This document discusses measuring social inequality in domestic tourism through household tourism surveys in Argentina. It provides an overview of the evolution of tourism statistics in Argentina and the importance of domestic tourism to the economy. It then describes the methodology of Argentina's Travel and Tourism Household Survey, including its scope, sampling, and types of reports produced. The document outlines how this survey is usually used to characterize domestic tourism and presents new analyses measuring various dimensions of social inequality in domestic tourism, including access, inclusion rates across income levels, and other factors beyond income. It concludes by emphasizing the need to consider both tourism growth and social inequality when analyzing domestic tourism.

2. “Tourism and social inequality: The
case of Argentina based on
households tourism surveys”
Lic. Juan Tarelli - Lic. Rodrigo Oliver
National Ministry of Tourism of Argentina
Nara Tourism Statistics Week
UNWTO Special Workshop on Tourism Statistics
Nara, Japan
Thursday, 20 November

3. 3
SESSION 1: “MEASUREMENT TOURISM FOR POLICY
PURPOSES”
In most countries, particularly those with large populations, the
size of domestic tourism either in physical flows or in
monetary terms is considerably larger than inbound tourism.
In recent years, policy makers and statisticians have become
increasingly aware of this and have been putting more focus
on this aspect of tourism.
The purpose of this topic is to facilitate an exchange of
information and to present new methods and techniques used
in measuring domestic tourism but also other forms of tourism.

4. Roadmap
I. Evolution of the system of tourism statistic in Argentina
II. Relevance of domestic tourism in Argentine economy
III. Methodology of the Travel and Tourism Household Survey (EVyTH)
IV. Usual characterization of domestic tourism
V. Domestic tourism: measuring social inequality
I. Access
II. Inclusion
III. Other dimensions of social inequality (not related with income)
VI. Final conclusions
444

5. 55
Roadmap
I. Evolution of the system of tourism statistic in Argentina
II. Relevance of domestic tourism in Argentine economy
III. Methodology of the Travel and Tourism Household Survey (EVyTH)
IV. Usual characterization of domestic tourism
V. Domestic tourism: measuring social inequality
I. Access
II. Inclusion
III. Other dimensions of social inequality (not related with income)
VI. Final conclusions
5

6. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
EVOLUTION OF THE SYSTEM OF TOURISM STATISTIC IN ARGENTINA
6
 INTERNATIONAL TOURISM SURVEY
 OCCUPANCY HOTELS SURVEY
 FIRST EXPIRENCE WITH DOMESTIC
TOURISM SUEVEY (one annual wave –
face to face)
 INTERNATIONAL TOURISM SURVEY
 OCCUPANCY HOTELS SURVEY
 DOMESTIC TOURISM SUEVEY
 RELAUNCH OF THE DOMESTIC
TOURISM SUEVEY (monthly
telephone interviewing)

7. 7
Roadmap
I. Evolution of the system of tourism statistic in Argentina
II. Relevance of domestic tourism in Argentine economy
III. Methodology of the Travel and Tourism Household Survey (EVyTH)
IV. Usual characterization of domestic tourism
V. Domestic tourism: measuring social inequality
I. Access
II. Inclusion
III. Other dimensions of social inequality (not related with income)
VI. Final conclusions
7

8. QUANTIFYING THE IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM IN ARGENTINA.
Year 2013
8
Genera 1,1 mill.
de empleos
Redistribuye
recursos
Mercado de
$79.143 millones
4to complejo
exportador
Mercado de
$79.143 millones
4to complejo
exportador
Redistribuye
recursos
Mercado de
$79.143 millones
4to complejo
exportador
Genera 1,1 mill.
de empleos
Redistribuye
recursos
Mercado de
$79.143 millones
4to complejo
exportador
Mercado de
$79.143 millones
4to complejo
exportador
Redistribuye
recursos
Mercado de
$79.143 millones
4to complejo
exportador
Genera 1,1 mill.
de empleos
Redistribuye
recursos
Mercado de
$79.143 millones
4to complejo
exportador
Mercado de
$79.143 millones
4to complejo
exportador
Redistribuye
recursos
Mercado de
$79.143 millones
4to complejo
exportador
1,1 million
Jobs
(6% of total jobs)
Tourism redistributes
resources from big
cities to smaller
local economies
Size of the market:
USD 11.8 billions
(3.3% of GDP)
5th export complex
Importace to the economy
Importance to the international trade
Importance to the local small economies
Importance for employment

9. COMPARING TOURISM WITH OTHERS SECTORS OF THE
ARGENTINEAN ECONOMY -Year 2013-
 IT sales: USD 4.2 Billions (1/3 of tourism size)
 E-commerce sales: USD 1.8 billions (1/6 of tourism size)
 Shopping malls sales (Buenos Aires city): USD 2.2 billions (1/6 of tourism
size)
 Telecommunications sales: $ 7.5 billion (2/3 of tourism size)
Supermarkets sales: USD 12.2 billions (similar to tourism)
9

10. 10
Source: National Ministry of Tourism of Argentina based on the Survey of Household Travel and Tourism (EVyTH) and the Travel Account
(DNCN)
COMPARING DOMESTIC AND INBOUND TOURISM. ARGENTINA 2013
Internal Tourism ExpendituresInternal Tourists

11. 11
Roadmap
I. Evolution of the system of tourism statistic in Argentina
II. Relevance of domestic tourism in Argentine economy
III. Methodology of the Travel and Tourism Household Survey (EVyTH)
IV. Usual characterization of domestic tourism
V. Domestic tourism: measuring social inequality
I. Access
II. Inclusion
III. Other dimensions of social inequality (not related with income)
VI. Final conclusions
11

12. 12
COUNTRIES WITH DOMESTIC TOURISM SURVEYS
Countries that measure National Tourism through specific tourism surveys
Countries that measure National Tourism with at least an annual frequency
Countries that measure National Tourism through specific tourism surveys and with at least an annual frecuency
No surveys

13. Objective
 Measure and characterize the evolution of
tourism trips of argentine residents and their
expenses associated, either within the country
(domestic tourism) or abroad (outbound tourism).
Temporality  Continuous monthly surveys since 2012
Provinces capital cities and urban centers with
more than 100,000 inhabitants. A total of 32
clusters grouped into 7 touristic regions
Target population
13
CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS
Methodology Telephone survey

14. Survey reference period (recall period)
2014 2015
October November December January February March April May June July August September October
Wave 1
December 2014
Wave 2
January 2015
Wave 3
February 2015
Wave 4
March 2015
Wave 5
April 2015
Wave 6
May 2015
Wave 7
June 2015
Wave 8
July 2015
Wave 9
August 2015
Wave 10
September 2015
Wave 11
October 2015
Wave 12
November 2015
Surveyingperiod
Sampling Scope
Monthly Samples size: 2,500 surveys (recall period: 2
months)
Monthly results using a sample size of 5,000 effective
surveys
14

15. Geographical Scope
15
Tierra del Fuego
Río Gallegos
Comodoro Rivadavia
Rawson - Trelew
Viedma – Carmen de Patagones
Gran Bahía Blanca
Gran Mar del Plata
Santa Rosa - Toya
CABA
Gran La Plata
Gran Rosario
Concordia
Corrientes
Gran Resistencia
Formosa
Gran Santa Fe
Gran Paraná
La Rioja
Gran S.M. de Tucumán
Jujuy
Gran Salta
Pdos. GBA
San Nicolás – V. Constit.
Gran Córdoba
Gran Catamarca
Santiago del Estero
Gran Mendoza
Gran San Juan
Gran San
Juan
Neuquén
Misiones
Survey represents the 62,5%
of the country total population

16. 16
Usual Environment
(Operationalizing)
Distance criterion:
BS AS City and 24 sub-urbans cities: 40
km away from the principal dwelling.
Rest of Regions: 20 km distance.
Frequency criterion: Less than once a
week.
Second homes trips: by definition outside the usual environment
Distance Weekly Other frequency
20 km. or less (for all the country except GBA)
40 km. or less (for GBA)
More than 20 km. (for all the country except GBA)
More than 40 km. (for GBA)
Usual Environment
Usual Environment
Frequency
OUTSIDE USUAL
ENVIRONMENT
Usual Environment

17. Monthly
Quarterly
Yearly
Expectations survey (long weekend and
special touristic periods)
Households access to tourism
Multiple destinations tourism trips
Tourism destinations
Desired destinations
 Advance
 Final
ARGENTINE DOMESTIC TOURISM SURVEY: TYPES OF REPORTS
17
TYPES
OF
REPORTS
PERIODIC
AD HOC

18. 18
Roadmap
I. Evolution of the system of tourism statistic in Argentina
II. Relevance of domestic tourism in Argentine economy
III. Methodology of the Travel and Tourism Household Survey (EVyTH)
IV. Usual characterization of domestic tourism
V. Domestic tourism: measuring social inequality
I. Access
II. Inclusion
III. Other dimensions of social inequality (not related with income)
VI. Final conclusions
18

19. 19
Source: National Ministry of Tourism of Argentina based on the Survey of Household Travel and Tourism (EVyTH)
Growth indicators (tourist, excursionist and expenditure). Argentina, 2006-2012-2013
USUAL ANALYSIS OF TOURISM HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

20. 20
Source: National Ministry of Tourism of Argentina based on the Survey of Household Travel and Tourism (EVyTH)
Expenditure distribution by region and growth. Argentina, 2006-2012-2013
USUAL ANALYSIS OF TOURISM HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

21. 21
Source: National Ministry of Tourism of Argentina based on the Survey of Household Travel and Tourism (EVyTH)
Main purpose of the trip Modes of Transport
USUAL ANALYSIS OF TOURISM HOUSEHOLD SURVEY -ARGENTINA 2013

22. 22
Source: National Ministry of Tourism of Argentina based on the Survey of Household Travel and Tourism (EVyTH)
Type of Accomodation Use of Package Travel
USUAL ANALYSIS OF TOURISM HOUSEHOLD SURVEY - ARGENTINA 2013

23. 23
REPORTS OF LONG WEEKEND PERFORMANCE
Source: National Ministry of Tourism of Argentina based on the Survey of Household Travel and Tourism (EVyTH) 2013.
Quantifying Long Weekend tourism – % of tourist – Argentina 2013

24. 24
 Usually the analysis of inbound tourism focuses in basic growth
variables, scale indicators, market shares in order to characterize
geographical distribution, type of accommodation, modes of transport,
etc.
 With this presentation we intend to emphasize that the study of domestic
tourism requires a further "twist" not tackled in that approach: meaning,
the measurement of social inequality in the domestic tourism sector.
 Fortunately, after long debates, economic theory offers a conceptual
framework in order to analyze growth and development. One important
conclusion is that growth does not necessary imply development and
that policy makers should be paying equal attention to both concepts.
HIGHLIGHTS

25. 25
Roadmap
I. Evolution of the system of tourism statistic in Argentina
II. Relevance of domestic tourism in Argentine economy
III. Methodology of the Travel and Tourism Household Survey (EVyTH)
IV. Usual characterization of domestic tourism
V. Domestic tourism: measuring social inequality
I. Access
II. Inclusion
III. Other dimensions of social inequality (not related with income)
VI. Final conclusions
25

26. 26
MEASURING SOCIAL INEQUALITY IN DOMESTIC TOURISM
DIFFERENT APPROACHES

27. 27
Source: National Ministry of Tourism of Argentina based on the Survey of Household Travel and Tourism (EVyTH).
ACCESS TO TOURISM: Results from Argentinean Domestic Tourism
Survey. Argentina, 2006-2012-2013 .
Growth of residents with at least one tourism trip in a year

28. 1) Gap index
2) Kuznets index (20:20 Ratio)
3) Mean absolute deviation
4) Coefficient of variation
5) Gini coeficient:
𝑅 =
1
𝜇
(𝒴𝑚 − 𝒴1)
INCOME DISTRIBUTION METRICS:
ℳ =
1
𝜇𝜂
𝒾=1
𝓂
𝑛𝑖 |𝒴𝑖 − 𝜇|
𝐶𝑉 =
1
𝜇𝑛
𝑗=1
𝓂
𝑛𝑗(𝒴𝑗 − 𝜇)2
𝐺 =
1
2𝓃2 𝜇
𝑗=1
𝓂
𝑘=1
𝓂
𝓃𝑗 𝓃 𝑘|𝒴𝑗 − 𝒴 𝑘|
𝒦 =
𝒴 (20% 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑟)
𝒴 (20% 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑖𝑐ℎ)
28

29. KUZNETS INDEX: Results from Argentinean Domestic Tourism Survey
Argentina, 2006-2012-2013
29
Comparing extreme income quintiles, a sharp reduction in the inequality gap is
observed between 2006 and 2013.
Source: National Ministry of Tourism of Argentina based on the Survey of Household Travel and Tourism (EVyTH) 2013.
Q5/Q1 Gap

30. 45
Cumulative percentages of the population (%)
-Sort low to higher income-
Cumulativepercentageofincome(%)
0%
100%
100%
A
B
30
GINI COEFICIENT FOR INCOME DISTRIBUTION (reminder)
• GINI = A / (A+B)
• 0 < GINI < 1

31. 45
Cumulative percentages of the population (%)
-Sort low to higher income-
Cumulativepercentageof
touristicvariable(%)
0%
100%
100%
A
B
D
C
31
GINI COEFICIENT ADAPTED TO MEASURE TOURISM INCLUSION
A / (A+B)
-D / (D+C)
-1 < GINItur < 1
GINItur

32. 32
RESULTS FOR DOMESTIC TOURISM OF ARGENTINA IN TERM OF
TOURISTS AND EXPENDITURE (Lorenz Curve and Gini – Argentina 2006-
2012- 2013)
Source: National Ministry of Tourism of Argentina based on the Survey of Household Travel and Tourism (EVyTH) 2013.
TOURISTS TOURISM EXPENDITURE
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 17% 33% 50% 67% 83% 100%
2006
2012
2013
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 17% 33% 50% 67% 83% 100%
2006
2012
2013
0,526
0,427 0,429
2006 2012 2013
0,344
0,280 0,281
2006 2012 2013

33. 33
RESULTS FOR DOMESTIC TOURISM OF ARGENTINA IN TERM OF
TOURISTS (general purposes and leisure/recreation) AND EXPENDITURE
(Lorenz Curve and Gini – Argentina 2013)
Source: National Ministry of Tourism of Argentina based on the Survey of Household Travel and Tourism (EVyTH) 2013.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0% 17% 33% 50% 67% 83% 100%
Expenditure
Tourists
Tourists (leisure)
0,281
0,340
0,429
Tourists Tourists
(leisure)
Expenditure

34. TWIST OVER THE TWIST: OTHER DIMENSIONS OF SOCIAL
INEQUALITY IN DOMESTIC TOURISM (not related with income) –
Argentina 2013
Source: National Ministry of Tourism of Argentina based on the Survey of Household Travel and Tourism (EVyTH) 2013.
34

35. 35
Roadmap
I. Evolution of the system of tourism statistic in Argentina
II. Relevance of domestic tourism in Argentine economy
III. Methodology of the Travel and Tourism Household Survey (EVyTH)
IV. Usual characterization of domestic tourism
V. Domestic tourism: measuring social inequality
I. Access
II. Inclusion
III. Other dimensions of social inequality (not related with income)
VI. Final conclusions
35

36. 36
 When analyzing domestic tourism is important to study not only growth,
but also social inequality.
 We hope this presentation will inspire researchers to develop more
techniques and methods in order to quantify access of residents to
tourism as well as social inequality in the sector.
 The incorporation of this dimension to the analysis will allow a better
understanding of the domestic tourism and this will probably enhance
public policies.
 We wish International Organizations lead a working document
providing insights to countries about the techniques of measuring social
inequality in the domestic tourism sector.
FINAL CONCLUSIONS

37. Thank you – Questions?
Lic. Juan Pablo Tarelli: gaet@desarrollotursitico.gob.ar
Lic. Rodrigo Oliver: roliver@turismo.gov.ar
www.desarrolloturistico.gob.ar

38. www.turismo.gov.ar
www.desarrolloturistico.gob.ar
www.siet.tur.ar