4. Acute pain usually comes on suddenly and is
caused by something specific.It is sharp in
quality. Acute pain usually does not last longer
than six months.eg. Surgery, Broken bones,
Dental work, Burns or cuts, Labor and
childbirth
Chronic pain is pain that is ongoing and
usually lasts longer than six months. Eg.
Arthritis, Cancer, Nerve pain, Back pain
5. Nociceptive pains result from activation of
nociceptors (Pain receptors)
Neuropathic pain result from direct injury to
nerves in the peripheral nervous system.
(Alcoholism, diabetic neuropathy, post-
herpetic neuralgia, etc…)
Referred pain, also called reflective pain, is
pain perceived at a location other than the site
of the painful stimulus. An example is the case
of angina pectoris .
6. Phantom pain is pain that feels like it's
coming from a body part that's no longer there
Somatic pain – Superficial: stimulation of
receptors in skin – Deep: stimulation of
receptors in muscles, joints and tendons
Visceral pain – Stimulation of receptors in
internal organs, abdomen and skeleton
7. Somatogenic pain is a pain originating from
an actual physical cause e.g. trauma, ischaemia
etc
Psychogenic pain is pain for which there is
no physical cause. It is not however imaginary
pain and can be as intense as somatic pain.
8. Causes of pain
1. Bone destruction
2. Obstruction of an organ
3. Compression of peripheral nerves
4. Infiltration, distention of tissue
5. Inflammation, necrosis
6. Psychological factors, such as fear or anxiety
10. Pain assessment
History collection including the following
O-Onset of the event
P-Provocation or palliation
Q-Quality of the pain
R-Region and radiation
S-Severity
T-Time (history)
11.
12. Effects Of Pain
The following symptoms may indicate that a person is
in emotional, physical or spiritual pain.
Emotional
Poor concentration, Dull senses
Lethargy, Anxiety, Loss of hope
Mood swings, Anger, Guilt
Irritability, Dependency on others
Loss of hope, Isolation
Physical
Appetite changes, Poor sleeping
Fearful expression, Teeth grinding
Crying, Sighing
Heavy breathing, Decreasing activity
16. Non-opioids: ibuprofen or other NSAID,
paracetamol (acetaminophen), or aspirin
Weak opioids: codeine, tramadol, or low-dose
morphine
Strong opioids:morphine, fentanyl,
oxycodone, hydromorphone, buprenorphine
Adjuvants :antidepressant, anticonvulsant,
antispasmodic, muscle relaxant,
bisphosphonate, or corticosteroid
17. Interventional Pain Management Treatments
There are many types of Interventional Pain
Management treatments. The type of treatment
you receive will be based on your specific
condition and symptoms, Some of the most
common Interventional Pain Management
techniques include:
Nerve Blocks: Pain signals travel down nerves to
the brain. Nerve blocks are used to interrupt these
signals to provide pain relief. some are minimally
invasive and may last for hours or days. Other
nerve blocks require surgical procedures, and may
be long-term or permanent.
18. Infusions: Infusions involve the delivery of pain relief
drugs directly into the body. These are generally for
longer-term use. Intrathecal Infusions are delivered into
the subarachnoid space in the brain; Epidural Infusions
are used in the spinal cord.
Injections: Some common types of injections are
Epidural Steroid Injections, Facet Joint Injections and
Trigger Joint Injections.. Injections generally include a
numbing agent and a steroid.
19. Radiofrequency Ablation: This treatment is usually
used to treat lower back and neck pain, especially when
pain is caused by arthritis. This technique uses a radio
wave to produce an electrical current, which is then
used to heat an area of nerve tissue. This method
decreases the pain signals from that area.
20. Spinal Cord Stimulation: This technique
treats chronic pain by applying gentle
electrical currents to the source of the pain.
Electrical leads are inserted close to the spinal
column, while a tiny generator is inserted into
the abdomen or buttock. The generator emits
electrical signals to the spinal column, thus
blocking the ability for the brain to perceive
pain.
21. Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation: This treatment
type is related to Spinal Cord Stimulation, except that it
is localized on other parts of the body. The electrical
leads are placed as close to the source of pain as
possible and follows the same general process as Spinal
Cord Stimulation.
