3. ESTROGENS
Female sex hormones.
ESTROGEN IS THE SUBSTANCE WHICH CAN INDUCE
ESTRUS IN SPAYED ANIMAL
Natural estrogens are steroid hormones, while some
synthetic ones are non-steroidal.
ESTROGEN =Greek
Oistros - Sexual desire, gen - "producer of".
Like all steroid hormones, estrogens readily diffuse
across the cell membrane. Goes inside the cell, they
bind & activate estrogen receptors which in turn
modulate the expression of many genes.
Estrogen levels vary through the menstrual cycle with
levels highest near the end of the follicular phase just
before ovulation.
4. NATURAL ESTROGENS:
Estradiol is the major estrogen secreted by the
ovary.
It is synthesized in the graffian follicle, corpus
luteum & placenta from cholesterol,
Estrediol is the most potent estrogen.
ESTREDIOL
↓ Oxidized in liver
ESTRONE
↓
ESTRIOL
Estrone (E1), Estradiol (E2) & Estriol (E3) all 3 are
found in blood
5. ESTRADIOL:
It is the predominant estrogen during reproductive
years,
It is the strongest with a potency of approximately
80 times than estriol.
It is the most important estrogen in non-pregnant
females who are between the menarche (first
menstrual cycle) and menopause stages of life.
ESTRONE
It is the predominant estrogen during menopause,
ESTRIOL
It is the predominant estrogen during pregnancy.
It is the most plentiful of the three estrogens
It is also the weakest,
6. REGULATION OF SECRETION:
Amount of secretion of estrogen depending on
the phase of the cycle.
Secretion starts from GRAFIAN FOLICLE, under the
influence of FSH.
Blood level raises during follicular phase after
ovulation, Corpus luteum continues to secrete
estrogen till about 2 days before menstruation.
DURING PREGNENCY – placenta secrete large
quantities of estrogen 30mg /day, which reduced
after delivery.
IN POST MENOPUSAL WOMEN: very low amount
secretes.
7. SYNTHETIC ESTROGENS:
All are Synthetic estrogens
Natural estrogens are inactive, because of first pass
metabolism in liver therefore, synthetic estrogens are
prepared.
STEROIDAL:
ETHNYLESTRADIOL
MESTRANOL
TIBOLONE
NON-STEROIDAL:
DIETHYLSTILBESTEROL
HEXESTROL
DIENESTROL
All preparations have similar action.
Potencies differ from others due to the type of first
pass metabolism.
8. ACTIONS:
PUBERTAL CHANGES IN FEMALE
Growth of uterus, fallopian tube and vagina.
Vaginal epithelium gets thickened, stratified and
cornified.
Proliferation of endometrium in the pre ovulatory
phase, Progesterone brings secretory changes.
Increase rhythmic contraction of fallopian tubes and
uterus; induce watery alkaline secretion from the
cervix.
SECONDERY SEX CHARECTERS:
Growth of breasts.
Pubic and axillery hair.
Feminine body contours (STRUCTURE), behavior.
Acne
10. PHARMACOKINETICS:
Well absorbed orally & transdermally
Natural estrogens are inactive orally,
Natural estrogens are largely bound to protein
Estradiol, estriol, estrone are metabolized in liver
Excreted in urine & bile
ADR:
Suppression of libido
Gynaecomastia
Feminization
Irregular bleeding
Breast cancer
Gall stones
11. PROGESTINS
PROGESTIN = FAVPURING PREGNENCY
“THESE ARE THE SUBSTANCE WHICH CONVERT
THE ESTROGEN PRIMED ENDOMETRIUM TO
SECRETORY & MAINTAIN PREGNANCY IN
ANIMAL SPAYED AFTER CONCEPTION”
• Identified in 1929, but full therapeutic potential
find out after 1950
• After that large number of orally active
synthetic progestin's were developed.
12. NATURAL PROGESTIN:
It is a 21 carbon steroid, Derived from cholesterol
It is secreted from corpus luteum (10-20mg/day) during
the menstrual cycle by LH
Synthesis Declines few days before the next menstrual
cycle
If ovum gets fertilized and implants blastocytes
producing CHRONIC GONADOTROPIN, which sustains
corpus luteum in early pregnancy
In second trimester placenta secretes lot of estrogens
and progesterone
SYNTHETIC PROGESTINS:
It is highly active orally
Various synthetic progestin's are available nowadays
PROGESTERONEDERIVATIVES (contain 21 carbon)
19-NORTESTOSTERONE DERIVATIVES (contain 18
carbon)
14. ACTIONS:
• Mainly progesterone prepare the uterus for nidation
(implantation) & maintenance of pregnancy
UTERUS:
• Secretory changes in the estrogen primed
endometrium,
• Hyperemia (increase of blood flow)& tortuocity
(twist) of glands occurs and increases the secretion
• During pregnancy causes decidual changes
(characteristic of the endometrium of the pregnant
uterus) in endometrium, enlargement of stroma it
become spongy
• Decreases the sensitivity of myometrium to oxytocin
16. BREAST:
• Proliferation of acini in the mammary gland
• Prepares breast for lactation
• After child birth withdrawal of progestin
release of prolactin from pituitary Milk secretion
CNS:
• During pregnancy High concentration of
progesterone induce sedation
BODY TEMPERATURE:
• Cause slight raise in temp (0.5oc)
RESPIRATION:
• At high dose – stimulate respiration during
pregnancy
17. MECHANISM OF ACTION:
Only limited progestin receptor present in the body
Mostly present in females, in Genital tract, Breast, CNS, Pituitary.
Located in the nucleus of the target cell
PROGESTERONE
BINDS TO PROGESTIRONE RECEPTOR PRESENT ON THE
TARGET CELL
DIMERIZATION OF RECEPTOR
DIFFUSE IN TO NUCLEUS
BINDS TO PROGESTERONE RESPONSE ELEMENT OF TARGET
GENE
REGULATION OF TRANSCRIPTION
SPECIFIC PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
BIOLOGICAL ACTION
18. PHARMACOKINETICS:
It is inactive orally
But the synthetic progesterone are orally active
Mostly injected (i.m) in oily solution
Has short half life 5-7 minutes
Metabolized in liver
Excreted in urine
Microionized formulation of progesterone administered in the form
of soft gelatin capsule
ADR:
Breast enlargement
Head ache
Rise in body temperature
Edema
Acne
Irregular bleeding