2- (6 points) Part1 Assuming constant pressure- rank these reactions f.docx

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2. (6 points) Part1 Assuming constant pressure, rank these reactions from most energy released by the system to most energy absorbed by the system, based on the following descriptions: (3 points) A. Surroundings get hotter and the system increases in volume. B. Surroundings get colder and the system expands in volume. G: Surrondings get-eolder-and the system expands involume: D. Surroundings get colder and the system does not change in volume. The q of the system is +/?+ The valuc of w is AE is +/-or undetermined system Solution since we know, U= q+ w, where U = total energy q = heat energy w = work therefore, for system we can write, A: q of system is positive and w of system is positive B: q of system is negative and w of system is negative C: q of system is negative and w of system is positive D: q of system is negative and w of system is zero so the ranking would be, B>D>C>A, also B>D>A>Ccan be true. without data we can not compete A and C. .

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2- (6 points) Part1 Assuming constant pressure- rank these reactions f.docx

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1Experimental Chemistry Data Analysis 1. How do you know when to name something as an ionic compound? 2. How do you know when to name something as a molecular compound? 3. How does naming an ionic compound differ from naming a molecular compound? 4. How do you know when a polyatomic ion is present? Why do we include a Roman numeral in the name for compounds containing a transition metal and not for main group metals? 5. Solution 1. Ionic compounds contain ionic bond. When an electropositive metal (preferably groups 1 and 2) forms a compound with an electronegative element, it is an ionic compound. Eg- NaCl 2. Molecular bonds are formed by sharing of electrons. We can identify a compound as molecular compound if it has two or more non metal elements. 3. Naming of molecular compounds includes naming the first Atom as such and the second atom with a suffix of -ide. The number of atoms is also mentioned . Eg- carbon dioxide Ionic compound naming involves naming the first atom as such and attaching -ide with the name of second atom. Number of atoms is not mentioned. Eg- sodium chloride 4. If the ion has more than 1 atom, it is polyionic. We can see that by checking the number of non metal in the compound. If there is more than 1, it is polyatomic ion. Eg- carbonate ion has carbon and oxygen. 5. The Roman numeral represents the coordination number of the transition metal which is not applicable in case of main group metals as they don\'t form ligands. .

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18) Explain why oil and water do not mix. A) Water is not able to ionize in oil. B) The dipole-dipole force between water and oil molecules is too strong. C) Water molecules are polar and oil molecules are not polar D) Oil molecules cannot break the ionic bonds in water E) The viscosity of oil doesn\'t allow mixing of the water molecules. 19) Place the following aqueous solutions of nonvolatile, nonionic compounds in order ot decreasing (highest to lowest) osmotic pressure. I. 0.011 M sucrose II. 0.00095 M galactose III. 0.0060 M glycerin A)I > 111 >11 C) II > III >I 20) Why isn\'t pentanol (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH) very soluble in water? A) Pentanol cannot engage in hydrogen-bonding interactions. B) Pentanol is too viscous so it cannot mix with water. C) Pentanol\'s ion-dipole interactions with water are not strong enough. D) Most of the pentanol molecule is nonpolar, so it exhibits mainly dispersion forces, making it difficult to dissolve in water. E) Most of the pentanol molecule is polar, so it exhibits mainly dipole-dipoles forces making it difficult to dissolve in water. Solution Ans 18 : C) Water molecules are polar and oil molecules are not polar Since water molecule are polar and oil molecules are non polar, they are attracted to each other more than the other oil molecules , in accordance with the general solubility rule that \"like dissolves like\". Moreover oil being less denser than water , floats over the top of water surface . .

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17. Calcium sulfate has a soluble form in water, formed according to: Ca 2+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq) ?CaSO 4 (aq) K = 7.7Ã—103 CaSO 4 (s) itself, however, is poorly soluble and has the following solubility product: CaSO 4 (s) ?Ca 2+ (aq) + SO4 2- (aq) Ksp = 3Ã—10-34 If we dissolve CaSO 4 (s) in water until CaSO 4 (s)precipitate is left in equilibrium with the solution, (a)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â What is the concentration of Ca 2+ (aq)? (b)Â Â Â Â Â Â Â What is the concentration of the soluble complex CaSO 4 (aq)? Solution Ksp = [M] 2 where [M] is concentration of Ca 2+ (aq) and SO4 2- (aq) . [M] = (3x10 -34 ) 0.5 = 1.73x10 -17 K = [CaSO 4 (aq) ] /([Ca 2+ (aq) ]x[SO4 2- (aq)]) 7.7x10 3 x ([M] 2 )= [CaSO 4 (aq) ] 7.7x10 3 x3x10 -34 = [CaSO 4 (aq) ] [CaSO 4 (aq) ] = 23.1 x 10 -31 .

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2. Does evolution violate the second law of thermodynamics? Why or why not? 3. The heat capacity of compound B is two times greater than the heat capacity of compound A. If one mole of each compound (A and B) absorbs 100 Joules of heat, which compound will exhibit the larger temperature rise -A or B? Why? 4. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The entropy change of a system is necessarily zero if the process causing the change is performed reversibly. Please state why you agree or disagree. Solution 1. No, it doesn\'t. The Second Law of Thermodynamics is one of the most fundamental laws of nature: evolution really would be in big trouble if it broke it. Put not particularly simply, the Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy (the amount of disorganisation) in a closed system tends to increase with time. Put more simply, this means that matter does not tend to organise itself in a particular location unless there is some external energy source powering it. Evolution can be seen as matter organising itself. Evolution-deniers who cite the Second Law of Thermodynamics as proof against evolution happening on our planet either conveniently forget to mention, or do not realise, that the earth is not a closed system: it has a rather massive external energy source, namely the sun. If we were to consider the entire solar system to be a closed system (which, to all intents and purposes, it is), then the occurrence of evolution on any of the planets would not break the Second Law of Thermodynamics, because, while evolution represents a local decrease in entropy, the burning of fuel within the sun represents a far greater increase in entropy .

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2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using the following commodities as money. A. Bricks B. Corn C. Pearls Solution Type Definition Examples Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s) Commodity Physical assets with a relatively high degree of liquidity due to their uniformity, durability, divisibility, portability, and ease of authentication Clamshells; tobacco; gold Self-equilibrating Inelastic supply; storage, transportation, division, wastage, and authentication costs Representative Claims on commodities in the actual physical possession of the money issuer Tobacco notes; gold deposit notes Easier/cheaper to store, transport, divide, safekeep, and authenticate than the underlying commodity Default and counterfeiting risk; supply elasticity limited by the underlying commodity Credit Claims on the general assets of the money issuer and NOT fully backed by commodity, fiat, or other monies Bank deposits; banknotes Supply elasticity limited only by the reserve ratio Default and counterfeiting risk; some inflation risk Fiat Legal tender enforced by government decree Federal Reserve Notes Extremely elastic supply Inflation risk; counterfeiting risk .

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2- (6 points) Part1 Assuming constant pressure- rank these reactions f.docx

1. 2. (6 points) Part1 Assuming constant pressure, rank these reactions from most energy released by the system to most energy absorbed by the system, based on the following descriptions: (3 points) A. Surroundings get hotter and the system increases in volume. B. Surroundings get colder and the system expands in volume. G: Surrondings get-eolder-and the system expands involume: D. Surroundings get colder and the system does not change in volume. The q of the system is +/?+ The valuc of w is AE is +/-or undetermined system Solution since we know, U= q+ w, where U = total energy q = heat energy w = work therefore, for system we can write, A: q of system is positive and w of system is positive B: q of system is negative and w of system is negative C: q of system is negative and w of system is positive D: q of system is negative and w of system is zero so the ranking would be, B>D>C>A, also B>D>A>Ccan be true. without data we can not compete A and C.

2- (6 points) Part1 Assuming constant pressure- rank these reactions f.docx

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