Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. This energy is then used to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. The light reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, which are then consumed in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involve the absorption of light by chlorophyll and the transfer of electrons to generate a proton gradient used to produce ATP via chemiosmosis.

1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

12. Electromagnetic Spectrum

14. INSIDE A SPECTROPHOTOMETER

18. PHOTOSYSTEMS : organized chlorophyll, proteins, sm. organic molecules. REACTION CENTER : chlorophyll a receives energized e- from other pigments, passes them to PRIMARY ELECTRON ACCEPTOR : traps high energy electrons.

19. NONCYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW

20. NONCYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW

21. NONCYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW

22. NONCYCLIC ELECTRON FLOW

30. Light Reactions and Chemiosmosis: the organization of the thylakoid membrane