The document outlines the history and development of viral vaccines from the 18th century to present day. It notes that the first vaccine ever was for smallpox in 1796. Major milestones include the first vaccines for rabies, yellow fever, influenza, polio, measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, rotavirus, HPV and more. The document also discusses the different types of viral vaccines including live attenuated, inactivated, subunit and recombinant vaccines. It provides examples of common viral vaccines, how they work, and which viruses they protect against.

1. Antiviral vaccines
HML 800: Fundamentals of Virology

2. Timeline of Vaccines
• 18th century
• 1796 First vaccine for smallpox, first vaccine for any disease
• 19th century
• 1882 First vaccine for rabies
• 20th century
• 1932 First vaccine for yellow fever
• 1945 First vaccine for influenza
• 1952 First vaccine for polio
• 1954 First vaccine for Japanese encephalitis
• 1957 First vaccine for adenovirus-4 and 7
• 1962 First oral polio vaccine
• 1964 First vaccine for measles
• 1967 First vaccine for mumps
1970 First vaccine for rubella
• 1967 First vaccine for mumps
• 1970 First vaccine for rubella
• 1974 First vaccine for chicken pox
• 1977 First vaccine for pneumonia
• 1978 First vaccine for meningitis
• 1981 First vaccine for hepatitis B
• 1992 First vaccine for hepatitis A
• 1998 First vaccine for rotavirus
• 1999 FDA recommends removal of mercury from vaccines
• 21st Century
• 2002 Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis, inactivated polio, and
hepatitis B antigens vaccine
• 2003 First nasal influenza vaccine approved in U.S. (FluMist)
• 2006 First vaccine for human papillomavirus and rotavirus
• 2012 First quadrivalent (4-strain) influenza vaccine
• 2013 First vaccine for enterovirus 71
HML 800: Fundamentals of Virology

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13. CONCEPT
OF HERD
IMMUNITY
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19. Virus
Vaccine Brand
Name Type Route
Hepatitis A
Havrix Inactivated Intramuscular
VAQTA Inactivated Intramuscular
Hepatitis B
Recombivax Subunit Intramuscular
Engerix-B Subunit Intramuscular
Influenza
Fluzone Whole Inactivated Intramuscular
Fluzone, FlueShield Split-Virion Intramuscular
Fluvirin Subunit Intramuscular
Japanese Encephalitis JE-Vax Inactivated Subcutaneous
Measles Attenuvax Live Attenuated Subcutaneous
Measles Attenuvax Live Attenuated Subcutaneous
Mumps Mumpsvax Live Attenuated Subcutaneous
Polio
Orimune Inactivated Salk Subcutaneous
IPOL, Poliovax
Live Attenuated
Sabin Oral
Rabies
HDCV Inactivated Intramuscular
RVA Inactivated Intramuscular
RabAvert Inactivated Intramuscular
Rotavirus RotaShield Live Attenuated Oral
Rubella Meruvax II Live Attenuated Subcutaneous
Varicella-Zoster Varivax Live Attenuated Intramuscular
Yellow Fever YF-Vax Live Attenuated Subcutaneous
HML 800: Fundamentals of Virology

20. TYPES OF ANTIVIRAL VACCINES
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27. Trivalent
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34. “Live” Attenuated vaccines
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35. Viruses are often attenuated by growing them in cells that they
don’t normally grow in for many generations. The viruses begin
to evolve and adapt to these new cells so that they are less able
to live in their preferred environment
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46. ?
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48. Discussion- papers
• Hajj Hussein I, Chams N, Chams S, et al. Vaccines
Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global
Health. Frontiers in Public Health. 2015;3:269.
• Minor PD. 2015. Live attenuated vaccines: Historical
successes and current challenges. Virology 479-
480:379-392
HML 800: Fundamentals of Virology

49. Discussion- questions
• Explain Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur contributions
to modern vaccinology.
• How is the measles vaccine developed?
• How is the measles vaccine developed?
• Discuss the two types of Polio vaccines that are in
current usage.
• What has vaccination evoked controversies globally?
HML 800: Fundamentals of Virology