世。1908 年弗洛伊德在美国做了一系列演讲,当时他已是一位知名人士了。1902
年他在维也纳组织了一个心理学研究小组,艾尔弗雷德·阿德勒就是其中的最早成员之一,
几年以后卡尔·荣格也加入了这个行列,两个人后来都成了名副其实的世界著名心理学家。



  《精神分析引论》曾被译为 17 国文字,是弗洛伊德除《日常生活精神病理学》之外流
传最广的一部著作,内容大致为三部分:过失心理学,梦和精神病通论。
过失心理学的内容中,弗洛伊德认为过失常被当作微不足道的心理现象,  它的起因是由于机
体的或心理的原因而引起的注意的扰乱。其实,过失如舌误、笔误等是有意义的,在它的背
后隐藏着某种“意向”或“倾向”。过失是由两种倾向同时引起的的结果。一种是干涉的倾
向,另一种是被干涉的倾向。如在把“开会”说成“散会”这个舌误中,  “要开会”是被干
涉的倾向,“散会”是干涉的倾向。干涉的倾向是由于某种原因被藏在心底不愿说出的,不
易被认出的倾向。我们不妨看看书中所举的例子。
  莎士比亚的名剧《威尼斯商人》第三幕第二场中的舌误就其所表示的诗的情感及其技
术的灵巧而言,都是最好的。这个舌误和弗洛伊德在他的《日常生活的心理病理学》中所引
《华伦斯坦》剧中的舌误相类似,也足见诗人深知这种过失的结构和意义,而且假定一般观
众都能领会。珀霞因受她父亲愿望的束缚,选择丈夫必须纯靠机会。她靠着好运气逃脱了所
有那些她不喜欢的求婚者。巴萨尼奥是她所倾心的,他也来求婚了,她怕他也选错了箱子。
她想告诉他纵使他选错了,仍可博得她的爱情,但因对父亲的誓约而不能说。莎士比亚使她
在这个内心的冲突里,对巴萨尼奥作下面的谈话:

  “我请你稍等待一下!等过了一天或两天,再行冒险吧!因为选错了,我便失去了你的
友伴;所以我请你等一下吧!我觉得似乎不愿失去你但这可不是爱情。……我或许可以告诉
你如何选择才对,但是我受誓约的束缚而不能这样,因此你或许会选不到我。但是一想到你
或许会选错,我便想打破誓约。别注视着我吧,你的眼睛征服了我了,将我分为两半;一半
是你的,另一半也是你的——但是我应该说是我自己的,既是我的,那当然便是你的,所以
一切都属于你了。”
   这样的举例不免使我产生了联想,难道我们不曾在某时因一句不经意的口误而使我们
真实的心思明了吗? 内心里真实的想法即使是刻意地被压抑被遗忘的,  难道不是仍存于我们
意识的某个角落吗?当我们偶然触及那想法自然就重新出现了,   这样的口误便借由一时的不
假思索将其表达出来了。过失其实并不以舌误或笔误一类为限,遗忘也可归为此类,且我们
也可做出相应的分析来阐述其意义。例如一个人忘记了
一个熟悉的专名,就如人名一类,即使非常努力也不能将它保留于记忆中。我们便可揣想此
人对其必无好感,所以不愿回忆。 再如关于“决心”的遗忘大概是由于一种相反的情感,
阻止了“决心”的施行。这样看来平日里不经意间的微小过失,在心理层面上也是有其意义
存在的。
  梦
  对大多数人而言,梦都不被作为一种心理现象来对待。弗洛伊德认为,梦跟过失一样也
是正常人所具有的正常而被忽略的心理现象。   梦也存在其本身独特的意义,有时梦就作为神
经病的症候出现。而在 1900 年之前,有关梦的经典理论都认为,梦是以象征的方式,表明
已经发生或正在发生或将要发生的事物。弗洛伊德认为,梦是愿望的达成。

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也谈精神分析