This document provides guidance on how to write a policy brief in 4 steps: 1) Define the problem, 2) State the policy, 3) Make your case with data and evidence, and 4) Discuss the impact. It also provides 4 tips for writing policy briefs, such as calling it a "policy brief" in the title, stating the conclusion at the beginning, remaining objective, and restating the key message at the start and end. The guidance is intended to help health professionals translate clinical experience or research into policy terms by outlining a clear structure for a concise policy brief.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
Suppose you have a random variable that is uniformly distributed b.docx
1. Suppose you have a random variable that is uniformly
distributed between 1 and 29. What is the expected value for
this random variable? Answer to one decimal place if necessary.
1 points
QUESTION 4
Suppose you have a random variable that is uniformly
distributed between 123 and 167. What is the expected value
for this random variable? Answer to one decimal place if
necessary.
1 points
QUESTION 5
Suppose you have a random variable that is uniformly
distributed between 29 and 76. What is the variance for this
random variable? Answer to one decimal place if necessary.
2 points
QUESTION 6
Suppose you have a random variable that is uniformly
distributed between 63 and 733. What is the probability of
observing a random draw greater than or equal to 278? Answer
to three decimal place if necessary.
2 points
QUESTION 7
Suppose you have a random variable that is uniformly
distributed between 0 and 2. What is the probability of
observing a random draw greater than or equal to 0.19? Answer
to three decimal place if necessary.
2 points
QUESTION 8
An Italian restaurant advertises that carryout orders take about
2. 25 minutes. Assume that the time it takes for an order to be
ready follows the exponential distribution with a mean of 25.
What is the probability that an order will be ready within 19
minutes? Answer to three decimal places if needed.
2 points
QUESTION 9
A Thai restaurant advertises that carryout orders take about 20
minutes. Assume that the time it takes for an order to be ready
follows the exponential distribution with a mean of 20. What is
the probability that an order will take longer than 28 minutes?
Answer to three decimal places if needed.
2 points
QUESTION 10
Suppose that the weight of cereal in a box is normally
distributed around a mean of 20, measured in ounces, with a
standard deviation of 0.11. What is the z value for a box with
19.85 ounces of cereal? Answer to three decimal places if
needed.
2 points
QUESTION 11
Suppose that the weight of cereal in a box is normally
distributed around a mean of 15, measured in ounces, with a
standard deviation of 0.07. What is the z value for a box with
14.97 ounces of cereal? Answer to three decimal places if
needed.
2 points
QUESTION 12
Suppose that the loan amount on mortgages for a particular zip
code is normally distributed with a mean of 151,909, measured
in dollars, with a standard deviation of 14,597. What is the z
value for a loan of 165,046 dollars? Answer to three decimal
places if needed.
3. 1 points
QUESTION 13
Suppose that the auto loans from a bank are normally
distributed with a mean of $23,334 and a standard deviation of
3,412. What is the probability that a randomly selected loan
will be for more than $23,334? Answer to three decimal places
if necessary.
1 points
QUESTION 14
Suppose that the auto loans from a bank are normally
distributed with a mean of $23,334 and a standard deviation of
3,412. What is the probability that a randomly selected loan
will be for more than $25,000? Answer to three decimal places
if necessary.
1 points
QUESTION 15
Suppose that the auto loans from a bank are normally
distributed with a mean of $23,334 and a standard deviation of
3,412. What is the probability that a randomly selected loan
will be for less than $26,000? Answer to three decimal places if
necessary.
1 points
QUESTION 16
A uniformly distributed random variable
must be discrete.
must be between 0 and 1.
has the same density for all possible values that the random
variable can take on.
has a variance equal to the mean.
1 points
QUESTION 17
4. The number of cars that a family owns is a continuous variable.
True
False
1 points
QUESTION 18
The total amount a cereal company spends on payroll is a
continuous variable.
True
False
1 points
QUESTION 19
The average of 2, 4, 6 is
1
2
3
4
1 points
QUESTION 20
The minimum of 2, 4, 6 is
1
2
3
4
1 points
QUESTION 21
For the exponential distribution the mean and standard
deviation are
the same.
unrelated.
related by the square root function.
related by the exponential pdf.
1 points
5. QUESTION 22
The ________ distribution has the following CDF: 1-exp(-x/μ).
Use all lower case letters and double check your spelling.
1 points
QUESTION 23
The exponential distribution is symmetric.
True
False
1 points
QUESTION 24
For the normal distribution the mean and variance are
the same.
unrelated.
related by the square root function.
related by the normal pdf.
1 points
QUESTION 25
The normal distribution is symmetric.
True
False
1 points
QUESTION 26
The uniform distribution is symmetric.
True
False
How to Write a Health Policy Brief
Shale L. Wong, MD, MSPH,
6. and Larry A. Green, MD
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Andrew W. Bazemore, MD, MPH
Robert Graham Policy Center, Washington, DC
Benjamin F. Miller, PsyD
University of Colorado School of Medicine
Although many health care professionals are interested in health
policy, relatively few
have training in how to utilize their clinical experience and
scientific knowledge to
impact policy. Developing a policy brief is one approach that
health professionals may
use to draw attention to important evidence that relates to
policy. This article offers
guidance on how to write a policy brief by outlining 4 steps: (a)
define the problem, (b)
state the policy, (c) make your case, and (d) discuss the impact.
The steps and tips offer
a starting point for health care professionals interested in health
policy and translating
research or clinical experience to impact policy.
Keywords: health policy, policy brief, healthcare
In today’s practice of medicine, clinicians,
researchers and health professionals are fre-
quently interested in health policy and seek
opportunities to weigh in on issues where they
may be both well-informed and well-positioned
to take action. However, traditional training of
health professionals does not prepare us to con-
sider or discuss our work for the purpose of
7. impacting policy. Understanding some basic
guidance for translating unique clinical experi-
ence or scientific knowledge into policy terms,
is the first step toward developing a policy lens.
A well-written policy brief has a clear and spe-
cific purpose and assumes the author’s under-
standing of what it is, and what it is not, as well
as clearly targeting the audience for whom it is
intended. Writing a brief, while conceptually
straightforward, may be challenging to initiate
or compose. We offer an approach to preparing
a policy brief, aiming to provide a point of
departure for individuals in the health profes-
sions who seek a starting place.
If policy may broadly be considered movement
in a direction for a reason, a policy brief would in
turn be a focused discussion of an action to
achieve intentional and purposeful movement.
This discussion should include the best available
data or evidence to support a devised policy or
range of policy options, and a narrative analysis
that considers the impact of a proposed policy. As
important as it is to know what constitutes a policy
brief, it is important to recognize what a policy
brief is not. A policy brief is not equivalent to an
advocacy statement and while it may inform or
motivate action, it should refrain from advocating
a singular call to action. Nor is it an opinion
piece that could suggest implications beyond
parameters defined by the supportive evidence.
A policy brief is analytic in nature and allows
the author to remain objective even if the evi-
dence appears persuasive. Furthermore, a brief
is by definition, brief, which often presents the
8. greatest challenge to an author who must share
the specific purpose while limiting the compre-
This article was published Online First December 1,
2016.
Shale L. Wong, MD, MSPH, Department of Pediatric,
Eugene S. Farley, Jr. Health Policy Center, University of
Colorado School of Medicine; Larry A. Green, MD, De-
partment of Family Medicine, Eugene S. Farley, Jr. Health
Policy Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine;
Andrew W. Bazemore, MD, MPH, Robert Graham Policy
Center, Washington, DC; Benjamin F. Miller, PsyD, De-
partment of Family Medicine, Eugene S. Farley, Jr. Health
Policy Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine.
Correspondence concerning this article should be ad-
dressed to Benjamin F. Miller, PsyD, Department of Family
Medicine, Eugene S. Farley, Jr. Health Policy Center, Uni-
versity of Colorado School of Medicine, 12631 East 17th
Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail: [email protected]
ucdenver.edu
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13. 2017, Vol. 35, No. 1, 21–24 1091-7527/17/$12.00
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fsh0000238
21
mailto:[email protected]
mailto:[email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fsh0000238
hensive context, rationale and potential variabil-
ity in implementation, regulation or application
of a proposed policy.
The first step is to call it what it is, a policy
brief. Include those words in the title to frame
the issue that follows. A variety of other kinds
of documents may make mention of policy but
clearly have a different focus. Issue and re-
search briefs may present data and evidence to
articulate a problem without necessarily sug-
gesting policy as a solution. In contrast, a policy
brief puts front and center the problem to be
addressed by policy, then presents relevant ev-
idence to support or analyze a proposed policy.
Consider, for example, the introduction of this
policy brief by Richardson, recently published
in Health Affairs. It begins with a heading of
Health Policy Brief followed by the title, Off-
Label Drug Promotion. In the first paragraph we
read,
. . . the FDA generally does not restrict physician
prescribing practices, and many drugs are prescribed
‘off label’–that is, for indications that have not been
approved by the agency. In recent years there has been
14. renewed debate over whether and how the FDA should
regulate the pharmaceutical industry’s communication
to physicians around off-label uses. (Richardson, 2016)
This early statement very clearly frames the
discussion to follow, regarding potential policy
regulation that would have direct impact on
clinical practice.
There is no ideal length for a policy state-
ment. The framework that we propose is in-
tended for a focused policy brief, 1– 4 pages. A
“one-pager” may present talking points with a
single figure to illustrate key data. Use of im-
ages and infographics, or inclusion of a story
may extend the length but also prove influential
to illustrate the data. A more complete explora-
tion of an issue that describes a variety of policy
options could best be represented in a white
paper of 8, 20, or 50 pages. Different styles and
lengths depend on the purpose, the complexity
of the issue, and perhaps most importantly, the
audience of interest. When we seek the attention
of policymakers, the most relevant data and
framing will take into consideration direct im-
pact on their constituency. A policy action that
impacts a specific interest group will be narrow
in scope, focusing to reduce extraneous noise.
For both narrow and broad audiences under-
standing the political context and environment
is essential. This allows opportunity to bring
forward opposing views and potential barriers
in the form of counter arguments to proposed
policy actions. Table 1 provides examples to
illustrate differences in style and length for pol-
15. icy, research and issue briefs.
For this report, we recognize that our audi-
ence of interest is largely heath care providers,
clinicians, clinical researchers, or those health
professionals who are seeking a way to frame
policy-relevant data in a brief that persuades
deeper review or understanding of a health or
health care issue. This should be considered a
form of health communication that will in turn,
target another audience that has power or inter-
est to influence policy-making. Thus, we offer a
simple framework to guide your development
of a policy brief: 4 steps and 4 tips to get you
started.
Four Steps
Step 1: Define the Problem
What is the issue or the problem? Why is it
important? Why now? Who is impacted and
who cares? When defining your problem, be
specific to your audience and clearly frame the
issue. Who has the influence to make a change
that will address this problem? If the audience is
expected to be policymakers (and their staff),
community leaders (grassroots or grasstops), in-
dustry or nongovernmental organization execu-
tives, the problem should be defined in terms
relevant to their policy intervention, respec-
tively.
Step 2: State the Policy
Identify 1–3 specific policy actions that will
16. address the problem. In a focused policy brief,
the goal is to limit the menu of potential actions
to target a policy approach of interest. A more
extensive policy review or proposal may be a
comprehensive white paper that elucidates
many related policy options. Consider a focused
brief to describe one policy in depth as opposed
to exploring a problem and all of the potential
policy solutions.
Step 3: Make Your Case
Display and describe relevant data using 1–2
figures or tables; declare potential bias based on
the data sources; refer to other related policies
22 WONG, GREEN, BAZEMORE, AND MILLER
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21. Briefly discuss the implications of both action
and inaction; analyze estimated pros and cons of
the policy action; consider intended and unin-
tended consequences; address opposing argu-
ments. Conclude with a restatement of how this
policy specifically addresses this problem.
Four Tips: General Recommendations
1. Call your document a policy brief. Title the
brief with a name that refers to the problem
and/or the policy. Clarity is critical.
2. State your conclusion at the beginning. Be
bold and clear with your key point. Then,
provide analysis to support the statement.
Use illustrative images, figures or a select
story to bring data to life.
3. Remain objective rather than impassioned in
your analysis. Remember, this is not an
opinion editorial. There is a place for that
style of writing. Do not confuse the two.
This is a policy statement.
4. Restate your key message to start and end
with impact.
Many authors of policy briefs share an un-
derstanding and realization that they are hard to
write. This is in part because strength lies in
brevity and brevity challenges inclusion of ev-
erything needed and nothing more, however
interesting “more” may seem. As with all guid-
ing frameworks, these steps should not be mis-
22. construed as a singular formula for a policy
brief. At best, these steps may provide modest
assistance to those who strive to improve policy
Table 1
Examples of Different Briefs
Type of Brief Title Length Audience
Policy one-pager Fewer Americans Report a Personal Physician
as
Their Usual Source of Health Care.
1 page Family medicine providers, others
in primary care
Anuradha Jetty, et al. American Family
Physician, December, 2015
http://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/1215/p1053.pdf
Policy brief Off-Label Drug Promotion. 4 pages Policymakers,
health
professionals, journalistsElizabeth Richardson. Health Affairs,
June, 2016
http://www.healthaffairs.org/healthpolicybriefs/
brief.php?brief_id�159
Policy white
paper
Recommendations for Acute Care Delivery and
Payment Reform.
10 pages Policymakers, health professionals
23. Jesse Pines, et al. Brookings Institute, July, 2015
https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/
2016/06/072414-Recommendations-for-Acute-
Care-Delivery-and-Payment-Reform-WEB.pdf
Research brief Moving Toward Active Transportation: 6 pages
Local policy and community
decision makers, health and
environment professionals
How Policies Can Encourage Walking and
Bicycling.
Ralph Buehler, et al. Active Living Research,
January, 2016
http://activelivingresearch.org/sites/default/files/
ALR_Review_ActiveTransport_January2016
.pdf
Issue brief Children’s Health Coverage: The Role of
Medicaid and CHIP and Issues for the Future.
9 pages Policymakers, journalists, general
public
Elizabeth Cornacione, et al. Kaiser Family
Foundation, June, 2016
http://files.kff.org/attachment/Issue-Brief-
Childrens-Health-Coverage-The-Role-of-
Medicaid-and-CHIP-and-Issues-for-the-
Future
23HOW TO WRITE A HEALTH POLICY BRIEF
29. Coverage-The-Role-of-Medicaid-and-CHIP-and-Issues-for-the-
Future
http://files.kff.org/attachment/Issue-Brief-Childrens-Health-
Coverage-The-Role-of-Medicaid-and-CHIP-and-Issues-for-the-
Future
http://files.kff.org/attachment/Issue-Brief-Childrens-Health-
Coverage-The-Role-of-Medicaid-and-CHIP-and-Issues-for-the-
Future
by using evidence and need to wrestle complex
issues into a form that is understandable by both
experts and novices who care about an issue and
are positioned to move in a direction for a
reason. The value of bringing practicing health
professionals into the policy discussion cannot
be overstated. Policy changes and reform shape
every element of medicine and clinical practice
today. With transformation, comes opportunity
to guide and shape decision making that is
grounded in evidence and clinical experience.
Translating health communication for a policy-
focused audience ensures that our voice is heard
and we remain engaged in shaping our future.
References
Buehler, R., Götschi, T., & Winters, M. (2016). Mov-
ing toward active transportation: How policies
can encourage walking and bicycling. San Diego,
CA: Active Living Research. Retrieved from
www.activelivingresearch.org
Cornachione, E., Rudowitz, R., & Artiga, S. (2016).
Issue brief: Children’s health coverage: The role
of Medicaid and CHIP and issues for the future.
30. Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Unin-
sured, Kaiser Family Foundation.
Jetty, A., Green, L., Bazemore, A. W., & Petterson,
S. M. (2015). Fewer Americans report a personal
physician as their usual source of health care.
American Family Physician, 92, 1053.
Pines, J., Wiler, J., George, M., McStay, F., & Mc-
Clellan, M. (2015). Center for health policy at
Brookings—July 2015 health policy brief: Recom-
mendations for acute care delivery and payment
reform. Retrieved from http://www.brookings.edu/
research/papers/2015/07/24-%20acute-care-
delivery-payment-reform-pines
Richardson, E. (2016). Health policy brief: Off-label
drug promotion. Health Affairs. Retrieved from
http://www.healthaffairs.org/healthpolicybriefs/
brief.php?brief_id�159
Received July 11, 2016
Revision received September 29, 2016
Accepted October 3, 2016 �
24 WONG, GREEN, BAZEMORE, AND MILLER
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36. project comprised of five (5) themes, including overview of the
legal system, business organizational structures, torts and
product liability, contracts, and agency.
General Introduction: BMGT 380 Course Project
Starting a new business or expanding an existing business
requires a great deal of preparation, market and industry
analysis, legal consultation, and examination of the legal factors
relevant to a specific business. It is particularly important to
understand potential legal risk and liabilities for a new business
operating within a specific industry.
Using a real-life business scenario, the 380 course project
focuses on a start-up business developed by four owners.
_____________________________________________________
_______
The BMGT 380 course centers on the story of a company, The
Largo Group (TLG), a business consulting and research
company based in Maryland that advises and conducts research
for potential owners considering start-up businesses. You and
your classmates will be active participants in the story acting as
consultant-employees of TLG assigned to complete consulting-
related and/or research assignments and projects for TLG
clients throughout the course.
Your TLG assignments begin with an overview of the legal
system that is important background for business owners. Other
TLG assignments will concentrate on four (4) categories of
business law principles that present significant risks and
liabilities for start-up businesses:
(1) tort law, including negligence, premises liability, and
product liability,
(2) contract law, including Uniform Commercial Code sales and
lease contracts, and e-contracts,
(3) agency law, and
(4) business organizational structures, sometimes called
business forms.
37. Starting a new business requires extensive preparation, market
research, and examination of the legal environment of business.
Identifying the nature and scope of legal risks and liabilities
that affect business practices and decisions is essential before
organizing a business. Exploring ways to prevent, minimize
and resolve risks and liabilities is also important in forming a
new business.
The primary focus for the 380 course and assignments for TLG
clients will center on the question:
How can a business owner identify and minimize legal risks and
liabilities associated with operating a business?
_____________________________________________________
_______
Background: The Largo Group (TLG)
After graduating with a B.S. in Management, you have been
working for TLG for three years as an assistant consultant for
Winnie James and Ralph Anders, senior consultants who jointly
direct the commercial trades and service industry consulting
division for TLG.
Winnie and Ralph have assigned you to assist them advising
their new client, a start-up commercial cleaning company named
Green Clean.
Background: Green Clean
Connor, Ali, Madison and Sam are all successful business
owners who are friends or professional acquaintances in the
business community. Connor has been the project manager for
ten years for a construction company owned by a general
contractor. Ali has been the Director of Marketing for a Mid-
Atlantic-based carpet cleaning company with franchises on the
East Coast. Madison owns a mid-sized, successful residential
remodeling business. Sam owns a residential cleaning service
business.
The four recently attended a Chamber of Commerce
presentation about “green” businesses. This spurred their
interest and they went to dinner following the Chamber event to
discuss possible business opportunities. After several meetings,
38. they decided to start a business together. The group decided
that a commercial cleaning business would be a good fit for
their professional experiences, skills, and interests. They
agreed to pursue the possibility of launching a Maryland-based
"green" commercial cleaning service business that they would
like to name Green Clean (GC). They are committed to
operating the new business as an environmentally responsible
company using only chemical-free cleaning products in the new
business.
The four met several times with a business consultant to
complete an analysis of market trends and demands in the
cleaning industry and confirm whether GC would likely be a
viable business. The market analysis showed an increased
demand and need for environmentally responsible cleaning
businesses in the region. Consequently, the group decided to
move forward with their idea to establish and market GC as a
green business.
The group plans to purchase cleaning supplies from
Environmental Pro, Inc. (EPI), a mid-sized manufacturer
incorporated in a nearby state, that produces chemical-free
environmentally-friendly cleaning products. The four are
familiar with the corporation as each has purchased EPI
products for their respective current businesses. The four
friends intend to resell certain EPI products directly to GC
clients. The GC group plans to market and advertise their
services and re-sell EPI products through print, television, radio
media, and via internet sales.
GC will be headquartered in a local shopping center. GC
headquarters will include private business management offices,
a reception area, and conference meeting and planning space to
which potential and existing customers will be invited to
discuss proposals for cleaning jobs, cleaning products, and to
complete contracts for sales and services. The business space
also will be open to the public to collect information and
inquire about GC services, examine cleaning supply displays,
and view photos and exhibits from ongoing and past commercial
39. jobs.
The potential GC owners recently attended a start up business
seminar sponsored by the local chapter of the Small Business
Administration. Following the seminar, the owners began to
define the nature and scope of the work necessary to prepare a
plan for the start-up business. They realize this process
requires time, thoughtful analysis, and clear guidelines.
They also recognize the need for professional business
consultants, such as TLG, to guide their start-up for Green
Clean. Consequently, the four have hired TLG to advise and
guide them through the start-up process for GC.
Green Clean Owner Profiles:
Connor:
He wants an initial 30%-40% interest in GC but wants to limit
his future capital commitment until he is certain the business is
operating smoothly and profitably. He does, however, want the
option to acquire others’ interests if they die or leave the
business for any reason. He also wants to take out money from
the business, in the form of salary, benefits, expenses, and/
dividends, as appropriate, as soon as GC has a healthy net profit
margin.
Connor is most concerned about liability, and although he trusts
the other owners as “straight shooters” and successful business
persons, he is uneasy about working with a group of investors
with whom he has no previous business connections. He wants
to limit his liability in the business to no more than his capital
contribution, and prefers complete protection. If possible, he
wants Key Man Insurance for the owners so all will have
protection if one owner can no longer contribute to business for
any reason.
Connor wants a managerial position so he can make decisions
for day-to-day operations. He believes he is the best person to
run the business as he currently owns a maid service and
understands how to run a successful cleaning service business.
40. Ali:
Ali wants a 25% interest and prefers to minimize additional
investments to protect her cash assets needed for her other
businesses. Her main goal is to realize a return on her
investment as quickly as possible.
Ali wants to minimize her personal liability and protect her
interests in the event of bankruptcy or death of any of the other
owners.
Ail wants to participate in long-term business decisions, and in
major decisions about spending and organizational
commitments, but she does not want to be involved in day-to-
day business activities. She favors hiring a general manager to
run the business, preferably one with commercial cleaning
experience.
Madison:
Madison initially wants to invest up to 40% and is willing to
invest another 5% because she knows start-up businesses often
need more capital. She favors a larger, rather than a smaller,
stake in the business. She wants to take out as much money as
possible from the business, as soon as financially possible.
Madison wants to minimize personal liability, as well as
liability for the business. She realizes the future of the business
is uncertain and she wants maximum protection again all
pitfalls.
Madison is willing to be involved in day-to-day business
operations and has the time to do so because her other business
is running smoothly with competent managers. She wants to
play a key role, along with the other owners, in establishing the
structure, business environment, and culture for Green Clean.
However, she believes that a skilled general manager with
commercial cleaning experience would be optimal for the
business.
Sam:
Sam is willing to commit to an investment of 51% interest in
41. Green Clean, but is agreeable to a lesser interest.
Sam wants to minimize his personal liability and prefers to limit
it to his capital investment but is willing to negotiate.
With a maximum interest of 51%, Sam wants complete control
over business operations; even with a lesser interest, he wants a
strong managerial position. Sam wants all owners with a
minority interest to be silent in day-to-day management of GC.
Introduction to Legal Systems, Courts, Alternative Dispute
Resolution, Constitutional Law
Introduction to Law and Legal Systems
Introduction: The legal system is a complex set of rules that
provide a framework of predictability and reasonable
consistency and continuity for persons and businesses. All laws
have a purpose. Generally, laws maintain order in Society,
protect persons and property, provide guidelines for acceptable,
mandatory and prohibited conduct, and establish parameters for
handling personal affairs as well as for business transactions
and operations. Laws are dynamic and evolve to reflect changes
in Societal needs, interests and demands. The primary sources
of US law include: the US Constitution, state constitutions,
state statutes, federal statutes, administrative law, treaties, and
Common Law (also called case law). US law is divided into
two categories, (1) criminal law, called public law, and (2) civil
law, or private law. Criminal law governs offenses considered
to be offenses against all Society in general, not just against a
specific "victim"; civil law involves private disputes and
offenses between individuals.
Courts and the Legal System, Alternative Dispute Resolution
Introduction: The US legal system is based on the old English
42. Common Law system, and thus, the US system is often called a
"common law system", meaning we derive laws from various
sources such as statutes and constitutions, but also from case
decisions/rulings that are referred to as "case law". Case law is
an important source of US law that is derived from court cases
in which the appropriate court reviews the facts, applies and
interprets the relevant law(s) to render a decision, that is, a
ruling or holding. Court decisions have the same force and
effect of a law from any other source.
There is a court system for each state, plus the District of
Columbia system, as well as a federal court system. These
court systems include trial level courts, intermediate appellate
courts, and superior/supreme courts. There are also specialty
federal level courts such as US Bankruptcy Court, US Tax
Court, Court of Federal Claims, and the Court of International
Trade. The US Supreme Court is considered the supreme
“court in the land”.
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) provides an alternative to
litigation and the court system in order to resolve civil
disputes. It is most useful for family disputes of all types,
neighbor and property disputes, and some employment disputes;
it is not appropriate for all types of cases. ADR is
advantageous because it can be more flexible, less costly, and
less time consuming than litigation. Types of ADR include
negotiation, mediation, non-binding arbitration, and binding
arbitration.
Constitutional Authority to Regulate Business
Introduction: Article VI of the US Constitution, referred to as
the “supremacy clause”, establishes the US Constitution as the
supreme law of the land, and neither the US Congress nor any
state may enact a law that conflicts with the US Constitution.
Constitutional authority to regulate business activities comes
from several sources. One source of authority derives from the
Tenth Amendment that grants to the states so-called “police
powers” to regulate private activities to protect the general
health, safety, and welfare of the public. Another source of
43. authority comes from Article 1, Section 8, of the US
Constitution that empowers the federal government to regulate
interstate, and to some extent intrastate, commerce; states are
prohibited from enacting laws that unduly interfere with
interstate commerce and trade. The Bill of Rights protects
businesses from undue governmental interference in business
activities, but also permits some restrictive regulation related to
commercial speech, political speech and property searches and
seizures. (Clarkson, K., Miller, R., & Cross, F., 2012, pp. 74-
85)
Reference: Clarkson, K., Miller, R., & Cross, F. (2012),
Business Law Text and Cases. Mason, OH: South-Western,
Cengage Learning.
How to cite the text within your post called an in-text citation:
(Advanced Business Law and the Legal Environment, 2014)
(The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business, 2014)
APA Rule: When there is no author given for a book, use the
title of the book and the publication date. Put the title of the
book in italics but not the date.
How to list the text in your reference listing.
References
Advanced Business Law and the Legal Environment
(2014). Washington, D.C.: The Saylor Foundation
The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business
(2014). Washington, D.C.: The Saylor Foundation
