Bangladesh

1. Good GovernanceGood Governance
and Developmentand Development
Md. Akram HusainMd. Akram Husain
Additional SecretaryAdditional Secretary
Ministry of LandMinistry of Land

2. Governance ?Governance ?
 GovernanceGovernance refers to "all of processes ofrefers to "all of processes of
governing, whether undertaken by agoverning, whether undertaken by a governmentgovernment
, market or network, whether over a family, tribe,, market or network, whether over a family, tribe,
formal or informal organization or territory andformal or informal organization or territory and
whether through the laws, norms, power orwhether through the laws, norms, power or
language."language."[1][1]
It relates to "the processes ofIt relates to "the processes of
interaction and decision-making among theinteraction and decision-making among the
actors involved in a collective problem that leadactors involved in a collective problem that lead
to the creation, reinforcement, or reproduction ofto the creation, reinforcement, or reproduction of
social norms and institutions."social norms and institutions."[2][2]
 The most formal is aThe most formal is a governmentgovernment

3. Good Governance?Good Governance?
 ““Good governance” is a term that hasGood governance” is a term that has
become a part of the vernacular of a largebecome a part of the vernacular of a large
range of development institutions andrange of development institutions and
other actors within the intenational arena.other actors within the intenational arena.
What it means exactly, however, has notWhat it means exactly, however, has not
been so well establishedbeen so well established

4. Good Governance?Good Governance?
 No Precise definition yetNo Precise definition yet
 Include a variety of generallyInclude a variety of generally
“good” things“good” things
 Denotes a desirable state of affairsDenotes a desirable state of affairs
 An ideal governing systemAn ideal governing system
 Opposite to poor/bad governanceOpposite to poor/bad governance

5. Good Governance as emergingGood Governance as emerging
conceptconcept
 Good Governance emerged asGood Governance emerged as
– Prescriptions for developing nations by DonorPrescriptions for developing nations by Donor
Agencies, Development PractitionersAgencies, Development Practitioners
But why are these prescriptions? Why didBut why are these prescriptions? Why did
the developing countries feel compelled tothe developing countries feel compelled to
accept the prescriptions?accept the prescriptions?

6.  On the part of the West/Developed World:On the part of the West/Developed World:
– Expanding their dominanceExpanding their dominance
– Expansion of Trade (Globalization, freeExpansion of Trade (Globalization, free
markets)markets)
– They also needed competent counterpartsThey also needed competent counterparts
 On the part of the Developing Nations:On the part of the Developing Nations:
– Many developing nations were in dire need ofMany developing nations were in dire need of
fundamental realignment of trade relationsfundamental realignment of trade relations
– Massive economic and structural problemsMassive economic and structural problems
confronting many developing countries leftconfronting many developing countries left
them with no alternative but to seekthem with no alternative but to seek
substantial amounts of Western aidsubstantial amounts of Western aid

7.  This state of affairs left the major WesternThis state of affairs left the major Western
powers in a virtually insurmountablepowers in a virtually insurmountable
position to dictate terms to the developingposition to dictate terms to the developing
world.world.
 A willingness to adopt good governanceA willingness to adopt good governance
practices became the basic preconditionpractices became the basic precondition
for financial assistance and increasedfor financial assistance and increased
trade relation.trade relation.

8. Forces driving GoodForces driving Good
GovernanceGovernance International Aid DonorsInternational Aid Donors
– WB, IMF and other major international trade donors came upWB, IMF and other major international trade donors came up
with a set of good governance reforms as a precondition forwith a set of good governance reforms as a precondition for
financial assistancefinancial assistance
 International TradeInternational Trade
– WTO, NAFTA, EU repeated expressed that a commitment toWTO, NAFTA, EU repeated expressed that a commitment to
good governance is a requirement for increased tradegood governance is a requirement for increased trade
relationsrelations
 Issue-based International NGOsIssue-based International NGOs
– Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Greenpeace, aAmnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Greenpeace, a
number of committees and organizations affiliated with thenumber of committees and organizations affiliated with the
UNUN
 Transmission of ValuesTransmission of Values
– Transmission of Western cultural values into the developingTransmission of Western cultural values into the developing
world most because of revolution in electronicworld most because of revolution in electronic
communicationscommunications

9. Forces driving GG…Forces driving GG…
 Crisis of LegitimacyCrisis of Legitimacy
– Crisis of legitimacy occurred as governments inCrisis of legitimacy occurred as governments in
developing world failed to address chronicdeveloping world failed to address chronic
poverty and other social problems. Their regimespoverty and other social problems. Their regimes
were questioned and they responded bywere questioned and they responded by
introducing reforms in line with Goodintroducing reforms in line with Good
Governance practicesGovernance practices
 Emergent Social ForcesEmergent Social Forces
– Emergence of indigenous civil society elementsEmergence of indigenous civil society elements
– Evolution of a wide range of organizations,Evolution of a wide range of organizations,
associations and citizens’ groups pushing forassociations and citizens’ groups pushing for
many social and political change and for greatermany social and political change and for greater
participation in decision-making.participation in decision-making.

10. Good GovernanceGood Governance
As described by ----------As described by ----------
WB, UN, UNDP, DFID , EXPARTS etc.WB, UN, UNDP, DFID , EXPARTS etc.

11. World Bank….World Bank….
an efficient public service; an independentan efficient public service; an independent
judicial system and legal framework tojudicial system and legal framework to
enforce contracts; the accountableenforce contracts; the accountable
administration of public funds; anadministration of public funds; an
independent public auditor, responsible toindependent public auditor, responsible to
a representative legislature; respect fora representative legislature; respect for
the law and human rights at all levels ofthe law and human rights at all levels of
governments; a pluralistic institutionalgovernments; a pluralistic institutional
structure, and a free pressstructure, and a free press

12. The United Nations Economic andThe United Nations Economic and
Social Commission for Asia and theSocial Commission for Asia and the
Pacific defines good governance as aPacific defines good governance as a
process which is:process which is:
Participatory, consensus oriented,Participatory, consensus oriented,
accountable, transparent, responsive,accountable, transparent, responsive,
effective and follows the rule of law toeffective and follows the rule of law to
assure that corruption is minimized. Theassure that corruption is minimized. The
decision making process is alsodecision making process is also
responsive to the present and futureresponsive to the present and future
needs of society.needs of society.

13. United Nations…United Nations…
Eight basic elements of goodEight basic elements of good
governancegovernance
– participatory,participatory,
– consensus oriented,consensus oriented,
– accountable,accountable,
– transparent,transparent,
– responsive,responsive,
– effective and efficient,effective and efficient,
– equitable and inclusive, andequitable and inclusive, and
– rule of lawrule of law

14. Multilateral organizationsMultilateral organizations ……
 UNDP, OECDUNDP, OECD
– better economic management emphasizing onbetter economic management emphasizing on
accountability, transparency, participation andaccountability, transparency, participation and
predictabilitypredictability
 DFID –DFID – 7 key governance capabilities7 key governance capabilities
– A fair political systemA fair political system
– macroeconomic stabilitymacroeconomic stability
– pro-poor policypro-poor policy
– equitable and universal provision of effective basicequitable and universal provision of effective basic
servicesservices
– personal safety and securitypersonal safety and security
– national securitynational security
– honest and accountable governmenthonest and accountable government

15. Hyden et al (2004)….Hyden et al (2004)….
 five dimensionsfive dimensions
– participation,participation,
– fairness,fairness,
– decency,decency,
– efficiency,efficiency,
– accountability, andaccountability, and
– transparencytransparency
 in each of the following six arenasin each of the following six arenas
– civil society,civil society,
– political society,political society,
– government,government,
– bureaucracy,bureaucracy,
– economic society, andeconomic society, and
– judiciaryjudiciary

16. Sir Keneth StoweSir Keneth Stowe……
 Political freedom, including free speechPolitical freedom, including free speech
and a freely elected parliamentand a freely elected parliament
 Constitutional and judicial protection forConstitutional and judicial protection for
the rights of the individualthe rights of the individual
 Maintenance of the rule of law by anMaintenance of the rule of law by an
independent judiciaryindependent judiciary
 Maintenance of stable currencyMaintenance of stable currency
 Development of a society as a whole byDevelopment of a society as a whole by
education and health careeducation and health care
 Executive accountability to a freely electedExecutive accountability to a freely elected
legislaturelegislature

17. Basic Traits of GoodBasic Traits of Good
GovernanceGovernance
 participation,participation,
 accountability,accountability,
 transparency,transparency,
 rule of law,rule of law,
 effectiveness and efficiency,effectiveness and efficiency,
 responsiveness, andresponsiveness, and
 equity and inclusivenessequity and inclusiveness

18. What is Participation…What is Participation…
 Paul, (1990)Paul, (1990)
– an active process by which interests groups influence thean active process by which interests groups influence the
decisions which affect their well-beingdecisions which affect their well-being
 Rowe and Frewer (2004)Rowe and Frewer (2004)
– the practice of involving the people in the agenda-setting,the practice of involving the people in the agenda-setting,
decision-making and policy-forming activities.decision-making and policy-forming activities.
 Gran (1993), Oakley and Marsden (1984)Gran (1993), Oakley and Marsden (1984)
– Participation means empowering theParticipation means empowering the
marginalized and the excluded.marginalized and the excluded.
 Cornwall, (2002)Cornwall, (2002)
– Participation is partnership.Participation is partnership.

19. Participation is…Participation is…
 an organized effort to increase controlan organized effort to increase control
over resources and regulative institutionsover resources and regulative institutions
 people’s involvement in decision-making,people’s involvement in decision-making,
implementation, benefit-sharing and inimplementation, benefit-sharing and in
evaluation of programsevaluation of programs
 to become “subjects” rather than “objects”to become “subjects” rather than “objects”
 a reversal of role playing: people shoulda reversal of role playing: people should
be the primary actors and governmentbe the primary actors and government
agencies and outsiders shouldagencies and outsiders should
“participate” in people’s activities“participate” in people’s activities

20. What is Accountability?What is Accountability?
 Accountability isAccountability is holding individuals andholding individuals and
organizations responsible for performanceorganizations responsible for performance
measured as objectively as possible.measured as objectively as possible. PublicPublic
accountabilityaccountability refers to the spectrum ofrefers to the spectrum of
approaches, mechanisms and practices used byapproaches, mechanisms and practices used by
the stakeholders concerned with public servicesthe stakeholders concerned with public services
to ensure desired level of performanceto ensure desired level of performance ((PaulPaul
19921992).).
 Decision-makers and implementers areDecision-makers and implementers are
accountable to those who are affected by theiraccountable to those who are affected by their
decisions and actions.decisions and actions.

21. Elements of AccountabilityElements of Accountability
 AnswerabilityAnswerability
– fixing liability for the individuals as well asfixing liability for the individuals as well as
organizationsorganizations
 EnforceabilityEnforceability
– mechanisms as well as capacity of subjectingmechanisms as well as capacity of subjecting
the individuals as well as organizations tothe individuals as well as organizations to
account for respective performancesaccount for respective performances

22. Forms of AccountabilityForms of Accountability
 Political,Political,
 Administrative,Administrative,
 Legal, andLegal, and
 ProfessionalProfessional

23. Accountability mechanisms…Accountability mechanisms…
 external-formalexternal-formal mechanisms:mechanisms: legislativelegislative
committees and parliamentary questionscommittees and parliamentary questions
 external-informalexternal-informal mechanisms:mechanisms: publicpublic
hearings, interest groups, opinion polls, andhearings, interest groups, opinion polls, and
media scrutinymedia scrutiny
 internal-formalinternal-formal means:means: official rules, codes ofofficial rules, codes of
conductsconducts
 internal-informalinternal-informal mechanisms:mechanisms: organizationalorganizational
culture, professional ethics, and peerculture, professional ethics, and peer
pressurepressure

24. Key Issues for AccountabilityKey Issues for Accountability
 political neutrality of the civil servantspolitical neutrality of the civil servants
 free and fair mediafree and fair media
 unbiased, neutral as well as functionalunbiased, neutral as well as functional
civil societycivil society

25. TransparencyTransparency
 free flow of informationfree flow of information
 accessibility to those informationaccessibility to those information
 Rules and regulations are followed in anRules and regulations are followed in an
open and traceable manneropen and traceable manner
 culture of secrecy helps breed corruptionculture of secrecy helps breed corruption

26. Rule of LawRule of Law
 impartial enforcement of lawsimpartial enforcement of laws
 full protection of human rights, especiallyfull protection of human rights, especially
those of minorities, women, and ultra poorthose of minorities, women, and ultra poor
 independent judiciary and impartial andindependent judiciary and impartial and
incorruptible law enforcing agenciesincorruptible law enforcing agencies

27. Effectiveness andEffectiveness and
EfficiencyEfficiency
 Making the best use of resources,Making the best use of resources,
sustainable use of natural resources andsustainable use of natural resources and
the protection of the environmentthe protection of the environment
– An efficient and effective bureaucracyAn efficient and effective bureaucracy

28. ResponsivenessResponsiveness
 services are delivered to the citizens, whoservices are delivered to the citizens, who
are clients in the modern concept ofare clients in the modern concept of
governance, within reasonable time limitgovernance, within reasonable time limit
– Responsive to citizens’ wishes, needs andResponsive to citizens’ wishes, needs and
prioritiespriorities
– Preferences of CitizensPreferences of Citizens

29. Equity and InclusivenessEquity and Inclusiveness
 everyone has a stake in the society andeveryone has a stake in the society and
not excluded from itnot excluded from it
 all groups, particularly the vulnerable andall groups, particularly the vulnerable and
the minority, have opportunities to improvethe minority, have opportunities to improve
or maintain their well beingor maintain their well being

30. GG Touchstones?GG Touchstones?
 Is your governmentIs your government
predictable?predictable?
 As a citizen, do you have theAs a citizen, do you have the
sense of safety and security?sense of safety and security?
 Do you feel that you have aDo you feel that you have a
stake in the governance?stake in the governance?
 Do you have a sense ofDo you have a sense of
impunity?impunity?

31. DEVELOPMENT :DEVELOPMENT : Most common indicatorsMost common indicators
 Gross Domestic Product (GDP)Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
 Gross National Product (GNP)Gross National Product (GNP)
 GNP per capita.GNP per capita.
 Birth and death rates.Birth and death rates.
 The Human Development Index (HDI)The Human Development Index (HDI)
 Infant mortality rate.Infant mortality rate.
 Literacy rate.Literacy rate.
 Life expectancy.Life expectancy.

32. Development: Economic Growth andDevelopment: Economic Growth and
Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development
 Economic growthEconomic growth . A country's economic. A country's economic
growth is usually indicated by an increase in thatgrowth is usually indicated by an increase in that
country'scountry's gross domestic productgross domestic product , or, or GDPGDP..
Generally speaking, gross domestic product isGenerally speaking, gross domestic product is
an economic model that reflects the value of aan economic model that reflects the value of a
country's output. In other words, a country'scountry's output. In other words, a country's
GDP is the total monetary value of the goodsGDP is the total monetary value of the goods
and services produced by that country over aand services produced by that country over a
specific period of timespecific period of time

33. ContdContd
 Economic developmentEconomic development is usuallyis usually
indicated by an increase in citizens' qualityindicated by an increase in citizens' quality
of life. 'Quality of life' is often measuredof life. 'Quality of life' is often measured
using theusing the Human Development IndexHuman Development Index ,,
which is an economic model thatwhich is an economic model that
considers intrinsic personal factors notconsiders intrinsic personal factors not
considered in economic growth, such asconsidered in economic growth, such as
literacy rates, life expectancy and povertyliteracy rates, life expectancy and poverty
rates.rates.

34. Good Governance and DevelopmentGood Governance and Development
 Development and improved governanceDevelopment and improved governance
have tended to go hand in hand.have tended to go hand in hand.
 World bank study ,using more than 100World bank study ,using more than 100
indicators, found a strong correlationindicators, found a strong correlation
between governance indicators andbetween governance indicators and
economic progress.economic progress.
 Almost all major development institutionsAlmost all major development institutions
today say that promoting good governancetoday say that promoting good governance
is an important part of their agendas. Theis an important part of their agendas. The
outcome document of the recent 2011outcome document of the recent 2011
Busan High-Level Forum on Aid EffectivenessBusan High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness
further reflects these commitmentsfurther reflects these commitments ..

35. UN Secretary General’s viewUN Secretary General’s view
 In a well-cited quote, former UNIn a well-cited quote, former UN
Secretary-General Kofi Annan noted thatSecretary-General Kofi Annan noted that
--
““good governance is perhaps the singlegood governance is perhaps the single
most important factor in eradicatingmost important factor in eradicating
poverty and promoting development”.poverty and promoting development”.

36. Big Question?Big Question?
 Is Good Governance perfectlyIs Good Governance perfectly
Practicable/ Implement able?Practicable/ Implement able?
 Does Good Governance alwaysDoes Good Governance always
boost Development ?boost Development ?
 Answer is not always positiveAnswer is not always positive
…..….. …………

37. Good EnoughGood Enough
Governance?Governance?
 Good Governance is very hard to achieveGood Governance is very hard to achieve
– Requires improvements in every aspect ofRequires improvements in every aspect of
public sectorpublic sector
 Good Enough GovernanceGood Enough Governance
– Prioritizing actionsPrioritizing actions
– Realities of the contextRealities of the context

38. Thank you all for patient hearingThank you all for patient hearing
Any Questions?Any Questions?