AP Psychology Comprehensive Photo Project Ms. Corcoran Period D

1. Comprehensive Photo Project
Elizabeth Magill
Period D
April 25, 2013

2. Prologue/Chapter 1

3. Structuralism
Just as the early school
of Structuralism
studied the structure
of the mind, this cruise
ship deck plan
demonstrates the make
up of the Carnival
Breeze and specifically
deck 7.

4. Functionalism
This informative sign
describes the function and
proper use of a life jacket
and how it can enable
people to survive in case of
emergency. This is similar
to the study of
functionalism which
focused on how mental and
behavioral processes enable
people to adapt and survive.

5. Applied Research
The inventor of this
Sky Mall product must
have used applied
research to discover the
technology to create
this exciting form of
recreation. It solves the
practical problem of
being unable to sail
without water.

6. Naturalistic
Observation
Without trying to
influence the situation,
I employed the
research technique of
naturalistic observation
by silently watching
these people play cards
on the lido deck in
order to study their
interactions with one
another.

7. Chapter 2A

8. Dendrite
As this man receives
and sends out emails
he acts as a dendrite
which both receives
messages and sends
out impulses to the cell
body.

9. Reuptake
This airplane returning
to refuel at the airport
boarding area is similar
to a neurotransmitter
being reabsorbed by a
sending neuron in the
process of reuptake.

10. Sympathetic Nervous
System
This water boiling in a tea
pot reminds me of someone
experiencing a heightened
state of arousal due to the
functioning of the
sympathetic nervous
system. Anyone with “steam
blowing through their ears”
would obviously be
experiencing heightened
arousal .

11. Parasympathetic
Nervous System
After the boy pictured
freaked out about
getting a sunburn, his
mother acted like the
parasympathetic
nervous system by
calming him down by
giving him sunscreen
after an experienced
state of panic.

12. Chapter 2B

13. Brainstem
This old man is likely
the oldest member and
the base of his family.
He represents the
brainstem which is the
oldest and most core
part of the brain
because he is the core
of his family,
responsible for its
survival.

14. Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus of
the lady in the fuchsia
dress controls her basic
hunger drive. She
stands in the buffet line
in order to fulfill her
hunger drive sent by
this part of the brain.

15. Medulla
The Medulla is the part
of the brain that
controls breathing an
heart rate, similar to an
inhaler which can also
help to control
breathing.

16. Temporal Lobe
As my sister Lauren
does her Spanish
homework she makes
use of her left temporal
lobe which contains
Wernike’s area to
process language.

17. Chapter 3

18. Delta Waves
This picture shows my
sister Carolyn after she
has been asleep for
around one hour. At
this point her brain has
probably begun to
produce large slow
delta waves associated
with stage 4 sleep.

19. Narcolepsy
While sitting in a
lounge area, the guy
next to me fell asleep
quite suddenly in the
middle of the day. This
leads me to believe that
he may suffer from
narcolepsy which is
characterized by
uncontrolled sleep
attacks.

20. Manifest Dream
Content
The view of the ocean
at sunset from my
balcony reminded me
of the actual
appearance of many of
my good dreams. In
other words the
manifest or
remembered content of
my dreams.

21. Amphetamines
Because of her health
condition, my cousin
takes Adderall, a
medication that
contains
amphetamines. This
helps her by increasing
energy and making
positive mood changes.

22. Chapter 5

23. Egocentrism
Airline safety manuals seem to
encourage people to take on
egocentrism when in
emergency situations. Airlines
ask passengers to secure their
own oxygen masks before
assisting others when in
danger. In other words to
worry first about oneself and
ignoring another’s point of
view. Similar to developing
children who think that the
world actually revolves around
them, airlines want people to
first secure their own safety.

24. Attachment
It is clear that this little
boy seeks comfort in
his father and has
developed an
attachment to him.
This child would likely
become distressed
when separated from
his father.

25. Habituation
I recently had to strengthen
my contact prescription
because my eyes had
decreased responsiveness to
my previous prescription.
My eyes have experienced a
sort of habituation and after
growing used to my original
contacts stopped
responding fully to them.

26. Longitudinal Study
This page of my Taylor
Swift calendar gives a
six month overview as
opposed to a shorter
one-month page. This
reminds me of a
longitudinal study
which studies the same
people over an
extended period of
time instead of in just
a one-time experiment.

27. Chapter 6A

28. Absolute
Threshold
After flying home on
American Airlines I
couldn’t get my ears to
pop. This lowered my
absolute threshold for
sound for a few days
and I was constantly
asking people to speak
up in order for me to
hear them.

29. Priming
This sign is a marketing
attempt by Carnival Cruise
lines being used to try to get
people to associate pictures
taken on their cruise with
compliments and ultimately
lead to the purchase of their
pictures. This sign uses
priming to get people to link
be photographed to a
positive message.

30. Difference Threshold
The difference in water
temperature between
the pool and this hot
tub on the cruise ship is
easy to detect. The
difference threshold
allows people to notice
the difference in these
temperatures.

31. Weber’s Law
All of the suitcases pictured
weigh around 40 pounds.
They are so close in weight
that if I picked up two and
tried to compare which one
was heavier, I would have a
hard time doing so. This is
due to Weber’s Law. The
weight of the suitcases
would not vary by a high
enough percentage for me
to detect the difference.

32. Chapter 6B

33. Rods
The retinal receptors
known as rods allow
people to detect the
black, white, and grey
colors in these old
photos.

34. Cones
The retinal receptors
known as cones allow
people to detect the
bright colors of these
waterslides in the
daylight.

35. Gate-Control
Theory
The lady controlling the
airline gate checks boarding
passes and lets people on to
the plane. Similar to the
theory that the spinal cord
contains a gate that can
allow pain to pass through
to the brain, the gate-
control lady can both grant
and deny passage onto the
aircraft.

36. Phi Phenomenon
These lighted poles
demonstrate the phi
phenomenon as they
quickly flash on and off
with different colors
creating the illusion of
movement.

37. Chapter 7A

38. Law of Effect
Based on Thorndike’s
principle, my sister is
less likely to go to the
beach again without
sunscreen because this
behavior resulted in
the unfavorable
consequence of
sunburn.

39. Mirror Neurons
As this man grabs
himself a cone of soft
serve ice cream, I get a
craving for ice cream
similar to if I were the
one making the soft
serve cone. This
sensation is due to
mirror neurons located
in my frontal lobe.

40. Positive
Reinforcement
To increase my family’s
behavior of cruising
with Carnival we
received exciting
collectors pins . This
presentation of positive
stimuli is likely to
encourage my family to
book another cruise.

41. Negative
Reinforcement
After hearing my alarm
sound in the morning I
am likely to hit the
snooze button. This
form of negative
reinforcement
encourages me to use
the snooze button by
turning off the alarm
and removing a
negative stimuli.

42. Chapter 7B

43. Fixed-Ratio
Schedule
I get paid after every
three days that I
babysit. Because the
reinforcement of being
paid always comes
after the response of
babysitting three
different days, I am on
a fixed-ratio schedule
of reinforcement.

44. Variable-Ratio
Schedule
These slot machines in
the ship’s casino
provide a variable-ratio
schedule of
reinforcement. When
playing the slots it is
impossible to predict
when you might win
and thus how many
responses it will take
before reinforcement
will occur.

45. Fixed-Interval
Schedule
My dining time is an
example of a fixed-
interval schedule of
reinforcement. As
shown the
reinforcement of eating
dinner occurs at the
fixed time of 6:00 PM
every day.

46. Variable-Interval
Schedule
During my cruise the cabin
steward would leave towel
animals at random times
throughout the day. Sometimes
there would be one in the
morning, sometimes at night,
and sometimes there would be
none at all. This is an example
of a variable-interval schedule
of reinforcement because there
was no way of knowing when a
towel animal might appear.

47. Chapter 8

48. Hippocampus
The hippocampus is
the part of the brain
that transfers short
term memory to long
term memory. This is
similar to a refrigerator
which stores food for a
short time but can also
store food for a longer
period of time in the
freezer.

49. Iconic Memory
This painting of
Donald, Huey, Dewey,
and Louie makes me
think of iconic
memory. Iconic
memory is a picture-
image memory of a
moment and this
framed picture of four
iconic characters helps
me to remember iconic
memory.

50. Echoic Memory
As she listens to her
iPod on the plane, my
cousin may be
experiencing different
echoic memories
associated with the
different songs she is
shuffling through.

51. Serial Position
Effect
Based on the serial position
effect, if I were to look at
this list of airline
complementary beverages
and later try to recite them,
I would be more likely to
remember the drinks at the
beginning and end of the
list such as Pepsi and Java
City Coffee, and less likely
to remember items in the
middle of the list such as
Diet Coke.

52. Chapter 10A

53. g
g or general
intelligence is the idea
that there is an
underlying intelligence
factor that can predict
success in other areas
of intelligence. My
cousin enjoys and is
good at reading and the
g-factor predicts that
she will also be
successful in math.

54. Factor Analysis
Factor analysis is a
procedure that finds groups
of related items on tests to
identify levels of
performance. If life were a
test I would identify this
group of people as the
stupid factor after they
stepped over the safety rail
that is clearly marked “stay
behind” to peer down at the
apparently captivating
water.

55. Savant Syndrome
Although Shakuntala Devi
was never limited in mental
ability, similar to people
with savant syndrome, she
showed excellence in
mathematical problem
solving and even gained the
title of “Human Computer”
because she is able to
calculate complex problems
faster than a computer.

56. Gardner
One person can have
many different colors
of nail polish, there
isn’t one universal
color that everyone
has. This is similar to
Gardner’s theory of
multiple intelligences
instead of one
underlying general
intelligence.

57. Chapter 10B

58. Predictive Validity
The magic eight ball
would be considered to
have a low predictive
validity because the
likelihood of it actually
being able to the
predict the future
correctly is rather low.

59. Reliability
On our way to the
muster station drill my
cousin and I modeled
our life jackets. If we
were to jump in the
water we could test
their reliability,
determining the extent
to which they can
maintain constant
floating.

60. Content Validity
This Carnival Cruise
letter contains news
about the events
throughout the entire
day and on all areas
around the ship. This
pamphlet is considered
to have content validity
because it covers all
available activities
instead of just those
available to kids.

61. Split-Half
Reliability
This buffet line has two
sides to it. If it had
split-half reliability, the
food from one side
would be the same and
as good as the food
from the other side.

62. Chapter 11

63. Drive-Reduction
Theory
My sister is eating
breakfast in order to
satisfy her hunger
drive.

64. Flow
This ship employee has
been cleaning this
window for around 20
minutes which leads
me to believe that he
has reached the state
of flow. He probably
has a diminished sense
of time resulting from
the optimal
engagement of his
skills.

65. Optimum-Arousal
Theory
Those people who are
brave enough to
venture onto the ship’s
suspended ropes
course have a higher
level of optimum-
arousal than I do.

66. Incentive
My mom’s motivation
to go to dinner is the
incentive of coffee
flavored desserts.

67. Chapter 12A

68. James-Lange TOE
On the plane ride home
my sister yawns and
her eye lids get heavy
and then feels tired
demonstrating the
James-Lange theory of
emotion.

69. Cannon-Bard TOE
As she watches karaoke
my friend Emily
(second from right)
laughs and feels that
she is happy at the
same time which is
explained by the
Cannon-Bard theory of
emotion.

70. Facial Feedback
Effect
Because Jenna is
smiling for the picture
she likely feels happier
just as a response to
her facial expression.

71. Paul Ekman
Paul Ekman is famous
for analyzing people’s
facial expressions. In
this picture both my
sister and cousin are
giving genuine
Duchene smiles which
can be identified by the
engaged cheek bones
and twinkly eyes.

72. Chapter 12B

73. Adaptation-Level
Phenomenon
After being outside in
the sun, due to the
adaptation-level
phenomenon, my
stateroom looks really
dark even though the
lights are on.

74. Relative
Deprivation
People might think that
they had a good vacation,
but after talking to me
about my cruise and seeing
my vacation pictures they
experience relative
deprivation and feel less
happy because they realize
that my vacation was better
than theirs was.
Note: I apologize if you experience
this after viewing my photo project

75. Type A
I determined that this lady
at the airport has a Type A
personality after she gave
her family a lecture about
how they needed to finish
the two apples that she
packed before they reached
Miami. Keeping in mind
that it was approximately 8
AM and our flight didn’t get
in until 3 PM. Obviously she
demonstrated the stressed
and controlling
characteristics typical of a
Type A personality.

76. Type B
This lady chooses to
relax on the deck even
though she is in
constant danger of
sinking while on the
cruise ship. Her
carefree and go-with-
the-flow attitude is
characteristic of the
Type B personality.

77. Chapter 13

78. Projective Test
This attempt at a paper
snowflake is similar to
the ambiguous stimuli
presented in the
Rorschach Inkblot test
which is an example of
a projective test.

79. Id
My unconscious Id
which controls
inappropriate
impulses tells me to
steal by sister’s candy.

80. External Locus of
Control
My sister possesses an
external locus of
control and has a
constant fear that an
elevator will stop while
she is riding one and
there will be nothing
that she can do to
escape.

81. Spotlight Effect
As everyone sings
Happy Birthday to my
sister at dinner she is
probably experiencing
spotlight effect. She
likely believes that
thousands of people
are watching her when
in reality around only
20 people can see her.