These slides are helpful if you really want to know what actually LOGIC is in business world or prospective.

1. Junaid Ashraf

2. LOGIC
Logic is a study the methods and principles used to distinguish correct from
incorrect reasoning.
Logic is also called Art of Arts and Science of Sciences.
It is a science of reasoning.
In logic we examine arguments of many varieties, in many spheres… argument in
science and religion, ethics and law, politics and medicine, commerce and sports,
and argument arise in every day life.

3. Whatever the subject or content of an argument, the logician is interested in its
form and its quality.
Does the argument do what it purpose to do?
If asserting the premises of some argument to be true does warrant asserting the
conclusion also be true. Than the reasoning is correct. Otherwise it is incorrect.

4. PROPOSITIONS
Propositions are either true or false, and in this they differ from questions,
commands, and exclamations.
Only propositions can be either asserted or denied: questions may be asked and
commands given and exclamations uttered, but none of them can be affirmed or
denied, or judged to be either true or false.

5. SENTENCE AND PROPOSITIONS
The difference between sentence and proposition is brought out by remarking
that a sentence is always a part of a language, whereas propositions are not
peculiar to any of the languages in which they may be expressed.
It is raining (english)
Barsaat ho rai he (hindi)
Il pleut (french)

6. KINDS OF PROPOSITIONS
Simple proposition….A proposition making only one assertion.
Compound propositions…A proposition containing two or more simple
propositions.
Disjunctive or Alternative Propositions….A type of propositions; if true at least
one of the component proposition must be true.
Hypothetical or conditional propositions …it is false only when the antecedents
is true and the consequent is false.

7. ARGUMENT
An argument is not the mere collection of propositions, but has a structure. In
describing this structure the term premise and conclusion are usually employed
The conclusion of an argument is that proposition which is affirmed on the basis
of the other propositions of the argument
And these other propositions which are affirmed as providing grounds or
reasons for accepting the conclusion are the premises of that argument.
It should be noted that premise and conclusion are relative terms.

8. Inference …A process of linking propositions by affirming one propositions on
the basis of one or more other propositions.
No proposition by itself, in isolation, is either a premiss or a conclusion.
It is a conclusion only when it occurs in an argument in which it is a claimed to
follow from propositions assumed in that argument. Like ‘employer’ and
‘employee’.

9. An argument always involves at least two proposition--- a conclusion plus one or
more premisses.
The conclusion of an argument need not be stated either at its end or at its
beginning. It can be, and often is, sandwiched in between different premisses
offered in its support.

10. RECOGNIZING ARGUMENT
Conclusion indicator Premise indicator
Therefore
Hence
So
Accordingly
In consequence
Consequently
Proves that
As a result
For this reason
Thus
For these reasons
Since
Because
For
As
Follows from
As shown by
In as much as
As indicated by
The reason is that

11. Conclusion indicator Premises indicator
It follows that
I conclude that
Which shows that
Which means that
Which entails that
Which implies that
Which allows us to infer that
Which points to the conclusion that
We may infer
For the reason that
May be inferred from
May be derived from
May be deduced from
In view of the fact that

12. It should be remarked that not every thing said in the course of an argument is
either premise or conclusion of that argument. A passage containing an argument
may also contain other material, which is sometimes irrelevant but often supplies
important background information that enables the reader to understand.

13. Some passages may contain two or more arguments, either in succession, or
intertwined.

14. RECOGNIZING ARGUMENT
In every argument one or more premises and a conclusion are asserted. But not
every assertion of several propositions constitute an argument
“if object of art are expressive, they are a language”
Such proposition is called a “conditional”.
No premiss is asserted, no inference is made, no conclusion is made to be true.

15. “Because objects of art are expressive, they are a language”.
Here we do have an argument.
A conditional statement may look like an argument, but it is not an argument;
and the two should not be confused.

16. “synonyms are good servants but bad masters; therefore select them with care.
(here there fore is a command rather than a proposition, and since a command is
neither true nor false. Premisses and conclusion must be asserted in an argument.
‘Since Henery graduated from medical school his probable income is very high’.
Since Henery graduated from medical school there have been many changes in
medical techniques.
(in the second, the word “since” has temporal rather than logical significance.

17. DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION
Deductive----only deductive argument involves the claim that its premisses
provide conclusive grounds for the truth of its conclusion.
In the case of deductive arguments the technical terms “valid” and “ invalid” are
used in place of “ correct” and “incorrect”

18. Inductive-----inductive argument involves the claim that its premisses can not
give coclusive grounds for its conclusion, but only that they provide some
grounds for it.
Inductive argument can be evaluated as better or worse.
In deduction we infer particular from general truths; while in inductionwe infer
general from particular ……’