Aristotelian Virtue Ethics Essay

Aristotelian Virtue Ethics Essay
The following analysis offers a critical discussion on how Aristotelian virtue ethics might shape a set of values underpinning early childhood education
and care settings (ECEC). The provided discussion is based on specific reference to Aristotle's virtue of justice. Aristotle was recognised as one of the
greatest philosophers and his influence can be seen in the values that underpin ECEC settings. Although written in the 4th BC and in different social
and cultural times, Aristotle's theory on virtue ethics still influences many contemporary virtue ethicists including Hursthouse and Hume (Driver,
2006). Aristotle used the concepts of patient, careful, and the descriptive approach in examining the concepts of ethics (Feeney 2010). The main concept
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Aristotle claims that justice is relational, and in the context of ECEC this is true as the practitioner's values, beliefs and ethics have an effect on the
child's well–being and development (Rawlings, 2008). A cynical persons view of today's culture could purposed that current culture has too high a
proportion of people willing to do wrong things and get away with them. Such cultural aspects reflect serious lack of social responsibility while
demonstrating unhealthy compulsion towards success at any cost (Taylor, 2006). Addressing such moral crisis extends from a mere wish or
assumption that the children will grow into more caring adults likely to select responsible decisions within the community. Laying the building bricks
of ethical and moral consciousness is essentials in early childhood with practitioners given the opportunity to encourage children to engage in reasoning
when evaluating situations and making decisions. Vasconcelos (2006) claims that ECEC settings can be used as places for ethical practises, where
practitioners can educate children in relation to moral conduct and cultivate dispositions which will empower them to be just and
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Aristotelian Ethics And Cultural Relativism
Each individual justifies their actions and wishes by appealing to various moral principles based on the local or individual conception of the good. In
the argument of morality and where are those moral judgments come from, brings us to the central question of ethics, that is "What is the good for
human beings?" More than two thousand years ago, Aristotle gives his answer in Nicomachen Ethics suggesting that the purpose of morality is to
enable us to lead good lives, and it is necessary to acquire virtues to achieve the good. However, this view of ethics based on virtues led to a
relativism toward the notion that believes the criteria of ethics is tied up with virtues which the local and individual approves to be good. In other
words, the conception of goodness is based on the tradition or custom of the local society/groups or the individual. Therefore, many suggest that the
high degree of individualism that was shown in Aristotle's virtues ethics theory proves that he supports cultural relativism. In this paper, I will defend
Aristotelian ethical approach based on virtues and refute relativists argument by showing the objections that against the local ethical objectivity. The
cultural relativists have offered us a view on what is the good, is depending on whether the virtue is approved by one's culture or not. This brings us to
another question–what is culture? Seemingly, people in a different country are practicing different religions so that everyone should have

The Deterioration Of The Aristotelian Worldview
The deterioration of the Aristotelian worldview began around the time of the Reformation of the Catholic Church. The reformation of the Catholic
Church up until this time had been in control of the teachings and discoveries at that time until Martin Luther questioned the Church and its teachings.
Luther had brought to people's attention how controlling the Church was over what was being taught and the people began to realize that there could
be more out in the world to discover. People began to become curious and wanted to read the Bible and think for themselves. Along with the
Reformation, the pushing of the Muslims from the East created an opportunity of scientific discoveries to occur. The Muslims had caused the people to
move and take ancient books with them that contained different philosophical discoveries from scientist such as Hippocrates, Galen, Euclid, etc.
Scientist were amazed at the discoveries and beliefs that were founded and could not believe that they had not known about them. Reading about their
discoveries and beliefs caused scientist to build off of what the early philosophers had founded. Scientists that played important roles in the deterioration
of the Aristotelian worldview was Nicolas Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo. These men put forth information that early men ofastronomy and
philosophy could not imagine and the advancement in technology was to thank for that.
Nicolas Copernicus realized that the Ptolemaic system did an awful job of

An Investigation Into Aristotelian Functionalism
An Investigation into Supposed Aristotelian Functionalism In recent years, modern functionalists have taken to claiming Aristotle as one of their own
or at the least a great grandfather of sorts. This essay will investigate the extent to which Aristotle was a functionalist, and once this question is
resolved, we will evaluate to what degree his view reliably accounts for a valid philosophy of mind. Before we can explore the degree to which
Aristotle's philosophy aligns with that of modern functionalists, we must first account for the philosophy of modern functionalism. Principally,
functionalists believe that mental states (e.g., beliefs, desires, feeling pain) are solely constituted by their function. This is their solution to the "mind
/body problem". Cartesian dualists claimed that a special mental substance (distinct from the body) is where the ultimate nature of the mental resides.
Physicalists ( descendants of the materialists) equate mental states with brain states. On the other hand, functionalists assert that the mental states
causal relations to one and other and to sensory inputs and behavioral outputs constitute these mental states. Some functionalists, often called
computational functionalists, go as far as to say that these internal states operate in the same way as a computer program. Furthermore, this line of
thought leads directly to the "transportability thesis", which hypothesizes that a human mind could be transported into an electronic computer,

Non Aristotelian Drama Essay
The twenty–first century is developing into a time of technological developments and the beginning of the Modern Era. The early Modern Era was
known as a time of exploration and globalization. Globalization is the interconnection of countries; there is an active exchange of commodities, ideas,
and philosophical thoughts. With the development in technology such as cell phones, airplanes, Internet, and social media; it has made the growth of
transportation and communication networks possible and much more advanced. In other words, people and countries can exchange information, ideas,
and goods more quickly and efficiently. The worldwide spread of technology creates vast connections that create new opportunities on a larger scale.
One philosophical movement that spread quickly was Modernism. Modernism is a philosophical movement in the arts. The modernists rejected
traditional notions of plot and time. In contrast, they would show a rational, cause–effect relationship between events and the character's development.
In this essay I will be demonstrating one of Berolt Brecht "non–Aristotelian drama", a dramatic form intended to be staged with the methods of epic
theatre.
Berolt Brecht was one of most prominent modernists during this era. He proposed the idea of the Epic Theater. In 1924, after moving to Berlin, Brecht
started to work with Erwin Piscator. Piscator was known for practicing forms of political and social epic theater. After working with Piscator for some
time,

Aristotle 's Virtue Is A Disposition That Issues Correct...
In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle understands virtue is a disposition that issues correct choice. In this essay, we are given the task to explain what
Aristotle means by choice, which is in turn show that choice is not wishes, opinion, nor desire. Rather, Aristotle believes choice involves desire. So, I
will explain concisely why correct choice is not a tendency to opine the correct thing to do rather correct choice is an intimate coordination between our
rational and desiring faculties. Thus, controlling and coordinating what we desire and why we desire something. Ultimately, leading the agent to what
the right thing they should do, full stop, regardless of numerous alternatives. We will focus on whatAristotle means by choice, as presented in the
Nicomachean Ethics. First, we will understand what choice is not to Aristotle. For Aristotle, choice is not a wish because wishes can be related to
impossibilities, such as immortality, which are things that we cannot do. Rather, what we wish for is the goal or the end that we are trying to achieve
and choices are the means that will get us to the end. Next, Aristotle believes that choice is not equivalent to "opinion" in the sense of arriving at a belief
about what to do. Aristotle says, " it cannot be opinion; for opinion is thought to be related to all kinds of things, no less to eternal things and
impossible things than to things in our own power; and it is distinguished by its falsity or truth, not by its badness or

Aristotelian God
Aristotle's own term to describe the Aristotelian god as alive very well makes sense. In his sense, God is alive, and the entire world is alive through the
oneness of God. The idea of being alive or not alive applies in everyday human life; however, this does not apply to God as God is not bounded and is
beyond by these ideas. In the Metaphysics Book 7, Aristotle wrote "If, then, God is always in that good state in which we sometimes are, this compels
our wonder; and if in a better this compels it yet more. And God is in a better state. And life also belongs to God; for the actuality of thought is life,
and God is that actuality; and God's self–dependent actuality is life most good and eternal. We say therefore that God is a living being, eternal,

Ethics, Kantian, And Aristotelian Theory
Buddhist ethics, although likened to some Western ethical theories, is not in fact the same as those theories. The most common Western theories it is
compared with are; Utilitarianism, Kantian, and Aristotelian. Specifically, Utilitarianism does not address the meaning of being a good person in its
definition of right action. Kant does not address the different classes as having different laws but believes in one set of universal laws and Aristotle
believes in the perfection of a self that does not exist in Buddhism. These differences can be seen through the evaluation of how a person comes to a
decision about an ethical problem. The trolley cart problem presented by Philippa Foot. The problem is making a decision between two options that
both result in death. The first option results in the death of one person but the saving of five people's lives. The second option would result in the
death of five people and the life of one. In the first option you are consciously interfering with an event and changing that event in order to save lives.
In the second option your action is inaction, letting the event happen, and letting the five people die while the one person lives. Using utilitarianism
ethics, one would come to the conclusion that you must intervene and save the lives of the five people while sacrificing the life of one person. This is
because Utilitarianism is concerned with actions that produce the greatest good for the greatest number. Deciding to kill the one

Aristotelian Rhetorical Analysis
An Aristotelian Rhetorical Analysis of the Pathos and Logos of "Trouble Relating to Women" by Barak Obama
In this political study, an Aristotelian Rhetorical analysis will define the logos" of Barak Obama's advertisement against Mitt Romney in
Trouble Relating to Women." The Obama campaign tends to initially rely on the pathos of Romney's misspoken statement about "binder's full of
women", which is an attempt to define Romney's inability to properly communicate when it comes to women's issues in the presidential campaign.
However, the logos of the Obama Campaign then defines specific acts of legalization, such as the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, that Romney
refuses to acknowledge as a way to protect equal pay for women in the workplace. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the advertisement then states the objective facts related to Romney's quotes against women's right to equal pay through the Lilly Ledbetter
Fair Pay Act of 2009. In fact, Romney chose to ignore legislation about the right of women to sue for back pay for being discriminated against for
unequal pay to men that did the same amount of work. Finally, the second use of logos is found in Romney's definitive denial of women's right to
have healthcare providers and employers help them with birth control costs as medical benefits in the workplace. This is another fact, which defines
the logos of the advertisement through Romney's direct denial of women's rights in the workplace to seek legal compensation for discrimination in the
patriarchal corporate environments. These are the pathos and logos of "Trouble Relating to Women" advertisement by the Obama Campaign in the
2012 U.S. presidential

Aristotelian Tragedy Macbeth Essays
Aristotelian Tragedy: Macbeth Aristotle is known widely for developing his ideas on tragedy. He recorded these ideas in his Poetics in which he
comments on the plot, purpose, and effect that a true tragedy must have. The structure of these tragedies has been an example for many writers
including Shakespeare himself. Many of Shakespeare's plays follow Aristotelian ideas of tragedy, for instance Macbeth does a decent job in shadowing
Aristotle's model. Aristotle describes one of the most important elements of a tragedy to be a tragic hero. The tragic hero however must present certain
qualities such as nobility and virtue. In the play Macbeth, Macbeth is a perfect example of a tragic hero. Macbeth begins the play coming home from
battle, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, Macbeth does not go unpunished as he suffers countless dreams and illusions that drive him to insanity. The loss of his wife also brings
Macbeth to his final denouement. In the end, Macbeth is killed by Macduff; because of his arrogance he believed he was invincible even after being
told his fate. Macbeth reaches his end through the same way he lived his life, through murder and deception. Many argue over the fairness of
Macbeth's life, but the goal of a tragedy in Aristotle's view point is to strike fear and pity in the audience through harsh punishment upon the hero in
extreme ways. Finally, Aristotle claims that in order for a tragedy to be effective, the fear and pity must be released from the audience through
catharsis. First the tragic hero must gain some knowledge from his tragic life. Macbeth shows this self–realization in his 'yellow leaf' soliloquy when
he expresses remorse for his actions. Also, in the end he knows he must fight until the end whether his fate is death. At this point the audience is
cleansed of the emotions of the plot and the tragedy is finished. Macbeth is a primary example of a typical Aristotelian tragedy. It follows the
structure necessary from the tragic hero, to his downfall and ultimately to the catharsis necessary for an original Greek drama. The aspects of this play
are a perfect example of the tragedies of that

Neo-Aristotelian Rhetoric Analysis
Introduction
Every four years in United States of America fellow Americans gather in front of a television screen at home, in a class room or in the work place
to watch who the potential candidates for the presidency. Not all Americans are politicians, but they watch to see which of these candidates steals
their heart and who they will want to become the next President of the United State of America. Creating a contest for the candidates among each
other, regardless if they are in the same party or not. There is only one first place! Only one person can become President. Every word, action and
language that they use matters at this point. What languages were used to consider Barack Obama "Out of Many, One" speech an electrifying speech?
How did he steal the hearts of the American people? When stepping up on that stage one must steal the hearts of their fellow American people and not
only of their own party, telling Americans what they can do for theUnited States of America as the next president. Using Neo– Aristotelian Criticism, I
will analyze former President Barack Obama's 2004 Democratic Convention speech, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neo– Aristotelian is the first formal method of rhetorical criticism formed by the communication field (Foss, 2009). In the year of 1925, Herbert A.
Wichelns detailed the central features of the Neo– Aristotelian method in "The Literacy of Oratory" (Foss, 2009). Before Wichelns' method, there was
no guideline to how properly conduct Criticism (Foss, 2009). This method is commonly used for analyzing speeches and other spoken discourses
given to an audience of any sort. Neo– Aristotelian involves four steps: choosing the artifact, analyzing the artifact, formulating a research question and
lastly, writing the essay. The difference from Neo– Aristotelian criticism and other criticism methods can be found in one of the steps, which is
analyzing the artifact

Aristotle And Aristotle On Education
2.2.2 Aristotle (384 – 322 BC)
Another great influence on Education was the Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle who came later after Confucius, who was born in Stagira,
Chalcidice. Aristotle was first a student in Plato's philosophy school for around twenty years. Later on he was a philosophy teacher in Atarneus which
is located in Asia Minor.Aristotle is known for his school named "Lyceum" which is located in Athens, and he is also known for teaching Alexander
the Great who can later. According to Curren from his writings about "Aristotle on the Necessity of Public Education" and Burnet from his writings
about "Aristotle on Education: Being Extracts From the Ethics and Politics found in the Encyclopedia , Aristotle deceased from the existing idea of
childhood in Greek antiquity at that time, just like his teacher Plato. That philosophy was about children being educated as small adults, and so they
were taught with adult literature considering their minds as able to absorb and task like those of the adults. According to Aristotle, the goal of
education is to struggle to achieve the greatest goodness and happiness being a member in a city. Most of his philosophy about educating children
could be found in the Nicomachean Ethics and Politics; and here he relates to politics as he considers human beings naturally to be political. That is in
the social sense, as no one could become happy outside of a community. A person become an individual when he/she becomes an active

Comparing Christian And Aristotelian Views
1.For Aristotle, the contemplative life is directed towards the divine while the practical life is directed towards the human good. In Aristotle, these
ways of life are distinct. But the Jewish and Christian faith perspectives create possibilities for a unity between the contemplative and the practical that
is not possible from an Aristotelian perspective. Explain.
In the Jewish and Christian faiths it is possible to work towards both the divine and human good at the same time. For example, in Luke, there is
the parable of the Good Samaritan. This story tells of a traveller who is beaten up on the side of the road. A priest walks by, and then a Levite. Both
ignore the beaten man. Then a Samaritan walks by. He assists the man and pays for a place for him to stay. He is loving and saving his neighbor
despite traditional rivalry between Jews and Samaritans. By saving his neighbor and loving his neighbor he is loving God. Any person who acts in
this way is working towards both divine and human good at the same time. Therefore this parable proves that, unlike in the Aristotelian point of view,
in Christian and Jewish faith perspectives it is both possible and probable that positive actions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, he would have seen the son as culpable for his actions, due to the fact that they were distinctly made choices, rather than voluntary
actions. These choices showed that the son was clearly not acting in a virtuous manner. The father also made choices in this parable, but his choices
would be seen by Aristotle as much more virtuous. He loves his son to such a degree that he is willing to make sacrifices for him. This courage to
save his son is relative, however. If someone who did not feel the same connection and love for the boy saved him from his bad decision–making, they
would be seen as even more virtuous because they are saving someone to whom they have absolutely no

Aristotelian Explanation Of Explaining Motion
Explaining motion
Motion not only fills all aspects of physics it also play a vital role in our lives that we can scarcely communicate without using words that refer to it –
fast, hustle, go, slow, stop. This abundant vocabulary reflects the amount and diversity of motion we experience. For survival purposes, many aspects
of animals detect moving rather than stationary objects, a fact every hunter learn. Motion attracts the attention of infants, a fact every parent learns.
Because we sense motion directly, many psychologists suggest that we understand motion before we understand the related concepts of space and
time. We experience space by moving about in it. We observe time with the motion of the hands of the clock or periodic rising and... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
He believed that the world was composed of four elements: earth, water, air, and fire. Earth, the heaviest, belonged to the lowest position in the
hierarchy of the universe; water was next, then air and fire. Aristotle stated that if any of these were out of its order, then its natural motion would be
to return. For instance, when there are water and earth (dirt) in a glass, water rise while dirt falls. However, Aristotelian explanation invoked an
interaction between the arrow and the air. An arrow continues to fly even after it loses contact with the bow. As the arrow moves through the air it
creates a partial vacuum behind it. The air, rushing behind the arrow to fill the void, pushes on the arrow and causes the continued motion. In other
words, motion is impossible in a vacuum without an effort. Galileo thought about the motion of a perfectly round ball placed on a titled surface free of
external influences. The ball experiences an interaction on the falling slope that speeds it up and interaction on the rising slope that slows it down.
Then, Galileo placed the ball on a level surface and nothing happened. So he explained that constant–speed, straight–line motion is just natural at–rest
motion. This property of remaining at–rest or continuing to move in a straight–line at a constant speed is known as inertia. Galileo did not explain
motion, but changed the

Examples Of Aristotelian Appeals
Aristotelian Appeals: Ethos: Convincing an audience of the credibility of the author or of a character. Pathos: To persuade an audience through
appealing to their emotions. Logos: Convincing and audience through logic or reasoning. Rhetorical Fallacies: Emotional: Sentimental Appeals: Use of
emotion to distract audience from the facts Red Herrings: Use of unrelated evidence to support a conclusion Scare Tactics: Frighten people into
agreeing Bandwagon Appeals: Encourages audience to agree with a statement because everyone else does Slippery Slope: Suggesting one thing will
cause another to happen Either/Or Choices: Give complex issues only two possible answers False Need: Create unnecessary desire Ethical: False
Authority: Has audience agree with someone based off their authority even if they are not qualified Using Authority Instead of Evidence: When
personal authority is offered as proof Guilt by Association: Character is called into question because of one's associates Dogmatism: Writer's belief
becomes only acceptable one as discussion is shut down Moral Equivalence: Comparing minor and serious problems as the same Ad Hominem:
Arguments attacking character and not reasoning Strawperson: Set up arguments that dismantle other refutable arguments Logical: Hasty
Generalizations: Conclusions drawn from little evidence Faulty Casualty: Confuse chronology with cause of events Non Sequitor: A statement that
logically has no relation to the

Aristotelian Ideal Of Propriety In Hamlet
To continue, "[Hamlet is] loved of the distracted multitude" (4.3.4). He is assumed to be a charismatic and noble prince. However, his character is
completely different from what is expected, breaking the Aristotelian ideal of propriety. Hamlet is supposed to behave nobly and gentlemanly. On the
contrary, Hamlet often sprouts sexual innuendos and offhanded remarks. For example, during the play in a play, Hamlet's behavior towards Ophelia
can be described as childish at best. He lets out a torrent of offensive sexual remarks, even saying "it would cost you a groaning to take off mine edge"
(3.2.242–243). This kind of childish and impudent behavior is inappropriate for a noble prince. Moreover, anyone raised from nobility should have a
clear sense of honor and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hamlet simply erases his values on honor and adopts Fortinbras's ideals. Hamlet is not true to himself in the sense that he never seems to fight for his
own ideals. When Hamlet attempts to rectify his mother's adultery, he gets a terse warning from King Hamlet and simply acquiesces to his requests.
Hamlet is also not consistent about his own ideals in morality. Throughout the play, Hamlet broods and contemplates what the afterlife holds for him:
"To die, to sleep – / To sleep, perchance to dream– ay, there's the rub, / For in this sleep of death what dreams may come". Yet after he murders
Polonius and causes Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to be executed, he suddenly loses his fear of the uncertainty of the afterlife (3.1.65–68). When he
accepts Laertes's request to a duel, he speaks to the fact that man should be ready to die because fate is inexorable:
"Not a whit. We defy augury. There's a special providence in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, 'tis not to come. If it be not to come, it will be now. If it
be not now, yet it will come–the readiness is all. Since no man of aught he leaves knows, what is 't to leave betimes? Let be." (5.2.197 –

An Aristotelian Theory Of Consciousness
The idea of creating a synthetic consciousness has fascinated the human imagination for many a century. These range from the ancient Pygmalion's
Galatea, the mythological golem, Victorian automatons, to our more recent fancies– computers, robots and other Turing machines. Perhaps the reason
for this preoccupation with artificial intelligence is actually a quest to better understand our own consciousness.
At first sight, the question "Can a machine be conscious?" appears deceptively simple. However, the answer to this question is entirely dependent on
how we define consciousness. We can embark by defining consciousness in an Aristotelian fashion– by its function. Generally philosophers use the
term "consciousness" mainly to describe ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If we can only observe the behavior of others objectively, how can we be certain that they are conscious? Everyone around us could just as easily be a
philosophical zombie, with all the functions and responses of a conscious being, but with no understanding or awareness of their responses. Thus, a
metaphysical solipsist could very easily say that discussing whether a machine can be conscious or not is obsolete, because the concept holds no
existence in anything but our own mind.
The Turing test is a method conceived by Allan Turing to determine whether a mind is conscious. Supposing we create a machine that has been
programmed to responds in the exact way that humans do. In the Turing test, both the machine and a human are asked the same questions. A person
listening to their answers without knowing which of them was responding each time has to discern which answers are given by the machine. His
premise is that if the answers of the machine and the human are indistinguishable, there would be no difference between machine and human in terms
of consciousness.
However, the Turing test only determines whether we think a machine is conscious by its superficial behaviors, and does not determine whether it is
actually conscious Furthermore, we have no evidence that the human we are comparing the machine to in the test is conscious either– the Turing test
only measures computational ability. Similarly, a neural activity scan could

Gender Inequality And The Aristotelian Society
Gender Inequality in an Aristotelian Polity Aristotle's philosophies were deeply influenced by his upbringing and interest in biology. He believed that
the reason of a thing lies in its function. Everything that exists has a purpose, and that purpose is the reason that thing is the way it is. For example, all
the substances that make up a seed are there because the way those particular substances interact with each other causes that seed to grow. When the
seed grows, it reaches its full potential as a plant. Humans are the same. Human beings have a potential to live up to, which is finding true happiness
by living an honorable life. One lives an honorable life by complying with societal standards, which are built through community based on three
levels of organization. The first of these is the household, which is designed "to manage the necessities of individual existence, such as procreation,
sleep, nourishment, and shelter" (pg. 35). The second is the village, which in simple terms is the market place of society, where people buy and sell
goods and services. The last of the levels is the polis, the political community in charge of making collective decisions in the public's best interest.
Each of these levels "performs an essential, inescapable function in any society" (pg. 35) Species survival is crucial to any society, and is covered
under the household level of government. But because species survival is so important, those who are capable of bearing children will be

The Ideal Aristotelian Friendship
The proposition is that the virtuous agents are benefitting off each–other, through an egoistic manner. It is evident that the virtuous friendship entails
the concepts of egocentrism as Aristotle quotes, "the friend is another himself" (142, 9.4.SS5.30). The ideal Aristotelian friendship is where friends
resemble the each other, through similar strains of thinking. Significantly, the concept of egocentrism means if the friends are like us, to disagree with
them would be contradicting ourselves. In effect, the friendship based off similarity is enduring, because the agents whom think alike will avoid
conflict with each other since they will agree with each other on many grounds. Significantly, the excellent Aristotelian friendship would seem to
require that our friends "praise everything to please us and never cross us" (62 section 1). This is further evident when he asserts the friendship of virtue
is immune to slander (126, section 7 line 10). The concept of slander can be interpreted as a form of disagreement/quarrel between individuals, and
taking insult from this dissimilarity. Problematically, this would leave no room for dispute on differing idea's, or to further explore different
perspectives. Furthermore, the qualification of the virtuous friendship aims to use the similarities of the peer as a moderator, which would benefit the
agent in their pursuit towards achieving an intermediate state. The closer the similarities are between individuals, the better they can moderate each
other's actions/intentions. If one of the agents were to act out of line, their friend would respond accordingly and put them back on track. However,
presuming the individuals in the relationship are excellent people since they are virtuous, they ought to unconditionally desire to aid their friend, for
the good of the friend. Arguably, if the virtues of the friend were to change sporadically or gradually, the right response of the loving agent would be to
adjust their behaviour to aid their friend through whatever situation they are undergoing. Significantly, empathy becomes a key requirement for
enduring friendships, because it demonstrates we can positively react to our friend's change (and vice–versa). However, Aristotle uses

Hamlet As An Aristotelian Tragedy Essay
According to the Aristotelian view of tragedy, a tragic hero must fall through his or her own error. This is typically called the "tragic
flaw", and can be applied to any characteristic that causes the downfall the hero. Shakespeare's Hamlet, Prince of Denmark can be seen as an
Aristotelian tragedy and Hamlet as it's tragic hero. Hamlet's flaw, which in accordance with Aristotle's principles of tragedy causes his demise, is his
inability to act. This defect of Hamlet's character is displayed throughout the play.
In the opening scenes of the play, the Ghost of old Hamlet reveals the truth about his death to his son, and tells Hamlet to avenge the murder. Hamlet's
first response is one that sounds of speedy action, saying ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further evidence of Hamlet's tragic flaw can be found in act III, scene 3. At this point, Hamlet is sure of Claudius' guilt, and has even declared that
"Now could I drink hot blood and do such bitter business as the day Would quake to look on." (p. 99 lines 406–408) He comes to find
King Claudius alone, and recognizes it as an opportunity to act, but almost immediately talks himself out of action on the bases that the King is
praying, and will therefore go to heaven. He decides yet again to delay avenging his father's murder, this time until he can kill the King while he is in
a vile condition, such as "When he is drunk asleep; or in his rage; Or in the incestuous pleasure of his bed." (p. 103 lines 89–90) Hamlet
has failed to act for so long that the Ghost soon comes back to remind him of his duty.
In the end, we see that Hamlet's inability to act indeed causes his fall, and that his failure costs him not only his life, but also his mother's. In the final
scene, Hamlet duels with Laertes, who has conspired with the King to kill Hamlet. In the King's attempt to kill Hamlet, he accidentally poisons the
Queen. Laertes delivers the fatal wound to Hamlet with a sword dipped in a deadly poison and it is only with his final life breath that Hamlet finally
kills the King. This does not mean that Hamlet has finally acted–he has only reacted to what is happening to him. If Hamlet had initially carried out his

Fundamental Philosophy : The Golden Mean
Fundamental Philosophy "Nothing in excess." This Doric saying situated in the foreground of the temple at Delphi, is one of the earliest elaborations
of the doctrine known as the Golden Mean. It was this one saying that sparked the birth of an ethical principle, in which the concepts are tenfold. In the
aftermath of reading this excerpt, scholars alike have interpreted this statement, gradually contributing to the pantheon of perceptions that revolve
around the connotation of the Mean. First reflected in Socrates' teachings, the Mean was passed down by Plato, and then utterly revolutionized by
Aristotle. Utilizing cross–fertilization, it eventually spread throughout the known Earth. (Aristotle on the Concept of the Golden Mean) Simply, the
Golden Mean is the the belief in moderation between two extremes, and it reaffirms the balance that we, as a thriving species, need in life. The golden
mean is the most influential axiom that was developed by the Ancient Greeks because it is prevalent in many Greek myths, was theorized by Aristotle,
and has influenced the livelihood of people in the Western World. From it being shown at Temple Delphi, the Golden Mean has been adopted into
various Greek Myths and teachings. One of the most known myths that exhibits characteristics of the Mean is Icarus's Fall. (Icarus' Fall: "The Myth,
Symbol, and Interpretation") In that myth, Icarus and his father Daedalus are incarcerated on the island of Crete after building a Labyrinth that houses

The Aristotelian Conceptualization Of Self Sufficiency
Before comparison of different contexts of self–sufficiency, it is necessary to understand how the Aristotelian conceptualization of self–sufficiency
merges itself with the political aspect of virtuous life. In the examination of the nature of human beings and of the magnanimous man, self–sufficiency
in a fuller sense is revealed to be inherently political. In defining happiness, Aristotle first also clarifies self–sufficiency itself "not by reference to the
"self" alone. We do not mean a man who lives in isolation, but a man who also lives with... fellow citizens generally" (NE I.7 1097b8–11). This
expanded understanding of self–sufficiency, while initially and potentially paradoxical, rather does little more than begin to redefine self–sufficiency as
a quality that can be possessed by more than isolated hermits. It is not until the discussion of the 'high–minded' man that this expanded self–sufficiency
becomes political in nature. The magnanimous man will "requite good with a greater good", putting himself in the recipients "debt" in order to repay
disproportionately. Additionally, this high–minded man "is a person who will rather possess beautiful and profitless objects than objects which are
profitable and useful, for they mark him more as self–sufficient" (NE IV.3 1124b11
–13; 1125a11–12). Oddly, self–sufficiency is characterized by
excess rather than mere contentment. This Aristotelian self–sufficiency is counter–intuitive in two ways. Firstly in that it requires more

Physics of Aristotle Essay
The great Greek thinker Aristotle was born in 384 B.C. in Stagirus, a city in ancient Macedonia in northern Greece. At the age of eighteen Aristotle
went to Athens to begin his studies at Plato's Academy. He stayed and studied at the Academy for nineteen years and in that time became both a teacher
and an independent researcher. After Plato's death in 347 B.C. Aristotle spent twelve years traveling and living in various places around the Aegean
Sea. It was during this time that Aristotle was asked by Philip of Macedon to be a private tutor to his son, Alexander. Aristotle privately taught
Alexander for three years before he returned to Athens after Philip gained control of the Greek capital. During this period back in Athens Aristotle...
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In The Physics Aristotle deduces that there must be two main principles of change. These principles are 1) matter and 2) form. Matter stays the same in
general composition throughout change much as a rock would stay the same even after being broken into several small pieces. Form, however, is what
changes through various processes.
In order to prevent an infinite regression of argument, Aristotle came up with the his famous idea of the "Prime Mover," which exists outside the earth
somewhere in the heavens and is ultimately responsible for all change on earth.
Aristotle's physics separated the universe into two main areas: the terrestrial realm and the celestial realm. The terrestrial realm was composed of the
four elements: earth, wind, water and fire, which could each be either hot, wet, dry or cold, and the celestial realm made of ether, or what Aristotle
called the "quintessence."
The basic assumption of Aristotelian physics was that the natural state of terrestrial matter is at rest, and that earth air and water would continually
strive to reach their natural place at the center of the earth unless impeded by an impenetrable surface like the ground or a ceiling. He assumed that the
natural resting place of fire was somewhere above the earth but below the moon. this model held that the complicated nature of the circulation of the
air was a result of the conflict between fire, which was trying to

What Is Human Nature?
Intro: What is human nature?
Recently I heard the story of Edd, a man who begin therapy after being found on a kitchen floor with a knife, several vicious wounds, and no
knowledge of how he got there. In his first therapy session the therapist asked about family and medical history, and finally life events leading up to
the "kitchen incident," as Edd termed it. After Edd filled him in on his struggle with depression and suicide and explained the "kitchen incident," The
therapist exclaimed, "You're lying." Edd said this statement totally threw him. He restated that he really had no clue what had gone on and only
realized what he was doing after he came to. The therapist exclaimed again, "you're lying and you know it, what you're saying is not possible." Edd
recounted, "I fell apart. I wanted to throw up, hide, die, anything, he made me feel worse, at that moment, than I had when I found myself on that
kitchen floor."
Edd's therapist displayed a Machiavellian view of human nature, namely the idea that human are liars and deceivers. The question of the character of
human nature is of critical importance for leaders today. In The Prince andNicomachean Ethics, Machiavelli and Aristotle preach very different views
of human nature, which shapes the advice they give to leaders. Machiavelli proposes that men are inherently evil, while Aristotle says men are by
nature good. Which of these views is better for a leader, specifically a therapist? A leader is much better set up to

Galileo's Discontent With Aristotelian Philosophy
1)What was Galileo's discontent with Aristotelian mechanics in De Motu? – According to Aristotelian philosophy, he believes that there is no effect
without cause; therefore, there is no motion without a force. In this theory, an object that is falling down is known for the force that is cause by the
weight and it is pushing down the object; however, the resistance is the medium such as air or water. The objects that fall are looking for their natural
place; therefore, large objects contain greater concentrations of heavy elements and it causes them to fall faster than small objects. In fact, Galileo did
not believe that all of the large hailstones were falling from farther up in the sky; therefore, he decided to test his own theory and disagree... Show more
Augustine's doctrine? – He understands that God is an author of two books, Nature and the Scriptures. The idea of Truth was in these two books;
however, it ends differently. Nature was known as the language of mathematical science and it ended in physical theory. As for the Scriptures, it
presents no physical theory; however, it presents our moral destiny. 5)Why does he think that he proceeds with "much greater piety" than his enemies
in his astronomical view? – He believes that he proceeds with "much greater piety" than his enemies because of the way the enemies have suggest the
book without "understanding it, weighing it, or reading it." In fact, they used religion to argument back his beliefs. As for Copernicus, he focuses on
the physical conclusions that were involved with the celestial motions based on the astronomical and geometrical demonstrations, sense experiences
and exact observations. Furthermore, he did not ignore the Bible and he did not want to use the Bible incorrectly. As for the enemies, they keep using
biblical passage and ignore the reason and evidences that he hade provided. These biblical passages are being misused and it is not valid in his
astronomical

Aristotelian Argumentative Essay
In today's society, mental illness is being talked about and discussed more than ever. It is a topic that is heavily debated and is even brought up in
other debates such as gun violence and parenting. While the discussion of mental illness is an excellent thing, as it brings awareness and education
on an important topic, it also has its downsides. This has become evident in the romanticisation of some mental illness such as depression and
anxiety. In this essay, I will use the Aristotelian method to explain why this is such a detrimental problem. We will first look at the definitions of
depression and anxiety, then we will look at social media and the way that it romanticizes these problems and reactions to that, and finally we will look
at the controversial Netflix series that has sparked much debate on this topic, 13 Reasons Why. First of all, what... Show more content on
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A very common and well–known form of this is anxiety disorder. Another article by the American Psychiatric Association says this about anxiety:
"Anxiety disorders differ from normal feelings of nervousness or anxiousness, and involve excessive fear or anxiety. Anxiety disorders are the most
common of mental disorders and affect nearly 30 percent of adults at some point in their lives... Anxiety disorders can cause people into try to avoid
situations that trigger or worsen their symptoms. Job performance, school work and personal relationships can be affected." Anxiety disorder is
different from normal everyday anxiety because it generally causes the feeling of anxiety over issues or situations that should not normally cause that
feeling. There are many types of anxiety but it is generally excessive and causes the person suffering with the disorder to have trouble functioning
day–to–day with the subjects or situations that trigger that feeling of

Iago : An Aristotelian Rhetorician Essay
Iago: An Aristotelian Rhetorician
Iago, William Shakespeare's cleverly crafted antagonist in his play "Othello," could undoubtedly be seen through most rhetorical theorist's perspectives.
The overlooked and bitter advisor of Othello who conceives and executes the demise of his commander through rhetorical means of persuasion is a
character rich in depth of Aristotelian tradition. Aristotle, the 4th Century BC, Greek philosopher's definition entitled "Rhetoric" charts a middle course
between those of his predecessors. Plato, who views the art of rhetoric as merely illusion versus those of the Sophists who believed in a do what is
necessary to win style of speech.
Aristotle suggests that rhetoric "be defined as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion" ("Rhetoric," 181). In
other words, inventing or discovering what will work correctly in varying circumstances to exert influence. Still, from Aristotle's view, a successful
orator must encapsulate three modes of proof or persuasion to exhibit control and mastery of rhetoric over an audience. "The first kind depends on the
personal character of the speaker, the second on putting the audience into a certain frame of mind; the third on the proof, or apparent proof, provided
by the words of the speech itself" (Aristotle, "Rhetoric," 181). Iago, a master in rhetorical tools by all accounts demonstrates his abilities throughout the
play and his plan to manipulate his superior commander.

Aristotelian Virtues
I do not believe that the table of Aristotelian virtues works for all the human "virtues". According to Aristotle, behaving in the right manner is the
mean between extremes of deficiency and excess. Excess is having too much of something, while deficiency is having too little of something.
Sometimes, in real life situations it is difficult to figure out the means between excess and deficiency. You can use fear and confidence as an
example. The mean is courage, while the excess is rashness and the deficiency is cowardice. A soldier for example does not want to be a coward.
You want to be courageous, but it is hard to identify how many bullets needs to fly past someone's head before they can go back to safety? Virtues are
also dependent on many things, such... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The mean is truthfulness and the vices are boastfulness and understatement/mock modesty. In a job interview, we are supposed to make our
interviewer think we are the best person for the job. Maybe we do not think we would be the best fit for the job, but financially we need it. We are
not being truthful when we say that we would be the best candidate for the job. Also, we are taught that during an interview, we need to be boastful.
We need to make it show them we are skilled, experienced, and competent. Yes, you do not want to be overly boastful, but in this situation being
boastful will benefit you more than if you were truthful. The final example why the table of Aristotle's virtues does not work for all human virtues, is
because Aristotle lists ambition/empty vanity as a vice. For someone who is extremely religious, you can never worship God too much. In this case,
the vice would be the virtue. As you can see, there are many reason why the table of Aristotelian virtues does not work for all the human "virtues."
Sometimes, vices can be virtues. When you are figuring out the means, you have to consider someone's religion, culture, or

Aristotelian Argumentative Essay
Authors constantly write books or articles and those books or articles appeal to their audience in many different ways. They often apply all of the
Aristotelian Appeals or they sometimes manage to get their point across with just one or two of the appeals. Writers for American Scholar write with
these appeals in mind and they try to get the reader to feel a certain way after reading their article. Anne P. Beatty's comparative descriptions illustrate
that children in South Central LA experience more violence than the media reveals. The first Aristotelian Appeal Beatty targets deals with ethos and
she does this by posting an article on American Scholar. Beatty herself lacks credibility but the fact that she writes for the American Scholar makes...
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Throughout all of South Central LA, violence rules the minds of all who inhabit its grounds and cause them to harm one another, to become
savages. A lot of children die and a lot more spend time in the hospital for gunshot or stab wounds. Unfortunately, things like that happen so often
that people talk about them nonchalantly like when Angelica states, "he was just shot in the leg" (Beatty) like it was no big deal. Death and
shootings occur so frequently that no one even takes a second look at it and the media does not know how to televise it. The differences between
other cities and South Central LA shocks most but no one wants to help do anything about it. Everyone feels so safe and invincible in their little
bubbles thinking that the world remains safe in big cities and no one needs any help but, unfortunately for them the world does not work that way
and someone will always need help. Violence occurs not too often for the everyday American and to hear that it does for children in LA, just seems
so terrible. No person, let alone a child, should have to grow up around so much violence, especially children who should grow up around a loving
and compassionate family. This appeals to logic because of how much of a problem this poses to society and how if something could be done, the
problem would go away. The conditions remain in bad shape and

Prologue To An Aristotelian End Of History
1: The End of History The very idea The Wikipedia entry under "End of history" states the core concept as follows: "The end of history is a political
and philosophical concept that supposes that a particular political, economic, or social system may develop that would constitute the end–point of
humanity's sociocultural evolution and the final form of human government." I will apply this concept in a very robust sense, beyond merely the
political component and applying the "sociocultural" part thoroughly and all–encompassing. As the title of this essay suggests, the "cultural" indicated
here is enriched by (a certain vision of) philosophical, ethical, and intellectual preconditions to the "ideal society," the... Show more content on
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Rather, it makes a rather startling claim: that an Aristotelian end of history is almost surely realizable, and perhaps soon. In this regard it's similar to
Kurzweil's singularity book; Kurzweil is without any doubt that the historical technological trends he identifies in his book will lead in the (relatively)
near future to the creation of artificial superintelligence. I'm claiming to do something comparable here – to demonstrate that an Aristotelian end of
history is perhaps inevitable. The main reason I think this to be so is grounded upon the strength of the case – theoretical, practical, historical – to be
made for an Aristotelian worldview, a case that– once understood by its readers – should lead to a full, widespread adoption and implementation of the
Aristotelian ideal. In other words, this essay is to be taken as an opening statement, a challenge to be taken up that would, in time, lead to an
Aristotelian end of history (or something like it). To that task we now

Aristotelian Analysis Paper
Aristotelian Analysis Paper Political advertisements play an integral part in the Presidential election. Most notably are the derogatory bashings of the
opposing candidates character and policies. Each candidate has its own campaign committee to aid in the promotion of the incoming elected official.
Sometimes a third party chooses to engage the opposing party of their agenda using rhetorical strategies along with numerous examples of Ethos,
Pathos, and Logos. On July 13, 2012, The Emergency Committee for Israel was one of these third parties who attacked the sitting President Barrack
Obama in siding with the Republican Candidate Mitt Romney in the advertisement "Time to Act." One of the many objectives of this advertisement
was its appeal

Essay on Book VII of the Nichomachean Ethics by Aristotle
Book VII of the Nichomachean Ethics by Aristotle
Introduction
In book seven of the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle sets out his theory of akrasia, or weakness of will. Aristotle attempts to explain both how such
actions are possible (contra Socrates), and how we can dissolve the puzzles (aporiai) generated by our most important (kurios) commonly held beliefs,
which arise in response to the actions of the incontinent person. This paper will review book VII of the Nichomachean Ethics (EN), and attempt to
resolve some of the remaining questions left open by Aristotle's critique.
According to Aristotle, ethika is not an exact (akribes) science, for it only provides "usual" truths (hos epi to polu), or those that are ... Show more
Incontinence, basically, is when a person knows (or perhaps merely believes) that he or she ought to do x, since x is the decision formed from a
rational desire for some good end, but instead does y. For example, consider a case in which one believes that eating a healthy meal is desirable and
good as an end in itself, resulting in the decision that to partake of the healthy meal in front of oneself is the best way to achieve that end. However,
imagine that right next to the healthy meal is a large plate of various sweets and chocolates, the eating of which appeals only to one's appetite or
nonrational desires. According to Aristotle, the continent man will have the nonrational desire to eat the plate of sweets, but will resist it and instead
proceed to eat the healthy meal. The incontinent man, however, will relinquish his decision and succumb to his nonrational desire to indulge himself
(1145b9–14).
The Puzzles of Incontinence
As alluded to earlier, one aim of Aristotle's dialectical method of inquiry was to resolve certain puzzles that arise from conjoining the common
majority's beliefs with that of careful reflection, in the hopes of revealing the truth of the most important of the most common beliefs (1145b6). He
states that "we must prove the common beliefs about these ways of being affected... For if

Aristotelian Vs. Aristotelian Ethics Essay
In this paper, I will refute the claims made by Aristotelian and other virtue ethics systems in their suggestion that 'it is good for you to be virtuous' and
the Aristotelian claim that being virtuous is how you can live good life. I will do this by showing that in attempting to be virtuous you are subjecting
yourself to unreasonable and unachievable levels of personal expectation. I will then suggest that this becomes even more counter–intuitive when you
become aware that you cannot even guarantee you would achieve the good life should you manage to meet the expectations you are placing on
yourself. I will argue instead that you are better off trying to focus on something else within reach and within which you have a better chance of
living your own 'good life ' and achieving your goals of being a good person – the helping of others.
In his Nicomachean ethics Aristotle suggests that virtue is a purposive disposition, lying in a mean that is relative to us ... and by that which a
prudent man would use to determine it (Aristotle. et al., 2004: Book II). This in itself brings the concept of Aristotelian virtue to its most
concerning trait; if doing what is virtuous is to do as a virtuous person would then we are given little direction as to what to do, especially on a
circumstantial basis, beyond a difficult to define idea of 'what a virtuous person would do'. This becomes a problem when we are faced with difficult
real world scenarios and turn to ideas of virtue and

Aristotelian Argument 'Vocab Matching'
102 Midterm Summer 2016 Chaffey College Mrs. Joanna Branson Doresa Henderson June 30, 2016 Part A: Vocab Matching 1. B 6. K 11. C 2. D
7. M 12. L 3. E 8. J 13. H. 4. I 9. O 14. G 5. F 10. N 15. A Part B: Respond to each prompts 1. Compare/contrast arguments: Aristotelian argument: is a
technique of persuasion either by ethos, pathos and logos, what the writer writes, the affect on the emotional state of the reader, or based on the
argument itself. Aristotle claim that if a writer is able to effectively do all three the audience will buy into his/her credibility and not doubt the claims.
The writer will use logic state his/her claim, appeal to reader's rationale with factual evidence, and anticipate counterarguments to the claim, offer a
rebuttal and an effective conclusion with persuade the audience to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(1), the writer should state the thesis /claim reconciles problem and its affects to bother parties, writer should avoid stating their position at this
time. (2) The writer should be sympathetic to the reader's point of view on the problem and acknowledge how it is valid. The writer should avoid
ridiculing the reader's point of view. (3) the writer present a resolution is parallel to the thesis on his/her own point of view on the problem as clearly
as possibly: (4) The writer closes the argument by introducing a compromise, or showing the reader how his/her position would benefit: by possibly
adopting the writer's point of

Who Is Aristotelian Friendship?
According to Aristotle there are three major forms of friendship; pleasure, utility, and character. A character friendship is a friendship that is held
between two people who are both virtuous, or good, and wish to bring out the good in the other person. The friendship is based on wanting the other
person to be good, not to receive a benefit from them becoming better, but because they want to see their friend become better for the sake of their
friend. Aristotle describes this type of friendship as the highest form of friendship because both people in the friendship are morally good people who
wish to make each other even morally better. While pleasure and utility friendships are easy and can dissolve quickly if something were to cause
conflict, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His main idea is that faith in humanity is the belief that someone can do the right thing but with sacrifices from those around him. Preston–Roedder
also believes that while there are certain risks involved in the faith, a virtuous person can have said faith while still minimizing the risks. They are
still able to form judgments about people; yet, these faithful people choose to give others the benefit of the doubt and believe they will make the
right choice. This faith is still virtuous to have in a world of selfish people. While it would be easier to give up on these people, Preston–Roedder
believes that certain things about faith in humanity causes it to become virtuous. First, this faith could cause others to act right simply because
someone believes in them, a phenomenon called the self fulfilling prophecy. By believing in another person and treating them like they could do the
right thing, you are creating a setting that makes someone want to do the right thing. This treatment of others is virtuous in the sense of Plato's argument
towards the Ring of Glaucon. A just person has a balance between the three inner parts of the soul while an unjust person does not. The person with
the faith in humanity has a balance of all parts of the mind in order to accurately judge a person but still treat them with common decency. They do not
let their greed or selfish desires take over;

Aristotelian Essentialism Flaws
11/5/2015 Rover and Clover: a Flaw in Essentialist Thought Aristotelian essentialism is a metaphysical school of thought that speaks on how one
discerns the nature of an object or a group of objects. The school of thought has had many attackers since its inception in the 1960?s but one of the
strongest attacks against it was developed by Marjorie S. Price in her 1977 paper titled: Identity through Time. In his paper Price develops a thought
experiment that revolves around a dog undergoing immense physical changes over time until the dog is no longer recognizable. Price uses her thought
experiment to highlight a discrepancy in the Aristotelian essentialist concept of essence, an idea which makes up the foundation of essentialist theory. To
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For the Aristotelian essentialist?s views to have any merit they need to either redefine the basic principles of the thought experiment itself, or
develop methods of defining essence that can hold up despite significant physical changes. It is simply much easier and more logical to say that
the theory of essence does not hold at all. If one were to assume the existence of essence, they would be creating categories for objects that are too
rigid. Even the earlier example of humanness is subject to extensive consideration, for there are many people in comas or on life support in hospitals
who lack the ability to reason or to even be conscious about their surroundings but many people still consider them to be human. So if reason is not a
key factor in humanity, what else could be ?key? factors? If reason is not the primary consideration for humanity, other mental capabilities cannot be
considered viable classifications either, so essence would have to come down to something biological or chemical such as chromosomes or the like.
But can essence really be tied to something that significant? If so, what are the parallel hallmarks of essence in an inanimate object? The entire concept
of essence builds off of weak definitions and vague identifiers which simply do not tolerate advanced examination, meaning

Iago : An Aristotelian Rhetorician Essay
Iago: An Aristotelian Rhetorician
William Shakespeare's cleverly crafted antagonist Iago in his play "Othello," could undoubtedly be seen through most rhetorical theorist's perspectives.
The overlooked and bitter advisor of Othello who conceives and executes the demise of his commander through rhetorical means of persuasion is a
character rich in depth of Aristotelian tradition. Aristotle, the 4th Century BC, Greek philosopher's definition entitled "Rhetoric" charts a middle course
between those of his predecessors. Plato, who views the art of rhetoric as merely illusion versus those of the Sophists who believed in a do what is
necessary to win style of speech.
The suggestion Aristotle makes is that rhetoric "be defined as the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion"
("Rhetoric," 181). In other words, inventing or discovering what will work correctly in varying circumstances to exert influence. Still, from Aristotle's
view, a successful orator must encapsulate three modes of proof or persuasion to exhibit control and mastery of rhetoric over an audience. "The first
kind depends on the personal character of the speaker, the second on putting the audience into a certain frame of mind; the third on the proof, or
apparent proof, provided by the words of the speech itself" (Aristotle, "Rhetoric," 181). Iago, a master in rhetorical tools by all accounts demonstrates
his abilities throughout the play and his plan to manipulate his

Fallacies And Aristotelian Essay
Fallacies and Aristotelian
A great amount of people have become to have a stigma for depression. Having a stigma for depression leads to making it more difficult for people to
get through depression. There are many different types of depression. It is a topic that has been talked about often but there continues to be denial
about it. Depression should be taken more seriously because it is a disorder that should be taken just as serious Depression is having feelings of
severe despondency and dejection. It has an affect on how people think, feel, and behave. Depression can also cause different emotional and
physical issues. Statistics state, "172,495 adolescents aged 12 to 17 and 178,755 adults aged 18 to 25," (Singal). In other words, depression has a
big impact on many people's life. Anyone around you can have depression even yourself. Many people may call depression a disease but it is a
disorder. Disease has a specific identifiable cause and symptoms while a disorder is a state of confusion. Some people may argue that you can simple
snap out of it, but often times long term treatment is needed. According to Mayo Clinic, "Most people with depression feel better ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Depression isn't a choice for people, many people battle depression and try to overcome it by medication or psychological counseling but never a
choice. Health Central states "Some new age authors such as Louise Hay, best known for You Can Heal Your Life (1984), tells us that we create every
so–called illness" in our body" (Me). In other words, the author is one of the many others that believe that depression is just a choice. Depression is
a disorder that causes a major interferences in people's life. No one ever chooses to make life more difficult for them by choosing depression. Overall
there are many things that lead to depression or can cause it but people with depression don't choose to have

Aristotelian Influence Durrenmatt
However, the most important Aristotelian influence Durrenmatt is arguably the chorus. The chorus is the melody and song element of Aristotelian
tragedies. A chorus is a group of people who are homogenized and are non–individualized that comment and react as one to the action of the play in
order to help the audience follow the play. The chorus also typically comments on the moral issue in the play, for example in "The Visit" comments
on the moral issue of if justice can be bought as well as provide insight into the play. Typically in Greek tragedies there would only be a few actors
who would play several parts and the chorus would consist of a large number of people. In 'The Visit" the chorus consists of the first man, the second
man, the third... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Man Three: We were a city of the Arts, then. Man Two: One of the foremost in the land. Man One: In Europe. Man Four: Goethe spent a night here. In
the Golden Apostle. Man Three: Brahms composed a quarter here", (Durrenmatt 12). Without this insight the audience might have assumed that
GГјllen was always a poor town and never meant anything to the world. However with this insight allows the reader to truly understand why the
town needed and wanted the money so badly that they were willing to kill the town's one most beloved man, Ill. In Act II and III however, is when
the chorus begins to play the role of embodying themes. In Act II, the chorus is showing how the townspeople have slowly been bought and are
turning against Ill. This is particularly evident when the townspeople are buying lavish items from Ill's store. "The two women: charge it",
(Durrenmatt 40). With the townspeople buying the more expensive items, Ill is realizing that they are all just waiting for somebody to kill him. This is
even more prevalent at the end of the act when the townspeople surround Ill at the train station reassuring Ill that nobody is trying to kill him, yet they
all followed him

Aristotelian Virtue Ethics Essay

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