Explains steps involved in doing school or college projects. Research methodology

1. Essential Information and Tips
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam

2. RESEARCH
=
RE + SEARCH
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

3. RESEARCH
is a
CAREFUL AND DETAILED STUDY
into a
SPECIFIC PROBLEM, CONCERN, OR ISSUE
using the
SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

4. Research Problem
 Literature Review
 Actual problems faced
 Discussions with experts/mentors

5. Research Problem
 Is it significant?
 Are you really interested in it?
 Is it novel?
 Is it an important area?
High cost, high risk?
 Can it be studied?

6. Different Research Strategies
Strategy
Form of Research
Question
Requires
control over
behavioural
events
Focuses over
contemporary
events
Experiment How, Why Yes Yes
Survey
Who, What, Where,
How many, How much
No Yes
Archival
Analysis
Who, What, Where,
How many, How much
No Yes/No
History How, Why No No
Case study How, Why No Yes
Yin (2003), Case Study Research. USA : Sage, p. 6

7. Literature Review
Study
Hypothesis
Study
Question
Study
Aim
What is Known
What is not Known

8. Sampling
People
Place
Time
S
A
M
P
L
I
N
G

9. Research Problem
As described by the Government of Maharashtra, the
Mumbai City District extends from Colaba in the south
to Mahim and Sion in the north and the Mumbai
Suburban District consists of Kurla, Borivali and
Andheri.http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumb
ai/mumbaiplanShow.php)

10. Statistical Tests
Mean
Median
Mode
H Test
Correlation
Duckworth’s Test
Dunnett’s Test
Durbin Watson Test
Wilcoxon-Wilcox Test
UMP Test
U TestSpearman Rank Corelation
Test
Link Wallace Test

11. Statistical Tests
 What Scales of measurement have been used?
Nominal Scale – Numerical Scale
(e.g. Assign 1 for Male and 2 For Female)
Ordinal Scale – Categorical Scale
(e.g. Highly Satisfied, Somehow Satisfied, Dissatisfied)
Interval Scale – Difference Scale
(e.g. Greater than, Lesser than a standard value)

12. Statistical Tests
 Which hypothesis has been tested?
Hypothesis of Difference
(e.g. is there a significant difference in expectations of
city and suburban students about library collection?)
Hypothesis of Association
(e.g. is there any relationship between number of
students enrolled and age of the college with the
actual library collection)

13. Statistical Tests
 If hypothesis of difference has been tested then
are the samples
Independent
Dependent
 How many sets of measures are involved?

14. Statistical Tests
Tabulate the Data
Pictorial representation
Read Statistics Books
Talk with Experts
Select Data Analysis Software
e.g. Microsoft Excel/ SPSS/

15. PROJECT GUIDELINES
 Blue or Black ink
 Minimum 10-15 pages
 Maximum 1 page of pictures
 Fill up
Title Page
Certificate
Declaration
Index page
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

16. HOW TO START
Copy from one,
it's Plagiarism; copy from many,
it's Research.
- Wilson Mizner (1876-1933)
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

17. HOW TO START
PLAGIARISM
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics
Laxmi Pillai
Madhuri Tikam
Niren Mehta

18. HOW TO START
PLAGIARISM
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics
Laxmi Pillai
Madhuri Tikam
Niren Mehta
(Pillai, 2012)
(Mehta, 2010)
(Tikam, 2014)

19. REFERENCES WITHIN THE TEXT
The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that in 90
years, average global temperatures and sea level will increase between 1.8
C- 4.0 C and 8 and 59 cms respectively with extremes of the hydrologic
cycle as floods and droughts and 2% to 3% of global deforestation each
year. (Bansal, 2010).
(Surname of first author, Year of Publication)
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

20. HOW TO START
 Limited Google search
 Research-based articles
( 5- 7)
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

21. HOW TO SEARCH
 Books
 Journals
 WebPages
 Reports
 Newspaper articles
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

22. HOW TO SEARCH
 DOAJ (www.doaj.org)
(Free: Directory of Open Access Journals - 9922 journals )
 NLIST (nlist.inflibnet.ac.in)
(Paid – 3100 + Journals
75000 + E books)
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

23. HOW TO SEARCH
 DOAJ (www.doaj.org)
(Free: Directory of Open Access Journals - 9922 journals )
 NLIST (nlist.inflibnet.ac.in)
(Paid – 3100 + Journals
75000 + E books)

24. (www.doaj.org)
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

25. Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

26. Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

27. Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

28. Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

29. PROJECT OUTLINE
Introduction
Aims & Objectives
Need & Importance
Methodology
Data collected
Findings
Discussion
Conclusion
Bibliography / References
Annexure
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

30. PROJECT OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION
Definition
Background of the topic
e.g. As per World English Dictionary ,
an increase in the average temperature worldwide believed to be caused b
y the greenhouse effect is known as Global Warming.
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

31. PROJECT OUTLINE
AIMS & OBJECTIVES
 To examine factors influencing ...
 To compare ...
 To find out ...
 To study ...
 To understand ...
 To specify ...
 To suggest ...
 To design guidelines …
 To gauge gap between ...
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

32. PROJECT OUTLINE
NEED & IMPORTANCE
 Why the issue under study is crucial?
(Issue is new/ important for the society/ etc.)
 How the collected information will be useful to readers.
(clarifies the issue, not much data is available, explains in brief, easy to
read, etc.)
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

33. PROJECT OUTLINE
SCOPE & LIMITATIONS
 What is covered?
 What is not covered? Why?
(limited to Mumbai, limited to 15 respondents, etc. )
(Limited time, methodology limitations, etc.)
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

34. PROJECT OUTLINE
METHODOLOGY
 Literature Search: For documentary resources, the researchers had used
books, journal articles, proceedings of seminars and conferences, reports of
visits, dissertations and Web pages.
 Survey – Questionnaire was circulated to the … (5-10)
 Interviews – Interviews were conducted to extract information from …
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

35. PROJECT OUTLINE
METHODOLOGY
 Visits - Institutions like … were visited to study the …
 Observation - In order to understand the nature of the problem, the
researchers themselves collected the information by observing …
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

36. PROJECT OUTLINE
SAMPLE SELECTED
Gender wise
Age wise
Area wise
Economic status wise
Social status wise
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

37. PROJECT OUTLINE
DATA COLLECTED
FINDINGS
DISCUSSION / SUGGESTIONS /
OPINIONS*
CONCLUSION
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

38. PROJECT OUTLINE
BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES
Book:
Surname, Name. (Year). Title of the Book, Publisher, Place of Publication,
Year
Brown, Paul. (1999). Global warming: can civilization survive ? University
Press, Hyderabad, 1999.
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

39. PROJECT OUTLINE
BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES
JOURNAL:
Surname, Name. (Year). Title of the Article, Name of the Journal, Vol. No.,
Issue No., Page no.s.
Bansal, Neha ; Garda, Hormaz & Padmani, Ghanshyam . (2010). Study on
global warming and fuel conservation in surat city, National Journal of
Community Medicine, Vol. 1, Issue 1. p. 50-52.
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

40. PROJECT OUTLINE
BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES
webpage:
Entry. Retrieved September 21, 2013 from Webaddress
Bansal, Neha ; Garda, Hormaz & Padmani, Ghanshyam . (2010). Study on
global warming and fuel conservation in surat city, National Journal of
Community Medicine, Vol. 1, Issue 1. p. 50-52. Retrieved September 21, 2013
from njcmindia.org/uploads/01-01_50-52.pdf -
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

41. PROJECT OUTLINE
BIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES
Book:
Surname, Name. (Year). Title of the Book, Publisher, Place of Publication,
Year
Journal:
Surname, Name. (Year). Title of the Article, Name of the Journal, Vol. No.,
Issue No., Page no.s.
webpage:
Entry. Retrieved September 21, 2013 from Webaddress
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

42. PROJECT OUTLINEBIBLIOGRAPHY / REFERENCES
Bansal, Neha ; Garda, Hormaz & Padmani, Ghanshyam
. (2010). Study on global warming and fuel conservation
in surat city, National Journal of Community Medicine,
Vol. 1, Issue 1. p. 50-52.
Brown, Paul. (1999). Global warming: can civilization
survive ? University Press, Hyderabad, 1999.
Garda, Hormaz & Padmani, Ghanshyam . (2010). Study
on global warming and fuel conservation in surat city,
National Journal of Community Medicine, Vol. 1, Issue 1.
p. 50-52. Retrieved September 21, 2013 from
njcmindia.org/uploads/01-01_50-52.pdf -
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

43. PROJECT OUTLINE
Annexure
• Survey Questionnaire
• Interview Schedule
• List of Interviewees
• Addresses of visited institutes
• Additional data
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics

44. TIPS
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics
Third Person Approach
Keep in mind your Audience
Use Simple Language

45. TIPS
Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics
Write in Third Persom
Check Grammar/Spellings/Flow
Bibliographic Style

46. Dr. Madhuri V. Tikam
H R College of Commerce & Economics