Show the team building and leadership

1. MGT1027
FUNDAMENTALS OF TEAM
BUILDING AND LEADERSHIP

2. • A group is defined as two or more individuals,
interacting and interdependent, who have come
together to achieve particular objectives.
• Groups can be either formal or informal.
• Formal groups: those defined by the
organization’s structure.
• Informal groups: alliances that are neither
formally structured nor organizationally
determined.

4. Why people join groups?
• Proximity, interaction, and influence
• Security
• Status
• Self-esteem
• Affiliation
• Power
• Identity
• Goal achievement
• Huddling

5. • Social identity theory: considers
when and why individuals consider
themselves members of groups.
• People have emotional reactions
to the failure or success of their
group because their self-esteem
gets tied into the performance of
the group.
• Social identities help us
understand who we are and
where we fit in with people.

6. • Ingroup favoritism occurs when we see members of our
group as better than other people, and people not in our
group as all the same.
• Whenever there is an ingroup, there is by necessity an
outgroup, which is sometimes everyone else, but is
usually an identified group known by the ingroup’s
members.

7. • Ingroups and outgroups pave the way for social identity threat, which is akin
to stereotype threat.
• Individuals believe they will be personally negatively evaluated due to their
association with a devalued group, and they may lose confidence and
performance effectiveness.

8. PRE CLASS READING
• https://www.simplypsychology.org/zimbardo.html

10. • small, intimate clusters of close associates, such as families, good
friends, or cliques of peers
• They influence behaviour, feelings and judgement of their members.
• Group dispersed – still feel part of the group.
• Mostly become part of the group involuntarily
• They are fundamental in forming the social nature and ideals of the
individual.

11. • Less intimate and more in public settings
• Larger and formally organized than primary groups and
memberships tend to be shorter in duration and less
emotionally involving.
• Also called as Secondary groups or associations or task
groups
• Examples: Adventure Expedition, military squads,
governing boards, construction workers, teams, crews,
dance troupes, orchestras, bands, ensembles, classes,

12. • Come into existence when people are together by
something – an event, an activity, or even danger.
• The group dissolves when the experience ends.
• The member of collectives are joined by their common
interest or shared action
• Examples: A crowd watching a building burn, audiences in
a movie theatre, line of people waiting to purchase
tickets, panicking mobs fleeing from danger.

13. • A social category is a collection of individuals who are similar to one
another in some way.
• Example: Citizens of Ireland – Irish,
• A perceptual grouping of people who are assumed to be similar to
one another in some ways but different in one or more ways, such as
all women, the elderly, college students, or all the citizens of a specific
country.
• Social categories tend to create divisions between people, and those
divisions can result in a sense of we and us versus they and them.

15. • Group is initially coming together
• Period is characterized by shyness and uncertainty among members
• Extraverted outspoken members may rapidly assume some kind of
leadership role
• Maintenance concerns are predominating
• Why are we here? What are we doing?
• What is our goal?

16. • Once established – period of vying for positions and roles within the
group
• Some seek out and compete for status, control, authority and
influence.
• Disagreements and arguments arise
• In the end, roles are eventually allocated.
• The initial leaders may not survive this period, it is the most
uncomfortable phase of the group’s life

17. • Internal group structure now sorted, group identity takes shape.
• What kind of behaviours and contributions are acceptable and
normalized within the group?
• Norms create structure. What do we stand for?
• Group can readily slip back into storming stage
• Cooperation

18. • Work and progress commences on the basis of a relatively stable
group structure
• Moving in union, towards goals and completion
• Action, results
• Team cohesion and identity.

19. • Completion and disengagement
• Separation and ending from tasks and members.
• Pride and accomplishment maybe felt
• Recognise the sense of loss felt by group members.

21. 1. Composition: The qualities of the individuals who are members of
the group.
2. Boundaries: The relationships that link member to one another
define who is in the group. Those who are in the group are
recognized as members. Others are outsiders.
3. Size: Small group have less different structures, processes and
pattern of interaction than the large one.

22. 4. Interactions: People do all sort
of actions – talking over issues,
getting into arguments, and
making decisions. Upset each
other, support and help each
other. Task interaction and
Relationship interaction
5. Interdependence: Mutual
dependence, as when one’s
outcomes, actions, thoughts,
feelings, experiences are
influenced to some degree by
other people.

23. 5. Structure: How the group is organised? – Members are not
connected at random- who talks to whom, who dislikes whom, who
can be counted in to perform tasks, who others looks for guidance –
leader and followers- group norms.
6. Goal: What is the group’s purpose?
7. Unity: Bonding together that they
resist any competing attractions.

24. • Do humans, by nature, seek solitude or inclusion in groups?
• When do people embrace collectivism by putting the group’s needs
before their own?
• What processes transform an individual’s sense of self into a
collective, social identity?

25. All human beings, “have a
pervasive drive to form and
maintain at least a minimum
quantity of lasting, positive, and
impactful interpersonal
relationships.”
Roy Baumeister & Mark Leary (1995, p. 497).

26. Isolation to Inclusion
Need to
Belong
Inclusion and
exclusion
Inclusion
and
Human Nature
Individualism to
Collectivism
Micro:
The Social Self
Meso:
The Group Culture
Macro:
Collectivism across
Cultures
Personal Identity to Social
Identity
Social
Identity
Theory
Motivation
and Social
Identity

27. Reasons why you are isolated?

28. Isolation can be rejuvenating, but:
• Isolated individuals (e.g., stranded explorers)
report negative effects
• Solitary confinement recognized as a severe
punishment
• People seek membership in a variety of
groups
• People build their “social capital” by creating
online and face-to-face relationships

30. Lovers
Regulars at a bar
Rescue team
Audience
Married couple
Best friends
Hobby club
A class in college
Small family
Commune
Work team
Therapy group
Sorority
Space station crew
Crowd
Support group
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Psychological
intimacy
(emotional
loneliness)
Integrated involvement (social)

31. Rejection Acceptance
Maximum
Exclusion
Active
Exclusion
Passive
Exclusion
Ambivalence
Passive
Inclusion
Active
Inclusion
Maximum
Inclusion
Group rejects
or ostracizes
person
Group avoids
person
Group
ignores
person
Group neither
accepts nor
rejects individual
Group allows
member to
join
Group
welcomes
member
Group actively
recruits
member

32. • Ostracism: Excluding one or
more individuals from a group by
reducing or eliminating contact
with the person, usually by
ignoring, shunning, or explicitly
banishing them.

33. Fight vs Flight Tend and Befriend
• Withdrawal and freezing
• Aggressive, combative
orientation
• Attention to social cues
• Increased motivation
• Prosocial orientation

34. Solomon Asch and Perceptions of Line Lengths

35. CONFORMITY
Changing behaviour because of real or imagined group pressure
OBEDIENCE
Following direct commands, usually from an authority figure
Why do we conform?
Normative Social Influence
 Need for approval and acceptance
Informational Social Influence
 Need for information and direction
Compliance
 Changing one’s behaviour while still internally disagreeing with the group.
Internalization
 We change our behaviour because we want to be like them

36. • Tendency to shift toward more extreme
positions after the group discussion.
• Example: Theft in the office
• 3 kinds of decisions can be taken
• Suspend the employee for 2 days
• Give a warning and leave him
• Terminate him from the job.

37. • Phenomenon that occurs when
a group of individuals reaches a
consensus without critical reasoning or
evaluation of the consequences or
alternatives.
• Groupthink is based on a common
desire not to upset the balance of
a group of people.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWEvJciU0Zc

38. Symptoms of group think
1. Illusions of invulnerability: lead members of the group to be overly optimistic and
engage in risk taking
2. Unquestioned beliefs: lead members to ignore possible moral problems and ignore
consequences of individual and group actions
3. Rationalizing: prevents members from reconsidering their beliefs and causes them to
ignore warning signs
4. Stereotyping: leads members of the in group to ignore or even demonize out-group
members who may oppose or challenge the group ideas.
5. Self-censorship: causes people who might have doubts to hide their fears or
misgivings.
6. Mindguards: act as self appointed censors to hide problematic information from the
group.
7. Illusions of unanimity: lead members to believe that everyone is in agreement and
feels the same way
8. Direct pressure: to conform is often placed on members who pose questions and
those who question the group are often seen as disloyal or traitorous.

39. • Tendency of individuals to exert less effort when
working collectively. They would out full effort if
they were working alone.
• Maximillian Ringelmann – Tug of War game
• Causes:
1. Loss of a sense of individual responsibility
2. Reduced Belief in the value contributions