1. Open Access in the Social Sciences / By Ulrich Herb, Saarland University and State Library
社會科學的開放近用 / 烏利胥・荷柏, 薩爾蘭大學與邦立圖書館
The social sciences can only be vaguely defined: for example, the Brockhaus encyclopaedia provides a
broader definition than the classification adopted by DFG (German Research Foundation). In addition,
some subjects can be classified as social sciences, natural sciences and humanities. This conglomerate
of subjects explains why there are different attitudes towards Open Access within the social sciences.
祗能模糊地定義社會科學的內容，布羅克豪斯百科全書的定義較德國研究基金會的分類更加寬
鬆。此外，有些學科既屬於社會科學，也是自然科學，置於人文科學也無不可。這種學科的聚
集性, 說明了社會科學對開放近用有不同的態度。
However, a DFG study published in 2005(56) provides some insight: compared to other disciplines,
German social scientists have scarce knowledge of Open Access, and of relevant initiatives and
declarations(57). They have less knowledge about relevant Open Access journals and they almost never
publish in these kinds of journals(58). These characteristics are not just evident with respect to first
publications with Open Access publishers or in Open Access journals; German social scientists also
rarely use Open Access servers for second publications of published documents or of preprints.
International inquiries confirm these findings(59): social scientists publish work on Open Access
servers less often than is average in other disciplines and are often not familiar with any Open Access
journals in which they could publish their work.
不過，德國研究基金會於 2005 年發表的研究報告(註 56)指出：相對於其他的學科，德國的社會
科學家對開放近用沒什麼認識, 也不知道相關的倡議與聲明(註 57)。他們不太了解相關的開放近
用學刊, 幾乎不曾把論文交予該等朵刊出版(註 58)。從首個開放近用出版社與開放近用學刊, 很
容易看出這些特色; 德國的社會科學家還很少使用次級開放近用伺服器, 出版已問世的文件或預
印本。國際性的調查研究, 證實了這些結果(註 59)：與其他學科相比, 社會科學家較少在開放近
用伺服器出版其作品，而且不熟悉任何可出版其論文的開放近用學刊。
註 56: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Publikationsstrategien im Wandel? Ergebnisse einer
Umfrage zum Publikations- und Rezeptionsverhalten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Open
Access, Bonn 2005.
註 57: 這裡的社會科學指的是: 社會學、社會研究、政治學、教育學、心理學、經濟學及法學等,
也包括更中廣泛的媒體研究、民族學與人類學。
註 58: 或許可歸咎於沒有像科學公共圖書館或生物醫中心之類的出版社。
註 59：Swan, Alma & Brown, Sheridan, Open Access self-archiving: An author study, Truro (UK)
2005.
This lack of knowledge stands in contrast to the numerous services that are available: in Germany, the
institutional Open Access server coverage for authors at the local university is exemplary(60).
However, fewer than 20% of the documents on these servers(61) come from the social sciences.
According to a DFG study, social scientists, more than other academics, request discipline-based
servers. Already existing examples in the social sciences are the Munich Personal RePEc Archive
MPRA of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität of Munich for economists (http://mpra.ub.uni-
muenchen.de), and PsyDok, the psychology server of the Saarland University and State Library (http://
psydok.sulb.uni-saarland.de). Similar servers are being set up with the Social Science Open Access
Repository (SSOAR) at the Centre for Digital Systems (CediS) of the Freie Universität Berlin in
cooperation with the Social Science Information Centre (IZ Sozialwissenschaften) in Bonn, or

2. Pedagogical Documents (PeDoc) by the German Institute for International Pedagogical Research
(DIPF).
缺乏知識反而有多種服務可用：在德國，機構的開放近用伺服器在各大學裡處處可見(註 60)。
然而，這些伺服器(註 61)上的文件，只有不到 20 ％來自於社會科學。據德國研究基金會的研
究，社會科學家比其他領域的學者更期望使用學科型的伺服器。社會科學的例子有：慕尼黑大
學供經濟學家使用的個人典藏所(http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de)，以及薩爾大學與邦立圖書館供
心理學使用的典藏所(http://psydok.sulb.uni-saarland.de)。其他地方還有類似的伺服器：與伯恩社
會科學資訊中心合作，柏林自由大學數位系統中心建置的社會科學開放近用典藏所、德國國際
教育研究所的教育文獻。
註 60 Van Westrienen, Gerard & Lynch, Clifford, ‘Academic Institutional Repositories. Deployment
Status in 13 Nations as of Mid 2005’, in: D-Lib Magazine 11 (2005),
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/september05/westrienen/09westrienen.html.
註 61：參見 Deutsche Initiative für Netzwerkinformation DINI e.V. (http://www.dini.de).
Of more than 2 600 journals listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ:
http://www.doaj.org), approximately 23% can be attributed to the social sciences, and fewer than 20 are
published in Germany. The frontrunner is the trilingual journal Forum: Qualitative Social Research
FQS (http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs/), which has already been accessed some 16 million
times. It is probably the most important online journal for qualitative social research. Others to be
mentioned are Survey Research Methods (http://surveymethods.org), the psychology journal Brains,
Minds & Media (http://www.brains-minds-media.org) and the education journal Bildungsforschung
(http://www.bildungsforschung.org).
開放近用學刊目錄(http//www.doaj.org)收錄 2600 多種學刊，約有 23 ％屬於社會科學領域，其中
只有不到 20 學刊在德國出版。三語的學刊論壇跑在最前端：質化社會研究
FQS(http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs/)，可能是質化社會研究領域裡最重要的學刊, 已被瀏
覽了 1 千 6 百萬次。其他被提到的學刊, 還有調查研究方法(http://surveymethods.org)、心理學學
刊腦心與媒體(http://www.brains-minds-media.org)、教育學學刊教育研究(http:/ /
www.bildungsforschung.org)。
The acceptance of Open Access depends on its recognition within a specific area of expertise. There
are some positive signals here: the German Sociological Association (Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Soziologie, DGS), the German Educational Research Association (Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Erziehungswissenschaft, DGfE) and the German Psychological Society (Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Psychologie, DGPs) are represented on the advisory committee of the Information Platform on Open
Access. (http://www.open-access.net), which addresses scientists and scholars, universities and learned
societies. The DGPs even makes recommendations regarding Open Access. As the DFG study shows,
this is the right way to go: the more knowledge of and experience with Open Access there is, the fewer
the reservations.
對公開近用的接受度, 取決於特定領域專業知識的支持。另有一些正面的消息：德國社會學學會
(Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie, DGS)、德國教育研究學會(Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Erziehungswissenschaft, DGfE)和德國心理學會(Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie, DGPs)等三
個學會, 派了代表出席由科學家與學者、大學與學會組成的開放近用資訊平台(http://www.open-
access.net)諮詢委員會。德國心理學會甚至推薦開放近用。如德國研究基金會研究所示, 正確的
方向是: 對開放近用的瞭解及經驗是接受的基礎。

3. p. 84-85
開放近用 : 機會及挑戰, http://tinyurl.com/dck7v9
Open Access : Opportunities and Challenges. A handbook [開放近用 : 機會及挑戰] / European
Commission, German Commission for UNESCO. -- Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of
the European Communities, 2008. -- 144 p., 14.8 x 21.0 cm. -- ISBN 978-92-79-06665-8. -- EUR
23459, http://tinyurl.com/3q8wo5
Open Access : Chancen und Herausforderungen : ein Handbuch. -- Bonn : Deutsche UNESCO-
Kommission, 2007. -- 136 Seiten. -- ISBN 3-927907-96-0.
http://www.unesco.de/fileadmin/medien/Dokumente/Kommunikation/Handbuch_Open_Access.pdf