2. Management information system (MIS): Deals with planning for
development, management, and use of information technology tools to help
people perform all tasks related to information processing and
management
(MIS) resources:
• Information
• People
• information technology (IT)
3. • A collection of data organized to have a value of The facts
themselves.
Data vs Information
Data
• Raw Facts
• Distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a special way.
Information
4. Input Process Output
First Name -------- Hassan
Last Name -------- Ramazan
Age -------- 22
Date of Birth -------- 2000/07/23
Residence -------- Akre
Profession -------- IT programmer
Data Input & Process and Output Table.
5. Byte and Bit
Bits: are the smallest unit of data used in computing.
A bit is a single unit of data, which takes only two possible
values: either zero (0) or one (1).
In computer memory, bits don’t stay alone. They are organized
in sequences of 8 bits, called bytes. These are the machine “words“.
Some devices use 8-bit words, others use 16-bit words, while others
use 32-bit words,
6. Byte and Bit
Kilobytes (denoted by KB or KiB) consist of 1024 bytes.
Megabytes (denoted as MB) consist of 1024 kilobytes, which
calculates to 1 048 576 bytes.
Gigabytes (denoted as GB) consist of 1024 megabytes.
One gigabyte
holds 1 073 741 824 bytes.
Terabytes (denoted as TB) consist of 1024 gigabytes. One
terabyte holds nearly 1.1 trillion bytes.
7. DATA „Discussion‟
Distinct pieces of information, usually
formatted in a special way.
All software is divided into two general categories:
Data and Programs
Program are collections of instructions for manipulating
(processing) data.
Data can exist in a variety of forms -- as numbers or text
on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in electronic
memory
1
8. Data
The term data is often used to distinguish binary
Machine-readable information from textual human-readable
information. For example, some applications make a distinction
between:
Data files (files that contain binary data).
Text files (Files that contain ASCII data).
01.
02.
2
In database management systems or (DMS), Data files are the
files that store the database information, whereas other files,
metadata
stored administrative information such as examples index
files and data dictionaries.
9. Process
A set of logically related tasks performed(executed) to achieve(find) a
defined outcome(result).
(A) An executing
program. The term
is used loosely as a
synonym of task.
(B) To perform
some useful
operations on
data.
Process example
(what process is used for?)
Terminology
Knowledge
An awareness and understanding of a set of information and
how that information can be made useful to support a specific
task
10. Types of Data
Data Represented by
Alphanumeric data Numbers, Letters, and other characters
Image data Graphic images or pictures
Audio data Sound, noise, tones
Video data Moving images or pictures (Movies)
How does above data are represented by?
13. Binary
Definition: In computer science and mathematics, binary is a
system where numbers and values are expressed 0 or 1.
Main idea: Binary is base-2, meaning that it only uses two
digits or bits. For computers, 1 is true or "on", and 0 is false
or "off"
The binary number system is positional. So even though
it only works with 1's and 0's, the position of those two
digits can represent much more
14. Binary to Decimal Conversion
Methods
Binary to decimal conversion is done to help read large
binary numbers easily in a form that humans can understand.
15. Converting Steps
1
2
List out the powers of 2 for all the digits starting
from the
rightmost position. The first power would be 20
and as we move on it will be 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,..
multiply each digit in the binary number starting
from the right with its respective weight based on its
position and evaluate the product
Now, express the binary number as a decimal
number:
00101101 = 45
3
16. Example:
Convert the binary number 101101 to a decimal number?
0
27 25
23 21
0 1 1
0
1
1
0
26
24
22 20
0 0 32 0 8 4 0 1
17. Convert Decimal Numbers to Binary Numbers?
In the section, you will learn how to convert decimal numbers to
binary in the division method.
To convert decimal to binary numbers, proceed with the steps
given below:
Step 1: Divide the given decimal number by “2” where it gives the
result along with the remainder.
Step 2: If the given decimal number is even, then the result will be whole
and it gives the remainder “0”
Step 3: If the given decimal number is odd, then the result is not divided
properly and it gives the remainder “1”.
Step 4: By placing all the remainders in order in such a way, the Least
Significant Bit (LSB) at the top and Most Significant Bit (MSB) at the
bottom, the required binary number will be obtained.
18. convert the given decimal number 294 into a binary
number:
Divide by 2 Result Remainder Binary
Value
294 ÷ 2 147 0 0 (LSB)
147 ÷ 2 73 1 1
73 ÷ 2 36 1 1
36 ÷ 2 18 0 0
18 ÷ 2 9 0 0
9 ÷ 2 4 1 1
4 ÷ 2 2 0 0
2 ÷ 2 1 0 0
1 ÷ 2 0 1 1 (MSB)
Therefore, the binary equivalent for the given decimal
number 294 is 100100110
294 =100100110
19. ASCII Table
ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Below is the ASCII
character table, including descriptions of the first 32 characters. ASCII was originally
designed for use with teletypes, and so the descriptions are somewhat obscure and their use
is frequently not as intended
20. System „Discussion‟
The binary numbering system, for instance, is a way to count
using only two digits.
Refers to a combination of components working
together. For example, a computer system
includes both hardware and software.
A set of elements or components that interact
together to accomplish(perform) goals
21. System component and Concept
System boundary
Defines the system and distinguishes(recognize) it
from everything else(other things)
System types
Simple vs. complex
Open vs. closed
Stable vs. dynamic
Adaptive vs. nonadaptive
Permanent vs. temporary
22. A measure of what is produced divided by what is
consumed.
01
A measure of the extent to which a system achieves
its goals.
02
System Performance and Standard
Efficiency
03
Effectiveness
System performance standard
A specific objective of the system.
23. System Variables and
Parameters
System variable
System parameter
A quantity or item that can be controlled by the
decision maker(manager)
E.g., the price a company charges for a product
A value or quantity that cannot be controlled by
the decision maker(manager).
E.g., cost of a raw material
24. Information System (IS)
Definition:
A set of interrelated components that collect (input),
manipulate (process), and disseminate (output) data
and information and provide a (feedback) mechanism
to meet an objective
(IS) Pronounced as separate letters, and short for Information
Systems or Information Services.
25. What is information system?
Processing
• Converting or transforming data into useful outputs
Output
• Useful information, usually in the form of documents
and/or reports
• Anything that comes out of a computer
Input in IS
• The activity of gathering and capturing data
• whatever goes into the computer
Input
Processing
mechanisms
Outputs
System
Elements
Feedback
• Output that is used to make changes to input or
processing activities
