simple ppt

2. The central nervous system includes
 Cerebrum
 Basal ganglia
 Diencephalon
 Brainstem
 Cerebellum
 Spinal cord

4. A. Cerebrum
1. The cerebrum consists of the right and left
hemispheres.
2. Each hemisphere receives sensory information
from the opposite side of the body and controls
the skeletal muscles of the opposite side.
3. The cerebrum governs sensory and motor
activity and thought and learning.

5. b.Cerebral cortex
1. The cerebral cortex is the outer gray layer; it is divided
into five lobes.
2. It is responsible for the conscious activities of the
cerebrum.
Frontal Lobe
 Broca’s area for speech
 Morals, emotions, reasoning and judgment,
concentration,and abstraction

7. Parietal Lobe
 Interpretation of taste, pain, touch, temperature, and
pressure
 Spatial perception
Temporal Lobe
 Auditory center
 Wernicke’s area for sensory and speech
Occipital Lobe
 Visual area
 Limbic System
 Emotional and visceral patterns for survival
 Learning and memory

8. C. Basal ganglia: Cell bodies in white matter that help
the cerebral cortex produce smooth voluntary
movements
D. Diencephalon
1. Thalamus
a. Relays sensory impulses to the cortex
b. Provides a pain gate
c. Part of the reticular activating system

9. 2. Hypothalamus
a. Regulates autonomic responses of the sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous systems
b. Regulates the stress response, sleep, appetite,
body temperature, fluid balance, and emotions
c. Responsible for the production of hormones
secreted by the pituitary gland and the
hypothalamus

10. E. Brainstem
1. Midbrain
a. Responsible for motor coordination
b. Contains the visual reflex and auditory relay
centers
2. Pons:
Contains the respiratory centers and
regulates breathing

11. 3. Medulla oblongata
a. Contains all afferent and efferent tracts and
cardiac, respiratory, vomiting, and vasomotor
centers
b. Controls heart rate, respiration, blood vessel
diameter, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting,
and coughing
F. Cerebellum:
Coordinates smooth muscle movement,
posture, equilibrium, and muscle tone

12. G. Spinal cord
1. Provides neuron and synapse networks to produce
involuntary responses to sensory stimulation
2. Controls body movement and regulates visceral
function
3. Carries sensory information to and motor information
from the brain
4. Extends from the first cervical to the second
lumbar vertebra
5. Protected by the meninges; cerebrospinal fluid,
and adipose tissue

14. 6. Horns
a. Inner column of gray matter; contains two
anterior and two posterior horns
b. Posterior horns connect with afferent
(sensory) nerve fibers.
c. Anterior horns contain efferent (motor) nerve
fibers.
7. Nerve tracts
a. White matter contains the nerve tract.
b. Ascending tracts (sensory pathway)
c. Descending tract (motor pathway)

17. H. Meninges
1. Dura mater is the tough and fibrous membrane.
2. Arachnoid membrane is the delicate membrane and
contains cerebrospinal fluid.
3. Pia mater is the vascular membrane.
4. Subarachnoid space is formed by the arachnoid
membrane and the pia mater.

19. I. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
1. Secreted in the ventricles; circulates in the
subarachnoid space and through the ventricles to the
subarachnoid layer of the meninges, where it is
reabsorbed
2. Acts as a protective cushion; aids in the exchange of
nutrients and wastes
3. Normal pressure is 50 to 175 mm H2O.
4. Normal volume is 125 to 150 mL.

20. 1. Lateral ventricle
2. Interventricular foramen
3. Third ventricle
4. Cerebral aqueduct
5. Fourth ventricle
6a. Median aperture 6c. Central canal (spinal cord)6b. Lateral aperture
7. Subarachnoid space
8. Arachnoid villi
9. Dural sinuses

21. J. Ventricles
1. Four ventricles
2. The ventricles communicate between the subarachnoid
spaces and produce and circulate CSF
K. Blood supply
1. Right and left internal carotid arteries
2. Right and left vertebral arteries
3. These arteries supply the brain via an anastomosis at
the base of the brain called the circle of Willis.

23. L. Neurotransmitters
1. Acetylcholine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Dopamine
4. Serotonin
5. Amino acids
6. Polypeptides

24. M. Neurons
1. The neuron consists of the cell body, axons, and
dendrites.
2. The cell body contains the nucleus.
3. Neurons carrying impulses to the central nervous
system (CNS) are called sensory neurons.
4. Neurons carrying impulses away from the CNS
are called motor neurons.
5. Synapse is the chemical transmission of
impulses from one neuron to another.

26. N. Axons and dendrites
1. The axon conducts impulses from the cell body.
2. The dendrites receive stimuli from the body and
transmit them to the axon.
3. The neurons are protected and insulated by Schwann
cells.
4. The Schwann cell sheath is called the neurolemma.
5. Neurons do not reproduce after the neonatal period.
6. If an axon or dendrite is damaged, it will die and
be replaced slowly only if the neurolemma is intact and
the cell body has not died

27. O. Spinal nerves
1. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
2. Mixed nerve fibers are formed by the joining of the
anterior motor and posterior sensory roots.
3. Posterior roots contain afferent (sensory) nerve fibers.
4. Anterior roots contain efferent (motor) nerve
fibers.

29. P. Autonomic nervous system
1. Sympathetic (adrenergic) fibers dilate pupils,
increase heart rate and rhythm, contract blood
vessels, and relax smooth muscles of the bronchi.
2. Parasympathetic (cholinergic) fibers produce the
opposite effect.

31. Thank you