International Trade And South African Rand

International Trade and South African Rand
Introduction:
Namibia is small flourishing country located in the south west of Africa. Its surrounding neighbors are Angola, Botswana, South Africa, and the South
Atlantic Sea. The country is very young, and was recently liberated from foreign and South African rule, and was formerly known as South WestAfrica
. Compared to all of its neighbors Namibia has an extremely low unemployment rate of 5.3%, and a GDP per capita of 7,500 USD. Even though the
country appears to have a high per capita GDP compared to some of its other neighbors, the distribution of wealth in the country is one the "world's
most uneven distributions of wealth". Namibia also has close economical ties with South Africa, because the South African rand and the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Namibia has natural resources varying from diamonds, gold, and other metals, to farming and fisheries, and exotic wildlife. The economy is based on
capital intensive industry and farming. Although the country has a high GDP amongst other developing countries, the wealth is not evenly spread
out, they have a small working class of about 200,000 skilled labors, while the rest rely on herding and farming. Namibia is trying to better its trade
relations with out countries, they are apart of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and World Trade Organization (WTO). The legal
currency of Namibia is the Namibian dollar, but the South African rand is also accepted, although it's not true vice versa because of the Common
Monetary Area (CMA).
Tourism is the 3rd highest source of income for Namibia, it helps provide job opportunities for Namibians in rural regions of the country, while helping
to preserve the natural wonders. Even though most of the tourism is from the local regions, by South Africa and other surrounding countries, they are
trying to develop it and market it on a national level.
External Factors impacting on the country
Since independence in 1990 Namibia's currency the Namibian Dollar has been pegged to the South African Rand. This helps due to the fact that
Namibia is characterized by a high private savings rate which due to
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

History of Agricultural Extension
A
TERM PAPER ON
THE HISTORY OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION IN NIGERIA AND ONDO STATE
BY
ALE, A.B (AEE/09/8837)
SUBMITTED TO
PROFESSOR EWUOLA
AEE 835 COURSE LECTURER
JUNE, 2010
Introduction
The history of a particular subject, people, profession or any phenomenon provides a record of events which took place in the past to enable us to
appreciate the status, strengths and weaknesses of the events which took place in the past. This serves as a guide to others so as not to fall into the
pitfalls of predecessors. A lot of researchers have documented these in the past and they are given in their own words. A summary is then made from
all the various accounts of how agricultural extension began in Nigeria. Before giving a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Extension activities were therefore directed towards increasing efficiency in crop production and marketing. Regulations were made to set and enforce
standards in export crop production.
The colonial government also established some agricultural development schemes to upgrade the skills of farmers and to produce agricultural
commodities. The Kware irrigation scheme was established in 1926. It was situated 16miles or 25.74 kilometres north of Sokoto town. Its
purposes were to increase rice yields and provide experimental data on production under severe drought during dry season and flooding during the
rains. The scheme started with 1000 acres or 405 hectares involving 800 farmers with farms situated along the river banks. The irrigation scheme
employed the shadoof which is an ancient Egyptian technique, also used by the Sudanese. The scheme did not attain much of its objectives because
(a) the irrigation scheme (shardoof) was inadequate on large farms; (b) it is a slow technique of irrigation; (c) it was difficult to collect cost of services

from users; (d) in 1943, 1945 and 1954, river Rima over–flooded and washed away most of the rice crop; and (e) use of manure was not popular
among the farmers.
The colonial period also witnessed the establishment of the Niger Agricultural project in 1949 with the aims of producing groundnut

Monsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering
441 441 CASE STUDIES A summary of the case analysis I N T R O D U C T I O N Preparing an effective case analysis: The full story Hearing with
the aid of implanted technology: The case of Cochlearв„ў – an Australian C A S E O N E high–technology leader Delta Faucet: Global
entrepreneurship in an emerging market C A S E T W O DaimlerChrysler: Corporate governance dynamics in a global company C A S E T H R E E
Gunns and the greens: Governance issues in Tasmania C A S E F O U R Succeeding in the Sydney indie music industry C A S E F I V E Nucor in
2005 C A S E S I X News Corp in 2005: Consolidating the DirecTV acquisition C A S E S E V E N Shanghai Volkswagen: Implementing project
management in the electrical engineering division C A S... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Porter argues that there is a key force in any industry, one that exerts more inп¬‚uence than the other forces. Now, is it an attractive industry? You
need to explain, brieп¬‚y, why or why not. Bear in mind that it is often not a clear decision because the forces are mixed – for example, there may be
little concern about new entrants, suppliers or substitutes, but buyers may be п¬Ѓckle 14_Hanson_3ed_SB_3869_TXT.indd 442 8/29/07 1:09:34 PM
443 I N T R O D U C T I O N : A S U M M A RY O F TH E C ASE AN ALY SIS P R O C E SS and rivalry high. In such cases, the key force analysis is
very important. Remember: It is the industry you analyse, not the п¬Ѓrm. Costly to NonRare? Valuable? imitate? substitutable Logistics management
in cochlear technologies Research knowledge and skill in cochlearrelated areas Etc. STEP 4 COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT Is there a strategic
group that you need to take account of ? What is the rivalry like in this group? What capabilities do the relevant п¬Ѓrms have? What strategies do they
follow? What threats do they represent? Yes Yes No No STEP 5 YOU ABOUT NOW H AV E M AT E R I A L T H R E AT S Yes Yes Yes Yes
OPPORTUNITIES AND It is easy to pull this together from the four steps you have now completed. I N T E R N A L A N A LY S I S STEP 6 THE
TA N G I B L E

Environmental Control and Pollution in Nigeria
INTRODUCTION
Civilization has been overwhelmed with fearful reports that mankind is steadily working towards self – destruction through the process of uncontrolled
pollution of the environment. A casual look at our surroundings shows reckless attitude of people towards environmental preservation.
Due to this development, regulations and standards have been set to ensure cleaner and safer environment. These regulations are enforced by agencies
like National Environmental Standard and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) and State
Environmental Protection Agencies (SEPAs).
There are environment regulations currently in place which include regulation on noise, erosion, flood, for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They impart a high Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) load to the liquid waste. These organic compounds are readily degraded in aqueous medium
by soil and microorganisms present in the sewage. During this process, Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in the stream is used up. When the DO is reduced
below a certain limit, aquatic life is affected adversely. Oil spillage from tankers and ships leads to thepollution of beaches. Some wastes from
pharmaceutical and petrochemical industries and coke–ovens contain phenols which are toxic to fish, microorganisms and other aquatic life. Liquid
effluents from industries manufacturing drugs, dyestuffs, pesticides and detergents can also be toxic. Usage of anionic detergents which are not
biodegradable leads to a lot of foaming and frothing.
п‚·пЂ Inorganic pollutants and heavy metal pollution
Alkalis, acids, inorganic salts and other chemicals formed during processing lead to inorganic pollution. Besides being the cause of corrosion of
metals, these chemicals are toxic to aquatic life. Industries like paper and pulp, tanneries, textiles and coke–ovens among many others, discharge these
chemicals. Inorganic chemicals such as free chlorine, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other sulfides, salts of metals like Cr, Ni, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ag etc. are
usually found in metal plating liquid wastes, alkali

Tourism Planning And Development Of Sustainable...
TOURISM MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME
Semester 3, 2015
3.317 Tourism Policy Planning and Development
Relationship between
Sustainability Development and
Sustainability Tourism Planning
Submitted by:
Lance N. Peji
Topic:
Significance of environmental issues in the formulation of a Tourism Plan.
Write on the key concepts and issues of sustainable development and show relationships between sustainable development and sustainable tourism
planning.
Introduction
In this paper, it will focus on the key concepts and issues of sustainable development and showing the relationship between the sustainable development
and sustainable tourism planning. Not only the concepts and issues will be discuss but the short term needs and goals of sustainable development and
who are the most affected.
There are a lot of concepts and issues of sustainable development when it comes to social, economic, and most importantly maintaining and protecting
the environment. There are many meaning things of sustainability concept to different people. Verisimilitude, the idea of sustainable development
increased from numerous environmental change in earlier decennium. But how are we going to develop these issues in order to increase the tourism
impacts and sectors for tourism planning to face the future, and why sustainable development is important? The rural areas or small islands are the
perfect example since they have a small populations, lack of business establishments that can cause job

Import Inspection Council Of Indi Ministry Of Commerce And...
EXPORT INSPECTION COUNCIL OF INDIA :MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY PRICING OF CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN
REPORT Submitted by– Roshni Gandhi Guide Name: Ms Amrita Choudhury Date Started: 26th May, 2015 Date of completion: 6th July,2015 Credit:4
This project is undertaken with a view to analyze the pricing of preferential certificate of origin under the various trade agreements taking into account
the Marginal costing, International pricing, Net present value and Inflation rate. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The internship would not have been
possible without the support and guidance of many people. I am highly indebted to Mr. Rajvinder Singh, Deputy Director(EIC) for bestowing me with
untiring effort in guiding me to sail through this project work. Without his due guidance I could have been at loss considering the intricacies in the
domain of Certificate of origin. I would like to

History of the Conflict In Sudan and the Role of the...
History of the Conflict In Sudan and the Role of the United Nations
Introduction
Sudan is Africa's largest state and has been involved in conflict of various origins for varying periods of time. The paper will trace the origin and
evolution of Sudan's two most significant wars: the north–south civil war and the current conflict in the Darfur region that is now gaining international
notoriety. Additionally, the UN System that is in place in Sudan will be analyzed anatomically. Ultimately the paper seeks to unearth ideas on what
needs to happen going forward in order to improve the Darfur situation, as well as identify key inefficiencies in the UN's approach to delivering aid.
History of the Crises In Sudan
Sudan is divided ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The SPLA led by John Garang successfully overthrew Nimeiry in a 1985 coup .
Sudan's Prime Minister Sadiq al Mahdi, who was leading the government after the coup, was not a tireless supporter of the civil war. Economic
growth was severely impaired by the devastating war since a large part of the North's resources were channeled into the effort. Even though
everything observable in Sudan argued in favor of ending the war, political and religious differences between the warring sides forced the war to
persist. In 1989 it seemed that Sadiq al Mahdi's government was about to begin negotiating with the SPLA and other southern rebel groups in order
to achieve a peace settlement. Despite what appeared to be promising progress in this vein, negotiation efforts were to be rendered moot by another
coup d'etat led by the National Islamic Front (NIF) that removed al Mahdi. The NIF, headed by Hasan al Turabi, was strongly opposed to the
negotiation path taken by al Mahdi's government. With the military prowess of General Omar al–Bashir, NIF seized power in Sudan .
The portrait of Sudanese conflict managed to grow increasingly complex following the NIF's rise to power. The north–south struggle ceased to exist as
one of Sudanese government against the SPLA, as the rebel group broke into pieces. Divisions began to appear within the SPLA in 1991,

Environmental Accounting Essay
1.0 Introduction According to The Environment Agency in the United Kingdom (2006), Environmental Accounting can be defined as: "The collection,
analysis and assessment of environmental and financial performance data obtained from business management information systems, environmental
management and financial accounting systems. The taking of corrective management action to reduce environmental impacts and costs plus, where
appropriate, the external reporting of the environmental and financial benefits in verified corporate environmental reports or published annual reports
and accounts." According to the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), Management Accounting is: "The process of identification,
measurement,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Treatise 11 of Section 9 of this book––that is, "particularis de Coputis et Scripturis," is a treatise about double entry bookkeeping. The system of
bookkeeping that Luca Pacioli described first introduced the practice and theory that had developed in commercial cities in Italy, particularly in
Venice. Pacioli wrote in the first chapter of his treatise, "We will here adopt the method employed in Venice which among others is certainly to be
recommended, for with it one can carry with any other method." Pacioli was born in Borgo San Sepolcro, lived in Venice and became the tutor of
three sons of a rich merchant, Antonio de Rompiasi. It seems that he could have had a chance to see the account books of the Venetian merchants
and to study the method of double entry bookkeeping in Venice. The bookkeeping method of Luca Pacioli has several distinct characteristics: 1.
Pacioli wrote that there are three things needed by one who wished to carry on business diligently. The most important of these is cash or any other
substantial power. The second is a good accountant and a sharp bookkeeper. The third is good order in order to arrange all business to debit and
credit. 2. Pacioli explained the opening inventory, but he did not describe the closing inventory. 3. Pacioli 's account book system is three account
books–that is, a day book. The day book is the first book, the journal is the second

Niger Delta Development Commission ( Nddc ) Act 2000 Essay
Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) Act 2000
Promulgated in 2000, the NDDC Act highlights the importance of addressing the "problems" which arise from the exploration of oil minerals in the
Niger–Delta area [...]" .Section 2(1)(b) of the NDDC Act sets out rules for the composition of the Niger Delta Development Commission reflecting the
need for a stronger representation of the oil producing states. In addition, Section 2(1)(c) provides for the representation of non–oil producing states
while Section 2(1)(d) calls for a deeper integration and cooperation between these states and oil operators . The major mandate of the NDDC among
others is the conception, planning and implementation in accordance with set rules and regulations, of projects and programs for sustainable
development of the Niger delta area in the field of transportation including roads, jetties, water–ways, health, employment, industrialization, agriculture
and fisheries, housing and urban development, water supply, electricity and telecommunications. That mandate includes the formulation of policies and
guidelines for the development of the Niger Delta Area. Unfortunately, as Ojukwu laments, much work has to be done in order to ensure the fulfilment
of this goal notwithstanding the efforts made by the government in this direction, .
In addition to those already mentioned, there are various laws in place to reinforce responsible behaviour and protect the environment. As Frynas states,
the several areas of

Eu
European Union: history, policies and facts
European Economy
Prepared By: Iva Ruseva
Examined By: Conf. Univ. Dr. Marginean Silvia
The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe. The EU traces its origins
from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC) formed by six countries in the 1950s. In the
intervening years the EU has grown, in size, by the accession of new member states and, in power, by the addition of policy areas to its remit. The
Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993. The last amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty
of Lisbon, came into force in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, in 1965 an agreement was reached and hence in 1967 the Merger Treaty was signed in Brussels. It came into force on 1 July 1967 and
created a single set of institutions for the three communities, which were collectively referred to as the European Communities (EC), although
commonly just as the European Community. Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission (Rey Commission).[27]
1973–1993
Main article: History of the European Communities (1973–1993)
The Iron Curtain 's fall in 1989 enabled eastward enlargement. (Berlin Wall)
In 1973 the Communities enlarged to include Denmark (including Greenland which later left the Community in 1985), Ireland, and the United
Kingdom. Norway had negotiated to join at the same time but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum and so Norway remained
outside. In 1979, the first direct, democratic elections to the European Parliament were held.
Greece joined in 1981, and Spain with Portugal in 1986. In 1985, the Schengen Agreement led the way toward the creation of open borders without
passport controls between most member states and some non–member states. In 1986, the European flag began to be used by the Community and the
Single European Act was signed.
In 1990, after the fall of the Iron Curtain, the former East Germany became part of the Community as part of a newly united Germany. With
enlargement towards Eastern

The Impact of the Changing Political and Legal...
THE IMPACT OF THE CHANGING POLITICAL AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT, WITH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
ON TRADE BETWEEN EUROPE AND SOUTH AFRICA.
by
LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT
ITEM CODE: ONB 10X8
LECTURER:
ABSTRACT
The establishment of the European Union influenced trade between the former common market (European Economic Community) and South Africa.
This changing political and legal environment enhanced opportunities for trade and logistics activity in South Africa. There are also possible future
trade and logistics activity threats and solution between South Africa and Europe. The removal of physical, technical and fiscal barriers enhanced trade
and logistics with South Africa and there were new challenges to overcome. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The resulting Maastricht Treaty was a series of agreements designed to bring political, economic, and social unity to Europe by 1993, and a common
foreign and defence policy as well as a single currency by the end of the decade (Frankel 2002). It created the European Union and led to the creation
of the euro.
Figure 2.1 Member states of the EU (Coyle, et. al. 2003:157)
3.4 The Euro
The European Union introduced this new currency on January 1, 1999, christening it the "euro" (в‚¬). The actual euro currency and coins began
circulation in 2002. For the "interim period," transactions were carried out in either euros or the former national currencies of the member states.
(Mcgrady 2009)
Figure 2.2 Coins and Notes of the Euro (Anon, E. 2009) 2003:157)

Sixteen of the twenty seven member states of the European Union have adopted the euro (в‚¬) (Anon, B. 2009). Consequently the euro is used daily
by some 327 million Europeans (Anon, E. 2009). It has developed a limited role in foreign policy, having representation at the WTO, G8 summits, and
at the UN (Anon, E. 2009).
3.5 Trade Within The European Union– Internal Market
The EU combined generates an estimated 30% share (US$18.4 trillion in 2008) of the nominal gross world product (International Monetary Fund

Assessment Performance of Public Utility in Nigeria: a...
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Utility as defined by the oxford advanced learners dictionary is a service provided for the public. It is a service used by everyone.
Utility services covers a wide range of activity including electricity, water, transportation and Telecommunication. These services impact greatly on a
country's economic growth and the living standards of the people. They affect the abilityof the local industries to produce products that can compete
favourably on the international market.
The provision of these services in Nigeria as in many developing countries has been left in the hands of state owned i.e public enterprises. It was
argued that in some cases, government is the only organ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1.4SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The importance of this study would be appreciated when one views the essential need of uninterrupted power supply for industrial and National
development. The study will thus be of great need to correct the inefficiency in the sector, manifesting in incessant power outages, showing its
performance and the need for more drastic reforms.
1.5RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
In line with the objective of measuring the performance of the sector Vis–A– Vis Electricity Generation and Industrial Consumption; the following
hypotheses in measurement, shall be adopted as a guide:
Ho1: Performance of NEPA is not a significant explainer of Industrial Development
H12:Performance of NEPA is a significant explainer of Industrial Development
Ho2:Electricity Generation is not a determinant of the level of Industrial Consumption
H12:Electricity Generation is a determinant of the level of Industrial Consumption
1.6SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The work gives an evaluation to the performance of NEPA in Industrial

Development in

The Relevance of Tourism on the Economic Development of...
Journal of Geography and Regional Planning Vol. x(x), pp. xxx–xxx, xxxxxxx 2011
Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JGRP
DOIXXXXXXXXXXX
ISSN 2070–1845 ©2011 Academic Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The relevance of tourism on the economic development of Cross River State, Nigeria
Ajake, Anim O. and Amalu, Titus E.*
Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
Accepted 21 December, 2011
This study investigated the relevance of tourism on the economic growth of Cross River State, Nigeria. Special focus was on the difference in visitations
over the years under investigation to the various tourists attractions within the state. Information for the study was basically ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
More positively, Asia Pacific (–5%) recorded growth in August, the Middle East (–8%) had positive numbers between June and September, while
Africa had a 4% increase over the eight months (UNWTO, 2010).
Tourism and hospitality are industries that heavily depend on human contact, with the sheer volume of traffic and increasing spending power which has
resulted to a rapid economic boom and also boosted the business travel market (Joffres et. al (2004),. Tourism appears to many developing countries a
promising source of economic development (Smith et. al, (2003). Adventure tourism, given its emphasis on pure and pristine natural environments,
lower barriers to entry for small business, and frequently reduced requirements for new construction in particular, is promising for countries with lower
levels of capital investment and existing infrastructure. In some places, it is already worth more, in terms of export revenues and share of GDP, than
traditional commodity–based or manufacturing exports, and seems to offer opportunities for employment, earning foreign exchange and encouraging
investment and economic growth. Many developing countries, therefore, are prioritizing attracting foreign direct investment ("FDI") in their tourism
sectors. However, this form of FDI is complex, and its dynamics and impacts are not well understood.
Traditionally, tourism was placed below manufacturing or agriculture in terms of economic

Critique Of The Intervention Of Sustainable Seafood And...
Critique of the intervention of Sustainable Seafood and Fisheries in Hong Kong:
WWF's Seafood Choice Initiative
(WWF, 2015)
Word Count: 2876 words
1Introduction
1.1 What does sustainable consumption mean and why is an intervention important?
Many studies have shown that a large extent of environmental degradation is in fact related to the consumers (Heiskanen and Pantzar, 1997).
Consumption has become the predominant and essential phenomena of our lives (Ratneshwar et al., 2000). In order to reduce the negative impacts
humans place on the environment, the issue of sustainability has been prioritized since the 1992 World Summit in Rio. Consume sustainably and having
a sustainable lifestyle is the fundamental part to favor the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The marine environment has a great impact on the ecology and even climate change in a bigger picture. Hong Kong was once a fishing port back in a
century ago with nearly 1000 fish species, but overfishing in the 1970s called it off due to the advancement in fishing technologies and with the lack of
fisheries management (WWF, 2014). There is a high consumption ofseafood among people in Hong Kong. According to the Food and Agriculture
Organisation of United Nation (2011), people in Hong Kong consume about 71.2kg per person in one year alone, which is 4.1 times more than the
global average and as well as a double of China's consumption. Its per capita consumption of seafood also ranks the 2nd in Asia. This puts huge
pressure on marine resources. Their seafood footprint exceeds the actual seafood fair share by nearly 200% (WWF, 2015). Furthermore, studies have
found that this vast consumption in Hong Kong is damaging the marine ecology. 12% of the Hong Kong Ecological Footprint in fact comes from their
seafood consumption (WWF, 2011).
2Details of the intervention and stakeholders
2.1 The WWF's Seafood Choice Initiatives
To respond the negative effects of Hong Kong's seafood consumption on marine environment, WWF Hong Kong joined the global initiative in 2007
due to a raise in awareness on sustainable seafood among consumers and businesses. It is a adaptable seafood consumption guide

The European Union (EU) vs the North American Free Trade...
The European Union (EU) vs the North American Free Trade Agreement
Introduction
The European Union (EU) is the organization which integrates the countries listed below, both politically and economically. It is a customs union,
which is an agreement amongst a group of countries to eliminate trade barriers between them on the movement of goods, services, labor and capital,
and also to establish a common external tariff on goods and services coming into the union. The EU evolved from the European Coal and Steel
Community (ECSC), which was formed in 1951 as a response to the First and Second World Wars to try to ensure future peace in Europe. This became
the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1965, which in turn became the European ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Indeed, the ideological foundations that gave birth to the EU were based on ensuring development and maintaining international stability, i.e., the
containment of communist expansion in post World War II Europe (Hunt 1989). The Maastricht Treaty which gave birth to the EU in 1992 included
considerations for joint policies in regard to military defense and citizenship.
Trading blocs could strongly affect a company's investment decision. This particular trading bloc development prompted Ford to realise it could
consider Europe to be one common market rather than a collection of individual markets. In 1967, Ford changed its management structure to include its
European operations under one umbrella organisation known as Ford Europe Incorporated. Its two large U.K. and German manufacturing centres
remained an important dimension of the new strategy, but they were no longer considered separate, independently operating companies. Despite
nationalistic tendencies on the part of the host–country management, Ford decided that, from the companies perspective, it was best to eliminate
national boundaries, and a German director said, The pooling of the two companies cut the engineering bill in half for each company, provided
economies of scale, with double the volume in

Environmental Degradation and Its Effect on Indian Economy
Iyengar sanjay !
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND ITS EFFECT ON INDIAN ECONOMY
The environmental problems in India are growing rapidly. The increasing economic development and a rapidly growing population that has taken the
country from 300 million people in 1947 to more than one billion people today is putting a strain on the environment, infrastructure, and the country's
natural resources. Industrial pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and land degradation are all worsening problems.
Overexploitation of the country's resources be it land or water and the industrialization process has resulted environmental degradation of resources.
Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nearly 12 million hectares of pasturelands are also substantially degraded. Thus, a total of 132 million hectares representing 40 per cent of the
country's total landmass have productivity well below their potential (Tejwani & Yadav, 1998).
Causes of land degradation
The main causes of land degradation are deforestation, ignorance of soil conservation practices, extension of cultivation to marginal lands, improper
crop rotation, imbalanced fertiliser use, surface irrigation ironically designed to increase land productivity, rapid growth in population, paucity of land,
economic pressures and poverty.
Air Pollution The World Health Organization estimates that about two million people die prematurely every year as a result of air pollution, while
many more suffer from breathing ailments, heart disease, lung infections and even cancer.Fine particles or microscopic dust from coal or wood fires
and unfiltered diesel engines are rated as one of the most lethal forms or air pollution caused by industry, transport, household heating, cooking and
ageing coal or oil–fired power stations. There are four reasons of air pollution are – emissions from vehicles, thermal power plants, industries and
refineries. The problem of indoor air pollution in rural areas and urban slums has increased. A latest example industrial pollution is the leak of
chlorine gas in Mumbai. On July 14, 2010 nearly 76 people were treated in

Fiji as a Transitional Society
Economy of Fiji
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, Fiji is one of the most developed of the Pacific island economies, though it remains a developing
country with a large subsistence agriculture sectorTemplate:Https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the–world–factbook/geos/fj.html. Agriculture
accounts for 18% of Gross Domestic Product, although it employs some 70% of the workforce as of 2001. Sugar exports and a growing tourist
industry are the major sources of foreign exchange. Sugar cane processing makes up one–third of industrial activity; coconuts, ginger, and copra are
also significant.
Fiji Village quoted Energy Minister Lekh Ram Vayeshnoi on 22... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On 14 April 2005, the Cabinet approved Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase's proposal to develop a biofuels industry. Under the plan, ethanol is to be
developed as a complement to the sugar industry, with the hope of alleviating Fiji's dependence on imported fossil fuels such as petrol.
On 15 August, Qarase said that the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) had granted assistance to Fiji to develop its biofuels project.
Transformation of the Fiji Sugar Corporation into an energy and sugar company would result in a turnover of F$1 billion by 2025, he said, and
would cut imports of crude oil, generate export earnings, and provide a source of electricity. Energy could be produced from copra, forest, and
agricultural products, as well as sugar. He touted the scheme as necessary for diversifying and strengthening the sugar industry for its own survival
and the nation's economic good. He said that the government of Indiahad loaned F$86 million for the upgrading of Fiji's sugar mills, which would be
completed in time for the 2007–2008 crushing season.
On 28 December 2005, John Teiwa of the Coconut Industry Development Authority announced that a 20–year plan for the coconut industry would be
launched in 2006. Finance from international investors, including the government of India, would be sought to develop the processing of virgin and
extra virgin coconut oil, with a view to venturing into foreign health

Climate Change Agenda Has Caught The Attention Of High And...
Mount Kenya University
Virtual varsity
MED 5105 Governance and development
CAT ONE
Climate change agenda has caught the attention of high and mighty in developed nations. Its effects have been experienced more in developing
nations. Discuss carbon reduction and zero emission technology as panacea (solution/remedy) for environmental degradation in Africa.
Guidelines
Due date. Saturday August 8th 2015
Font: Times New Roman
Minimum of 20 pages. 1.5 spacing. Normal margins
Minimum of 5 reference books/ academic journals
Plagiarism will lead to no grade INTRODUCTION
Climate change is the alteration of climate over a period, either naturally or due to human activity. (IPCC, 2007)
All continents around the world have suffered from climate change with major effects predominantly emanating due to increase in temperature. Some
of these effects include:
Increase and enlargement of glacial lakes – mainly in the Arctic, Greenland and North America
Growing ground unsteadiness in permafrost regions and rock avalanches in mountainous areas
Transformation of ecosystems in some areas of the Arctic and Antarctic region, including those in sea–ice biomes, and predators found high on the food
chain
Effects on agricultural and forestry management in the Northern Hemisphere and other higher latitudes, for instance advance crop–planting and
decrease in forest cover due to fires and pests
Human health effects, such as heat–related deaths in Europe, infectious disease

Describe How to Establish Respectful Professional...
CONSTRUCTING THE TEAM by Sir Michael Latham Joint Review of Procurement and Contractual Arrangements in the United Kingdom
Construction Industry Final Report July 1994 © Crown copyright 1994 Applications for reproduction should be made to HMSO First published 1994
ISBN 0 11 752994 X Designed by Design, Drawing and Print Services DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT Foreword Constructing the Team
................................................. v Executive Summary ..............................................vii Chapter One Introduction and the Role ofClients
................................................1 Chapter Two General Comments on the Economic Background... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have been immensely helped by many people, and especially by Deborah Bronnert of the Department of the Environment, to whom I am particularly
grateful. But shortcomings or mistakes in this Report are my fault alone. Some recommendations are radical. The participants in the construction
process can react in three ways to them. They can refuse to have anything to do with the Report. That would be a pity. The problems would remain, but
the goodwill to tackle them, which has been growing dramatically over the last twelve months, would be lost. They can pick out the sections which suit
them and reject the rest. If everyone does that, nothing will happen. Or, hopefully, they can try to make the package work, through the implementation
structures which the Report recommends. They can set about Constructing the Team. The time to choose has arrived. The construction process cannot
wait 30 years for another Banwell or 50 years for another Simon. ' Michael Latham July, 1994 v Constructing the Team Executive Summary 1. Previous
reports on the construction industry have either been implemented incompletely, or the problems have persisted. The opportunity which exists now
must not be missed (Chapter 1, paragraph 1.10). Implementation begins with clients. The Department of the Environment should be designated by
Ministers as lead Department for implementing any recommendations of the Report which Ministers accept. Government should commit itself to being

Development and Globalisation Essay
Development and Globalisation
Development
A process of social and economic advancement in terms of the quality of human life.
Development can involve can involve economic, demographic, social political and cultural changes.
Development is a term that can be used in many different contexts whether it is social, economical, political etc. However generally development refers
to an improvement in certain areas:
Economic
o An increase in the country's economy with a shift from secondary to tertiary industry which becomes less dependent on FDI.
Demographic
o An increase in population and a more ageing population as standard of living increases. Birth rates and death rates drop as life ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
bananas
Primary commodities have fallen in price, or stayed steady, while commodities they need has increased, e.g. oil
What is preventing the Development gap from closing?
Many LEDCs main industry is as primary producers – generally low profit

Internatnioal trade dominated by TNCs
Rapid
The Asian Tigers
Who or what are the Asian Tigers?
Asian economies that have progressed economically at such substantial rates that have come to rival the earning capacity and quality of living of those
being first–world countries – Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea.
Globalisation
Globalisation: The increased inter–connection in the world's economic, cultural and political systems.
|Positives |Negatives |
|Allowed the movement of people more easily |Uncontrolled migration |
|Increased foreign trade |Inequality in wealth |
|More access to food, services, healthcare etc. all over the world |Heavy environmental cost |
| |Loss of

Coastal Population And The Marine Environment
INTRODUCTION It is well known that approximately 40% of the world's population lives within 100km of a coastline. Knowing this fully well goes
to explain the effect which this population have on the coastal area and the coastal resources (Segal 1997). Generally, coastal population exerts
enormous pressure on the marine environment and its resources due to seeking out a livelihood, it is also documented that a considerable percentage of
the economy comes from the activities, occupations, and livelihood that really either directly or indirectly on marine resources and several other
factors that are present there(Small, Gornitz & Cohen 2000). As a result of this, issues arise from conflicting uses of marine resources either through
man's interaction with the marine environment causing pollution and depletion of resources or through man's interaction with fellow man giving rise
to a dispute over use of space, unauthorised use and exploiting of resources (Cicin–Sain et al. 1998). All these activities, according to (Douvere 2008)
have "considerably increased the demand for ocean space and it is certain that this will continue to be so in the future". In recent years the
phenomenon known as Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) has become increasingly promoted and sought after in order to bring about decorum to
maritime activities. This became imperative due to increasing pressure placed on marine and coastal resources. This pressure occurs either directly
through the increase in

Sustainability Royal Dutch Shell Essay
Table of Contents Page
1. Executive Summary2
2. Introduction3
3. Definition of Sustainability.......3
4. An Overview of Sustainability ..................4
5. Shell's Strategic Approach to Sustainability6
6. Literature focusing three sustainable issues9
7. Theory/Models used to evaluate Shell's response to sustainability12
8. Recommendation on What Shell could do to become a sustainable business14
9. Conclusion15
10. References 17
Executive Summary
Sustainability in companies is a broad subject. In order ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shell's sustainable development strategy takes a long term and short term approach which ensures that economics, environment and social
considerations are implemented within its decision making process (Report2010, 2010).

This report will define sustainability, give an overview of sustainability, discuss Shell's strategic approach to sustainability, review three sustainable
issues, discuss theories and models used to evaluate Shell's response to sustainability, recommend what Shell could do to become a sustainable business
and lastly will draw its conclusion.
Definition of Sustainability
The introduction of the term "sustainable" into the political language came about in a report titled "The limits to growth" in 1972 by the Club of
Rome. Club of Rome was an international association which consisted of scientists, business executives, public officials and scholars. "Sustainable" is
defined by the writers as a model of output that represents a sustainable world system which does not have a dynamic collapse. It is able to meet the
basic material requirements that are needed by the environment (Meadows et al, 1972).
However, the term "sustainability" has several definitions. One, being the ability of people and organisations to preserve the remaining natural
resources and use these resources wisely in order to sustain an environmentally healthy future. The

Discuss the Importance of Non Verbal Communication to...
International Fund for Agricultural Development
Enabling poor rural people to overcome poverty
* Rural Poverty Portal * Contact us * Employment scam * Site map * Copyright * Subscribe * What 's new * Accessibility
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Top of Form
Search
Bottom of Form * Home * About * Operations * Development effectiveness * Evaluation * From the field * Partners * Topics * Newsroom * Events
* Documents & publications * Photos * Videos * Jobs * Operations * Project cycle * Results–based country strategic opportunities programme
(COSOP) * Projects by country * Projects by cofinanciers * ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Erosion of human resources capacity is likely to disrupt project operations and delay implementation. Staff may be unable to address technical issues
related to HIV/AIDS. | Capacity–development efforts in all project activities are intensified.Additional staff are trained, task–sharing among staff is
introduced, contingencies in project budgets are increased, administrative procedures are adjusted.Project staff and staff of partner agencies are
trained so that they can address the implications of HIV/AIDS for their work. | IFAD project managers participate in a training programme on how
to address the impact of HIV/AIDS at the project management level. | (d) Diminished relevance of project objectives, strategies and activities | HIV
/AIDS can compromise the achievement of targets set for a project.Project activities may inadvertently contribute to the spread of the epidemic. |
HIV/AIDS is taken into account when analysing a project and when setting project objectives.IFAD project coordinators are made aware of the
relevance of HIV/AIDS to their work and trained to integrate response measures. | Representatives of HIV/AIDS control programmes or NGOs
working on HIV/AIDS are invited to project planning workshops.Terms of reference for project review and evaluation missions address HIV/AIDS
issues. |
Source: Adapted from Hemrich, 1997.

Export Inspection Council Of India Essay
EXPORT INSPECTION COUNCIL OF INDIA MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY PROCEDURES AND PRICING CRITERIA OF
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN UNDER PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS IN INDIA REPORT Submitted by
– Roshni Gandhi Course: BA
Economic (hons) Enrollment no: A6018213031 Guide : Ms Amrita Choudhury Date Started: 26th May, 2015 Date of completion: 6th July,2015
Credit:4 . ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The internship would not have been possible without the support and guidance of many people. I am highly
indebted to Mr. Rajvinder Singh, Deputy Director(EIC) for bestowing me with untiring effort in guiding me to sail through this project work. Without
his due guidance I could have

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Decentralization In The...
Decentralization is one of the management control system technique that been implement in public sector. It is about devolution of higher authority to
the lower management. This technique is also indicated a delegation of power and authority from the central government to the lower level
management as a means to improve the management quality. It was also identified as a tool for more effective decision making. In details,
decentralization concept is an attempt to give the organisation's constituents which are managers and staff more control over what happens in the
organisations. Normally, lower level management orlocal government are only having authority over their specific geographical area and do not have
the powers to pass or enforce laws that affect a wider region.
This management control system is actually aimed at efficiency and problem solving where the organisations are given the power and responsibility to
solve problems effectively in time. It includes demand for less control and uniformity that subsequently reduce the size and cost associated with
maintaining a large central bureaucracy. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Decentralization may not always be efficient, especially for standardized, routine, network–based services. It can result in the loss of economies of
scale and control over scarce financial resources by the central government. Weak administrative or technical capacity at local levels may result in
services being delivered less efficiently and effectively in some areas of the country. Administrative responsibilities may be transferred to local levels
without adequate financial resources and make equitable distribution or provision of services more difficult. Decentralization can sometimes make
coordination of national policies more complex and may allow functions to be captured by local elites. Also, distrust between public and private sectors
may undermine cooperation at the local

What Are The Responsibilities And Actions Of Government...
5.0 What are the responsibilities and actions of government and their agencies?
Almost all petroleum is owned by the Government and not the landowner. For example, the NSW Government has the power to authorise exploration
and removal of petroleum from land individually owned or otherwise. Before CSG operations can commence CSG companies require 3 separate titles
from the state Minister for Resources and Energy in order to access petroleum under private land. In addition, some form of development consent is
often needed. Other approvals are sometimes necessary before a CSG project can commence. For example, the NSW Minister for the Environment or
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) may require a pollution licence.
The NSW Government has introduced multiple regulations and pieces of legislation in order to protect many of the state's industries including
agriculture, fisheries and horticulture from the effects of coal seam gas activities. Established by the Land and Environment Court Act 1979 'The Land
and Environment Court' covers appeals in regards to environmental planning, pollution control, local government and land valuation. The Court has
major implications for public participation in environmental matters because it allows third party appeals and actions, and it encourages resolution of
conflicts. Third party rights mean that people whose land is not directly affected by environmental planning or development proposals have rights to
information, to make

Status of Women Entrepreneurs in India
Status of Women Entrepreneurs in India
Miss Pooja, Lecturer Mr. Surinder Bhatia, Lecturer
SSIMT, Dinanagar SSIMT, Dinanagar
____________________________________________________________
______________________
Executive Summary
One primary objective of this paper is to find out the status of women entrepreneurs in India. In Hindu scriptures, woman has been described as the
embodiment of shakti. But in real life she is treated as Abla.. This paper includes rationale behind the women entrepreneurship. Another main objective
of this paper was to analyse policies of Indian government for women and also to analyse that are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These women own textile mills, trucking firms, highway and construction firms, beauty parlours, drycleaning shops, photographic studios and dozens
of other businesses.
In India, women entrepreneurs constitute a negligible proportion of the total entrepreneurs. " the typical enterprises are the extension of kitchen
activities i.e. the 3 P's: Pickle, Powder, Papped or traditional cottage industries of basket making etc. in India women have contributed mainly in
household industries due to less technical know how required and little competition from men in these industries.
In recent survey of business women in Delhi and surrounding areas it was estimated that 40% of these entrepreneurs have ventured into non–traditional
areas such as electronics, engineering, consultancy etc.
The state of Kerla where the literacy among women is highest in India provides a good example of women entrepreneurship. As on march 1984, there
were 782 women's industrial units in Kerla, of these 592 were Proprietary concerns, 43 partnership concerns, 42 charitable institutions, 3 joint stock
companies and 102 cooperative societies.
According to a research study conducted in Tamil Nadu following are the businesses pursued by women entrepreneurs:–
Nature of Business

Export Inspection Council Of Indi Ministry Of Commerce And...
EXPORT INSPECTION COUNCIL OF INDIA:MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY PROCEDURES AND PRICING CRITERIA OF
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGIN UNDER PREFERENTIAL TRADE AGREEMENTS IN INDIA REPORT Submitted by
– Roshni Gandhi Course: BA
Economic (hons) Enrollment no: A6018213031 Guide : Ms Amrita Choudhury Date Started: 26th May, 2015 Date of completion: 6th July,2015
Credit:4 . ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The internship would not have been possible without the support and guidance of many people. I am highly
indebted to Mr. Rajvinder Singh, Deputy Director(EIC) for bestowing me with untiring effort in guiding me to sail through this project work. Without
his due guidance I could

Case Study On Japan-Taiwan Relations
This is the third case study on Japan–Taiwan relations and it will examine the bilateral fisheries agreement. This case study chapter will examine the
following questions below.
Firstly, what is the fisheries policy for Japan in traditional sense?
Secondly, what is the fisheries agreement in the context of Japan–Taiwan relations and how it is unique and different from other cases of the fisheries
agreements in the East China Sea?
Thirdly, it will examine the Peaceful yet Strategic Weaponization of the fisheries Policy.
Fourthly, Japan?s Normalization Effect in the form of the Fisheries agreement with Taiwan; Paramilitary Balance of Power.
Fifthly, Taiwan?s ambigious legal and political status: Fisheries Agreement as a Comprehensive Security Policy yet with greater implications for the
regional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
?
II.? Key issues
1.???Fishing industry?Convening bilateral and multilateral fishing industry meetings and other forms of fishing industry cooperation and exchange,
and establishing a mechanism for fishing industry cooperation and administration.
2.???Mining industry?Promoting joint exploration in the territorial waters to the north of Taiwan and establishing a mechanism for joint exploration,
development and management.
3.???Marine science research and maritime environmental protection?Conducting multi–national marine and ecological research projects pertaining to
the East China Sea.
4.???Maritime security and unconventional security?Implementing bilateral and multilateral law enforcement exchanges and marine rescue agency
cooperation, and establishing a collaborative marine security and crime–enforcement

Questions On Sustainability And Change
Sustainability and Change
Assignment 3
Submitted by: Kalpesh Shah
Student Id: 1250948.
Component 1: Provide an introduction to the organizations, carefully describing all stakeholders of these companies and their issues (e.g. the owners,
the fish, the employees etc).
Sealord Company Introduction
Sealord is a global enterprise with processing and marketing companies spread across as five continents, backed by worldwide fishing network. In
New Zealand, Sealord has its corporate office in Auckland whereas the fishing and processing plant is based at Nelson. Sealord is 100% owned
subsidiary of Kura Ltd which itself is a joint venture of NISSUI and Aotearoa Fisheries Ltd (Owned by Maori Representative Group), with ownership
of 50% equity each. Aotearoa Fisheries Ltd also owns Papuri Taonga which is the Quota Owning Company and has leased its fishing quota licence
to Sealord Group Ltd. The stakeholders include, employees. The company was established more than 50 years ago and is ranked one of the largest
top 60 companies in New Zealand. The company holds 20% of the Total Allowed Commercial Catch (TACC) as on 2013. The stakeholders for Sealord
are the employees, the principal owners and the shareholders (Aotearoa Fisheries Ltd and Nissui) for following ethical practices and for profitable
venture, Fisheries department in Ministry of Primary Industries, Export promotion council and Ministry of Environment, Department of Conservation
for following ethical and sustainable

Water as a Source of Future Conflict in Sa
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION "Fierce competition for fresh water may well become a source of conflict and wars in the future." – Kofi Annan,
former U.N. Secretary–General in 2001 Background of the Study 1.Water is directly related with the survival of human kind and it is crucial unlike
other resources, because it does not have choices and alternatives. As a consequence of global warming and pollution, importance of water has
increased much. Some "2 billion people" already lack water supplies. Water use has risen six–fold over the past 70 years. By 2050, it is estimated that
4.2 billion people live in countries that cannot meet people's daily basis needs. South Asia is a region of water abundance and scarcity. "Issues
concerning water... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As global claim for water swell up but utilizable freshwater resources reduce, several research have been carried out to imply that water shortage is and
will be a chief basis of armed conflict; but little methodical research has examined this theme from a national security perspective i.e. the militarization
of the river claim. 7.While taking SA into consideration, the most important and abundant factor for the development is water. This factor is thus
regarded as a very crucial in keeping the relation between the countries. However understanding and peaceful the countries may seem, the water factor
has been affecting the inter–state relationships now and will be doing the same in the future in an ever increasing fashion. The ups and downs in the
relationship are sure to result in the armed conflict as the water resources being the only cause. Accounting to the issues of water; this research paper
focuses in the security issues and the interrelated political situation caused by the water resources of the river basin of the SA. 8.At the same time as
water resources in the SA are central in the improvement of bilateral and multilateral regional relations, the consistent politics of water resources and
security issues have historically inclined regional politics and ensuing armed conflicts, and will persist to do so in the future. Furthermore, water is

International Trade and South African Rand
Introduction: Namibia is small flourishing country located in the south west of Africa. Its surrounding neighbors are Angola, Botswana, South Africa,
and the South Atlantic Sea. The country is very young, and was recently liberated from foreign and South African rule, and was formerly known as
South West Africa. Compared to all of its neighbors Namibia has an extremely low unemployment rate of 5.3%, and a GDP per capita of 7,500 USD.
Even though the country appears to have a high per capita GDP compared to some of its other neighbors, the distribution of wealth in the country is one
the "world's most uneven distributions of wealth". Namibia also has close economical ties with South Africa, because the South African rand and the
Namibian... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is partially due to the fact that they are a young country that has not had to resort to borrowing money yet from organisations such as the
World Bank or the IMF. During it's time under South African administration any money that would have been borrowed would have been done in
the name of the South African government. By having no debt to the world organisations and the governments of developed countries until
recently, it puts Namibia at an advantage as unlike most African countries they are not have to use there revenue generated by exports to pay off
the national debt. With the current account balance fluctuating at between 5% and 10% of GDP it also gives the Namibia a cushion that is
exports fall one year they do have money in their current account to cover any budget deficit. There has been a budget deficit for the last two years
(2005 and 2006) this is the main factor in the current account balance dropping to below 10% of GDP. Namibia's debt in relation to its GDP
(External debt as a % of GDP), has been fluctuation between 23% in 2000 to a high of 28% in 2002 to its current rate of 26%. The governments
goal is to reduce the national debt to 25% of GDP by the end of the decade. Namibia has recently been taking advantage of the African Growth and
Opportunities Act (AGOA). With several apparel manufacturers from Asia forming one company with one or two subsidiaries (Ramatex). They are
investing in Capital Goods

Sustainable Development, International Law, and Trade
Sustainable Development, International Law and the Impact of Trade
At a time when trade continues to expand into the global economy, issues such as climate change, environmental protection and sustainable
development are becoming increasingly important considerations in the process. However, the question is whether these issues are being adequately
addressed by current International trade regulations, trade agreements and International law. According to the Australia Government, "
sustainable
development represents one of the greatest challenges facing Australia's governments, industry, business and community in the coming years".1
What is Sustainable Development?
The most widely accepted definition of sustainable development is from the Brundtland report, namely, "Sustainable Development is development that
meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."2 This statement contains two main
aspects, first that the present generation's needs are met (intra–generational equity) but more importantly, that it is not made more difficult for future
generation to meet their needs (inter–generational equity). Since the report was published, sustainable development has become an integral part of
environmental policy and has been the subject of numerous conferences and summits including and the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED) in 1992,3 the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD,

Challenges Of Biodiversity Conservation And Associated...
'Challenges to biodiversity conservation and associated ecosystem functions'
Word Count: 2,821
1.Introduction
As defined by the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) biodiversity is "the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter
alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and ecological complexes of which they are not part, diversity within species and of ecosystems"
(IUCN, 2000).
The continued growth of human populations and per capita consumption have resulted in unsustainable exploitation of the Earth's biological diversity,
exacerbated by climate change, ocean acidification and other anthropogenic environmental impacts. The ecosystems exploited, provide essential
services, including material goods such as food and timber; cultural and recreational benefits as well as providing other functions necessary for climate
regulation, flood control and nutrient cycling. The key pressures to biodiversity loss are overexploitation, invasive alien species, pollution, climate
change and the degradation and fragmentation of habitats. However, there are many challenges that effect the management of these pressures as a
result of social and economic needs and as a result, further scientific research is required in order to best identify the distribution and appropriate
management schemes for different areas.
Globally, the efforts to reduce anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems have been addressed by the United Nations CBD. The goal of reducing

Designing a Sustainable Solid Waste Collection System in...
Designing a Sustainable Solid Waste Collection System in Morocco Introduction Solid waste management is a matter of great concern in most urban
towns in developing countries around the world. The local authorities are responsible for managing municipal solid waste but are in most cases, they
are unable to discharge their duties effectively because they lack the capacity to handle the complexities of the process in terms of the design and
appropriate systems. Therefore, in the design of a sustainable solid waste collection system, the effectiveness and sustainability of the system must be
kept in mind and addressed in the appropriate way which removes any arising issues(Norton et al., 2007). Over the years, there has been rapid increase
in the volume and composition of solid waste and hazardous waste. This can be attributed to the huge economic growth, industrialization and
urbanization which are becoming a huge problem for local and national governments in terms of ensuring that the solid waste collection system is
effective and sustainable. The Moroccan government has also not been left out in this(Wagner, 2007). The United Nations Environment Programme,
UNEP, estimates that the total amount of municipal solid waste in 2006 reached about 2.02 billion tons which represents an annual increase of 7%
since the year 2003(United Nations Environmental Programme, 2009). This data is similar to that which is in a report titled the Global Waste
Management Market Report of

Team Work and High Performance Organization
Teamwork and high performance work organisation Introduction Defining teamwork High performance workplace organisation Scope of study
Incidence of teamwork Teamwork and autonomy Impact of teamwork on learning environment Job satisfaction Negative consequences of teamwork
Organisational environment Conclusion References Annex 1: Sample survey questions Annex 2: Survey sources This report is available in electronic
format only. Wyattville Road, Loughlinstown, Dublin 18, Ireland.– Tel: (+353 1) 204 31 00 – Fax: 282 42 09 / 282 64 56 e–mail:
information@eurofound.europa.eu – website: www.eurofound.europa.eu This report provides a comparative overview of teamwork, based on the
European Working Conditions Surveys and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The form of teamwork depends on task specificity. According to the definition proposed by Hacker (see below), a distinctive feature of teamwork at
the assembly line is successive work actions to assemble different parts of a product. On the other hand, where the goal is to improve the production
process, group teamwork is much more about complexity, communication and integrative work (O'Leary–Kelly, 1994). For the purposes of this study,
teamwork is understood in a broader context without drawing a distinction between teams and work groups; it thus encompasses the following
definitions: team: 'Groups of employees who have at least some collective tasks and where the team members are authorised to regulate mutually the
execution of these collective tasks' (Delarue, 2003); © European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 2007 2 group
work: 'Group work is defined by a common task requiring interdependent work and successive or integrative action' (Hacker, 1998). Cultural differences
The varying cultural context in countries may influence understanding of the term 'teamwork', due to different experiences in using the term in
everyday language, experiences from a person's own work, and the influence of the media and public debate. When analysing quantitative surveys in
particular, it is not possible to be certain what respondents understand teamwork to mean, especially if the question does not offer a precise

Sustainability in Mauritius
Sustainable Mauritius Brundtland report (1987) has defined the term sustainable development as the development that meets the needs for the present
without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs Sustainable development and planning is structured essentially
around 3 elements: economic growth, social development and environmental protection. While development is associated with social development, it
is also associated with environmental disasters if the development is not well planned. In 1992, following the international conference in Rio de
Janeiro, a number of guiding principles were established on action that countries could take to achieve sustainable development (Agenda,21) Based on
these guiding... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Get the family to eat together to avoid reheating of food several times Avoid letting your pet stray around and and causing nuisance to the
neighbourhood Use of already printed old papers as rough paper Avoid throwing your litter everywhere– make use of a bin Close your bin properly to
avoid mosquitoes, pests and rodents Plant a tree in your garden to provide shade and embellishment On the streets do not litter on the street. Use a bin
do not spit everywhere on the streets do not throw food on the pavement Transportation If possible, walk or ride a bike – do not use a car Throw the
bus tickets in bins. Do not throw in the bus or on the street. At school Avoid wall scribbling Keeps all classrooms' walls clean Use bins in classrooms
and school premises Enhance school premises with local plants, shrubs & trees Learn to respect plants – do not unnecessarily break branches and
leaves Encourage the public to discover Mauritius' natural and cultural heritage – visit museum, nature park or historic site At the sea–side do not light
fire under

Briefing Paper
Briefing Paper – South China Sea
Policy Analysis:
Topic:
The South China Sea has become a significant source of tension in the Indo–Pacific region mostly regarding competing legal claims of territorial
sovereignty . China is at the forefront of this dispute and bases their claim on the 'nine–dash line' map. In May 2014, tensions dramatically increased
when China began drilling for oil near the Paracel Islands located 120 nautical miles away from the Vietnamese coast. Additionally, sovereignty claims
between China and the Philippines over the Spratly Islands has made this conflict a global issue. China has already built multiple artificial islands in the
Spratlys that have three completed airstrips already that could either be used for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The United States also play a significant role in the dispute because they are defending the Philippines' borders because their own economic ties with
the state. Because the South China Sea also contains rich fishing grounds and is reported to hold significant reserves of undiscovered oil and gas, the
issue also involves each states economic agenda. The conflict in the region has become more critical within international debate because China
recently (May 2014) began drilling too close to the Vietnamese coast (120 nautical miles) which is a direct breach of the Exclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ), a 200 nautical mile area that extends from the baseline of the coastal nation that gives the nation (Vietnam in this context) sole natural resource
exploitation rights within the zone. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which was concluded in 1982 entails such
guidelines for states and establishes a series of legal measures and laws on the economic rights of nations based on their territorial waters and
continental baselines . In December 2015, China rejected a UN's tribunal arbitration with Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Hong Lei stating,
'China's territorial sovereignty should be decided by all the Chinese

The Tourism And Hospitality Regulation Course
Introduction
In this paper we have been inform by our lecture to find a partner in term to complete this following essay.
The purpose of this assignment is to learn about various practical applications of some of the component of the tourism and hospitality regulation
course through the use of this case study. This case study me and my partner will make a project of building a tourism attraction has been proposed by
MOTAT for the Meola Reserve at Pt Chevalier/Westmere area facing theWaitemata Harbour. This project has total investment of $50 million to
complete the whole project.
The proposed project consist of, an artificial indoor marine life viewing area, Improvement and development of the site's water front, MOTAT
plan to have an additional seafood restaurant/licensed bar area and a takeaway shop in good location within the plan. Also a general shopping
area with a visitors centre will be part of the project, about 20 gaming machine as well as a TAB and lotto shop, are on the plan to be installed in
the main bar area and foyer of the restaurant. A second stage of this project will be to build a 100 room family hotel to be franchised to the scenic
Hotel. Lastly in this new project will employ new staff of up to 200 employees and also it is expected that sales and marketing transactions would also
be carried out online.
This entire plan can be done and legal if follow the law and regulation under each particular sector in order to make the business run lawful.

International Trade And South African Rand

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