Ernest Hemingway's novel A Farewell to Arms is summarized. The document provides background on Hemingway and an overview of the plot of the novel. It is narrated by Lieutenant Frederic Henry, an American serving as an ambulance driver for the Italian army in World War I. He is wounded and falls in love with Catherine Barkley, a British nurse. They try to flee Italy but Catherine dies while giving birth to their child. The summary is contained in 3 sentences.

1. A
FAREWELL
TO
ARMS
Ernest Hemingway
1
Prepared and Edited by :
J. P. Gohil
PKK Arts College
MODULE - 2

2. A FAREWELL TO ARMS
- ERNEST HEMINGWAY
 Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961)
was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist.
 His economical style had a strong influence on 20th century
fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image
influenced later generations.
 Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-
1920s and the mid-1950s,
 He published seven novels, six short story collections,
and two non-fiction works.
 He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954.
2

3. ..
 Additional works, including three novels, four short story
collections, and three non-fiction works, were published
posthumously. Many of his works are considered
classics of American Literature.
 Hemingway said . “ I have learnt to write prose from
King James’s versions of The Bible, from his prose style
in Biblical stories..”
 He also coined the term “Iceberg theory”. It is an
economical style of writing focusing on surface elements
without explicitly discussing underlying themes.
 Hemingway is also one of the writers of the Lost
Generation.
3

4. …
 Hemingway’s reputation as a writer, however, was most
firmly established by the publication of The Sun Also
Rises in 1926 and A Farewell to Arms in 1929.
 Major and popular works :
 Indian Camp (1924)
 The Sun Also Rises (1926)
 A Farewell to Arms (1929)
 For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)
 The Old Man and the Sea (1951)
4

5. A FAREWELL TO ARMS
- ERNEST HEMINGWAY
 A Farewell to Arms was first published in 1929.
 The title is taken from a poem by the 16th-century English
dramatist George Peele
 Critics generally agree that A Farewell to Arms is Hemingway’s
most accomplished novel.
 It offers powerful descriptions of life during and immediately
following World War I and brilliantly maps the psychological
complexities of its characters.
 It is a first-person account of an American Frederic
Henry, serving as a lieutenant in the ambulance corps of
the Italian Army.
 Lieutenant Frederic Henry is the narrator & protagonist
 Henry narrates the story in the first person but sometimes
switches to the second person during his more philosophical
reflections.
 Henry relates only what he sees and does and only what he
could have learned of other characters from his experiences
with them.
5

6. CHARACTERS
 Lieutenant Frederic Henry -
 The novel’s narrator and protagonist.
 A young American ambulance driver in the Italian
army during World War I,
 Henry meets his military duties with quite
stoicism.(An indifference to pleasure or pain).
 He displays courage in battle, but his selfless
motivations undermine all sense of glory and
heroism, abstract terms for which Henry has little
patience.
 His life lacks real passion until he meets the beautiful
Catherine Barkley.
6

7. 2
 Catherine Barkley -
 An English nurse who falls in love with Henry.
 Catherine is exceptionally beautiful and possesses,
perhaps, the most sensuously described hair in all of
literature.
 When the novel opens, Catherine’s grief for her dead
fiancé leads her to a playful, though reckless, game of
seduction.
 Her love affair with Henry fills her emotional emptiness.
 Her feelings for Henry soon intensify but become more
complicated.
 she eventually swears lifelong fidelity to Henry.
 She dies at the end of the novel while giving birth to her
baby. Unfortunately the baby is already dead.
7

8. 3
 Rinaldi -
 A surgeon in the Italian army.
 Mischievous, and mad after women, Rinaldi is Henry’s
closest friend.
 Although Rinaldi is a skilled doctor, his primary practice is
seducing beautiful women.
 When Henry returns to Gorizia, Rinaldi tries to create
friendly atmosphere.
 He introduces Catherine to Henry.
8

9. ..
 The Priest -
 A kind, sweet, young man who provides spiritual
guidance to the few soldiers interested in it.
 Often the butt of the officers’ jokes, the priest responds
with good-natured understanding.
 Through Henry’s conversations with him regarding the
war, the novel challenges abstract ideals like glory, honor,
and sacredness.
9

10. 4
 Miss Helen Ferguson -
 A nurse’s assistant who works at the American
hospital and a dear friend of Catherine.
 Though Helen is friendly and accepting of Henry
and Rinaldi’s visits to Catherine early in the
novel, her anger and jealousy for Henry and
Catherine’s “immoral” affair establishes her as an
unhappy woman.
 she is always worried about her friend
Catherine’s safety and anxious about her own
loneliness.
10

11. ..
 Miss Van Campen -
 The superintendent of nurses at the American
hospital in which Catherine works.
 Miss Van Campen is strict, cold, and unpleasant.
 She disapproves of Henry and remains on cool
terms with him throughout his stay.
 Miss Gage - An American nurse who helps Henry
through his recovery at the hospital in Milan. At
ease and accepting, Miss Gage becomes a friend
to Henry, someone with whom he can share a drink
and gossip.
11

12. ..
 Dr. Valentini - An Italian surgeon who comes to
the American hospital to contradict the hospital’s
opinion that Henry must wait six months before
having an operation on his leg. In agreeing to
perform surgery the next morning, Dr. Valentini
displays the kind of self-assurance and confidence
that Henry celebrates.
 Emilio - A bartender in the town of Stresa. Emilio
proves a good friend to Henry and Catherine,
helping them reunite, saving them from arrest, and
ushering them off to safety.
12

13. SYNOPSIS
 The novel is divided into five sections (Books).
 The opening scene of the novel is the Italian-
Austrian front in the Alps during World War –I.
 The male protagonist, Fredrick Henry, is an
American volunteer attached to an Italian
ambulance unit.
 He is a second lieutenant in the army and an
ambulance driver.
 Henry meets Catherine Barkley, a beautiful
volunteer nurse with a British hospital unit, and
he is attracted towards her. 13

14. ..
 His friend and surgeon Dr. Rinaldi has introduced
Catherine to him at Gorizia , a border headquarter
where Henry has been posted.
 Catherine Barkley is considered as female
protagonist of the novel.
 In the beginning Henry takes his love affair with
Catherine as a game, while it is Catherine’s emotional
relief after her fiancé's death.
 Catherine says “her love with Henry is a rotten game”
 Later, Henry has been wounded in the legs by an
Austrian mortar. He has serious injury in his right knee.
14

15. 2
 then he is sent to the American hospital in Milan.
Catherine has already been sent to that hospital by
chance.
 The second Book shows the growth of relationship
between Frederic and Catherine as they spend time
together in Milan over the summer. Frederic and
Catherine gradually fall in love.
 The love between Henry and Catherine develops and
both are having very good time and staying most of
the time together in the hospital.
 Henry and Catherine both realize the difficulties of
getting married in a foreign land in wartime. But they
pass very good time with each other
15

16. 3
 By the end of summer, Catherine becomes
pregnant. She conceives three month pregnancy.
 In the third Book, Frederic returns to his unit, and is sent
to the front due to the attack by enemy.
 Not long afterwards, the Austro-Hungarians break
through the Italian lines in the Battle of Caporetto, and
the Italians retreat.
 He also takes part in the disastrous Italian retreat
from Caporetto
 Due to a slow and chaotic retreat, Frederic and his men
go off trail and quickly get lost, and a frustrated Frederic
kills a sergeant for insubordination.
16

17. 4
 Henry, Rinaldi and his fellow driver are summarily
arrested by Italian military police and they are in
danger of being executed because they are
misunderstood as Germans or Austrians in Italian
uniform.
 Dr. Rinaldi and his fellow driver are shot dead by
the army officials after claiming them as traitors.
 Henry somehow escapes, dives into the
Tagliamento River and manages to reach Milan.
 For Henry, this is the end of the war, his “personal
farewell to arms”.
 Then he finds that Catherine has been on a
vacation in Stressa, on Lake Maggiore, near the
Swiss border.
17

18. 4
 In the fourth section, Catherine and Frederic reunite
and spend some time in Stresa before Frederic learns he
will soon be arrested.
 The Italian authorities are after Henry, but with the help of
a friendly bartender (bar boy) Emilio, the lovers manage
to escape in a boat to Switzerland.
 In Switzerland they are free to move about without fear
of arrest. Switzerland remained neutral in the World War.
 In the final section, Frederic and Catherine live a quiet
life in the mountains until she goes into labor.
 In Switzerland, Henry and Catherine live through the
winter in a chalet (a typical Swiss house) situated on the
hills.
 In the spring they come down from the mountains to
Lausanne as she is on the verge of her delivery. 18

19. 5
 Catherine is admitted to the hospital.
 Things go badly in the hospital.
 Catherine suffers the caesarean delivery. But her child is
born dead.
 And in the end Catherine also dies of hemorrhage.
 Henry is walking alone in rain leaving hospital.
 Henry here bids farewell to his another real arms, his
strength and motto of his life that is his real love and life,
Catherine.
 Both Themes of love and war go hand in hand in the novel.
19

20. BOOK- I
Chapter-I
 In the first chapter the scene of World War – I is
described interestingly.
 The place is the Italo- Austrian front in the Alps along
what is now the Austrian and Yugoslav border of Italy.
 The time is late summer, into fall and coming of winter.
 The story is told in the first person by Frederick Henry
who is an American volunteer in the Italian ambulance
corps. He is Second Lieutenant.
 He describes the mountains and the plains and the
troops passing by and the fighting in the mountains that
is not going well.
 The chapter ends by remarking that at the start of winter
the rain started and there was an epidemic of Cholera
in the Army.
20

21. CHAPTER- 2, 3
 C- 2 The fighting is going on and continues. Henry
is staying in Gorizia where his outfit is located.
Some of his fellow officers are introduced, including
the Chaplain who is the butt of many of the officers’
jokes. Henry is preparing to go on leave and the
officers suggest various places he should visit.
 C-3 The narrator Lieutenant Henry returns to
Gorizia after his leave to find that nothing has
changed. There are more guns around and some
new hospitals and one British staff. He is greeted by
his room- mate Lieutenant Rinaldi who is a
surgeon.
 Rinaldi talks him about the beautiful girls in the town.
He tells him about Miss Catherine Barkley. 21

22. .
 C-4
 Henry inspects his ambulance and finds everything fine.
 In the evening Henry and Rinaldi meet the English
nurses Miss Catherine and Miss Ferguson.
 Henry talks with Miss Catherine Barkley and hears
that the man she was engaged to had been killed in
France the year before.
 Rinaldi tells Henry that Miss Barkley prefers Henry to
himself.
 Miss Barkley is “quite tall” , has “beautiful skin and
grey eyes”.
 Henry thinks that she is very beautiful with silky hair.
 Hemingway never paints long word pictures of his
characters. 22

23. .
C-5
 After inspecting of the condition of roads at riverside ,
Henry returns to Gorizia and calls on Miss Barkley,
 but he is told she is on duty and that he can call after
dinner.
 He meets her after dinner in the garden of British
hospital and He tries to make love to her but she
slaps him.
 However she begs his pardon and let him love her.
 But Henry is puzzled and thinks that Miss Barkley is
crazy.
 In this chapter we learns that the narrator’s name is
Henry.
 Secondly, we learn that Henry is not in love with Miss
Catherine Barkley but would like to have an affair with
her. 23

24. .
 C-6
 In Gorizia, Henry meets Catherine again. She asks him if he loves
him.
 Henry says he does although he knows he is only playing a
game.
 Catherine also knows that he is just passing the time.
 Henry thinks that she is a little crazy.
 In this chapter Hemingway stresses again that Henry is not in love
with Catherine.
 She is in fact still nervous because of the death of her fiancé.
 C-7
 Henry has an encounter with a soldier who has a hernia and no wish
to join the regiment.
 He tries to help him but in no vain. Henry daydreams of taking
Catherine to a hotel in Milan and making love to her.
 In this chapter Henry is not interested in war and he thinks the war
would soon be over. 24

25. CHAPTER- 8, 9, 10
 Due to the attack that night, Henry is told to take four
ambulances to the spot on the river.
 Before leaving Gorizia he sees Catherine for a moment and she
gives him a holy medal.
 Austrian shells are falling in the vicinity.
 While Henry and his drivers are sitting repairing the van, it is hit
by a mortar.
 Passini, one of the drivers is killed, Henry is wounded badly in
the right leg.
 The two remaining drivers, Gavuzzi and Manera, carry Henry to a
wound-dressing station, where a British doctor treats Henry’s ruined
leg.
 An ambulance is loaded with the wounded and sent off to the
hospital.
 At the field hospital, Henry lies in intense pain.
 Rinaldi comes to visit and informs Henry that he, Henry, will be
decorated for heroism in battle.
 Henry protests, declaring that he displayed no heroism, but Rinaldi
insists. He promises to send Catherine to see him soon.
25

26. C - 11
 At dusk, the priest comes to visit. He tells Henry that
he misses him at the mess hall. The men drink and
discuss the war.
 Henry admits to hate the war, and the priest
theorizes that there are two types of men in the
world: those “who would make war and those
who would not”.
 Henry laments that “the first ones make [the
second ones] do it . . . And I help them.”
 Henry wonders if ending the war is a hopeless effort;
 the priest assures him that it is not, but admits that
he, too, has trouble hoping.
 The conversation turns to God, and the priest
defends his beliefs against the other officers’ teasing.
26

27. C- 12
 The doctors are anxious to ship Henry to
Milan, where he can receive better
treatment for his injured knee and leg.
 They are eager to get the wounded soldiers
fixed up or transferred as quickly as
possible because all of the hospital beds will
be needed when the offensive begins.
Henry sets off for Milan.
27

28. BOOK- II
C - 13
 Two days later, Henry arrives in Milan and is
taken to the American hospital.
 The next morning, a young nurse named Miss
Gage arrives to take his temperature.
 Mrs. Walker returns and, together with Miss
Gage, changes Henry’s bed.
 In the afternoon, the superintendent of the
hospital, Miss Van Campen, appears and
introduces herself.
 She and Henry take an immediate dislike to each
other. Henry asks for wine with his meals, but Miss
Van Campen says that wine is out of the question
unless prescribed by a doctor.
 Later, Henry sends for a porter to bring him
several bottles of wine and the evening papers. 28

29. C 14
In the morning, Miss Gage shows Henry the
wine bottle that she found under his bed.
He fears that she will get him into trouble, but,
instead, she wonders why he did not ask her
to join him for a drink.
She reports that Miss Barkley has come to
work at the hospital and that she does not like
her.
29

30. C 15
 The doctor sends Henry for an X-ray. Later, three
doctors arrive to consult on the case. They agree
that Henry should wait six months before having an
operation.
 Henry jokes that he would rather have them
amputate the leg. As he cannot stand the thought of
spending so long in bed, he asks for another
opinion.
 Two hours later, Dr. Valentini arrives. Valentini is
cheerful, energetic, and competent. He has a
drink with Henry and agrees to perform the
necessary operation in the morning.
30

31. C 16 Catherine spends the night in Henry’s room. They lie
in bed together, watching the night through the windows
and a searchlight sweep across the ceiling.
 Henry worries that they will be discovered, but Catherine
assures him that everyone is asleep and that they are
safe.
C 17
 After the operation, Henry grows very sick. As he
recovers, three other patients come to the hospital. Henry
develops an appreciation for Helen Ferguson, who helps
him pass notes to Catherine while she is on duty.
31

32. C 18
 During the summer, Henry and Catherine enjoy their time
together in Milan. They befriend the headwaiter at a
restaurant called the Gran Italia, and Catherine continues to
spend her nights with Henry.
 They pretend to themselves that they are married, though
Henry admits that he is glad they are not. They discuss
marriage: Catherine, sure that they would send a married
woman away from the front, remains opposed to the idea.
 Marriage, she continues, is beside the point: “I couldn’t
be any more married.” Catherine pledges to be faithful to
Henry, saying that although she is sure “all sorts of
dreadful things will happen to us,” unfaithfulness is not
one of them.
32

33. C 19
 When not with Catherine, Henry spends his time with various
people from Milan.
 Ettore is very proud of his war medals and claims that he
works hard for them. Henry calls the man a “legitimate
hero” but notes that he is incredibly dull.
 When he reaches the hospital, he chats with Catherine, who
cannot stand Moretti; she prefers the quieter, English
gentleman-type heroes. As the couple talks on into the
night, it begins to rain. Catherine fears the rain, which she
claims is “very hard on loving,” and begins to cry until
Henry comforts her.
C 20
 Henry and Catherine go to the horse races with Helen
Ferguson. They bet on horses based on Meyers’s tips;
Meyers usually bets successfully but shares his secrets very
selectively. They both claim to feel better, or less lonely, when
they are alone together. 33

34. C 21
 By September, the Allied forces are suffering greatly. A
British major reports to Henry that if things continue as
they are, the Allies will be defeated in another year.
 As Henry’s leg is nearly healed, he receives three
weeks of convalescent leave, after which he will have
to return to the front. Catherine offers to travel with him
and then gives him a piece of startling news: she is
three months pregnant.
C 22
 The next morning, it begins to rain, and Henry is
diagnosed with jaundice. Miss Van Campen finds empty
liquor bottles in Henry’s room and blames alcoholism
for his condition.
34

35. C 23
 Henry prepares to travel back to the front. He says his goodbyes
at the hospital and heads out to the streets. While passing a café, he
sees Catherine in the window and knocks for her to join him.
 They pass a pair of lovers standing outside a cathedral. When Henry
observes, “They’re like us,” Catherine unhappily responds, “Nobody
is like us.”
 After dinner, however, they both feel fine. Henry utters the lines,
“‘But at my back I always hear / Time’s wingèd chariot hurrying
near,’” which Catherine recognizes as a couplet from the poetry of
Andrew Marvell. Henry asks Catherine how she will manage having
the baby; she assures him that she will be fine and that she will have
set up a nice home for Henry by the time he returns.
C 24
 Outside, Henry calls for a carriage to bring him and Catherine
from the hotel to the train station. He gets out at the station and
sends her on to the hospital. He begs her to take care of herself and
“little Catherine.”
35

36. BOOK- III
 C 25
 After returning to Gorizia, Henry has a talk with the town
major about the war.
 It was a bad summer, the major says. Henry then goes to
find Rinaldi, and while he waits for his friend, he thinks
about Catherine.
 Rinaldi comes into the room and is glad to see Henry. He
examines his friend’s wounded knee and exclaims that it
is a crime that Henry was sent back into battle.
 26
 After dinner, Henry talks with the priest. The priest thinks
that the war will end soon, though he cannot say why he
thinks so. Henry remains skeptical. 36

37. ..
27
 Caporetto Retreat of Italian soldiers
 The next morning, Henry travels to the Bainsizza, a
succession of small mountains in which intense fighting
has taken place. Henry meets a man named Gino, who
tells him about a battery of terrifying guns that the
Austrians have.
 That night, the rain comes down hard and the enemy
begins a bombardment. In the morning, the Italians learn
that the attacking forces include Germans, and they
become very afraid.
37

38. ..
 They have had little contact with the Germans in the
war and would prefer to keep it that way.
 The next night, word arrives that the Italian line has
been broken; the forces begin a large-scale retreat
to Caporetto.
 The troops slowly move out. Caporetto is a town in
Gorizia Province.
 As they come to the town of Gorizia,
 Henry sees women from the soldiers’ whorehouse
being loaded into a truck.
 Bonello, one of the drivers under Henry’s command,
offers to go with the women.
38

39. .
 28
 Then the truck stopped. The whole column was stopped.
It started again and we went a little farther, then stopped.
 The men drive slowly through the town, forming an
endless column of retreating soldiers and vehicles.
 29
 Aymo’s car gets stuck in the soft ground, and the men
are forced to cut brush hurriedly to place under the tires
for traction.
 Henry orders the two engineering sergeants riding with
Bonello to help.
 Afraid of being overtaken by the enemy, they refuse and
try to leave. Henry draws his gun and shoots one of them39

40. ..
 30
 Crossing a bridge, Henry sees a German staff car
crossing another bridge nearby. Aymo soon spots a
heavily armed bicycle troop.
 They come upon a large gathering of soldiers
where officers are being separated and interrogated
for the “treachery” that led to an Italian defeat.
 Suddenly, two men from the battle police seize hold
of Henry.
 He watches as a lieutenant colonel is led away,
questioned, and shot to death.
 Sensing the opportunity to escape, Henry runs for
the water and dives in to Tagliamento River.
40

41. ..
 31
 After floating in the cold river water for what seems to him
a very long time, Henry climbs out, removes from his shirt
the stars that identify him as an officer, and counts his
money.
 32
 He reflects that his thoughts still belong to him, and
thinks about Catherine, though he realizes that thinking
about her without promise of seeing her might drive him
crazy.
41

42. BOOK- IV
 33
 Henry gets off the train when it enters Milan. Henry goes
to the hospital, where he learns from the porter that
Catherine has left for Stresa.
 He goes to visit Ralph Simmons, one of the opera singers that
he encounters earlier, and asks about the procedures for
traveling to Switzerland.
 Simmons, offering whatever help he can, gives Henry a
suit of civilian clothes and sends him off to Stresa with best
wishes.
 34
 Henry takes the train to Stresa. He feels odd in his new
clothes, noticing the scornful looks that he receives as a young
civilian.
 Still, he claims that such looks do not bother him, for he has
made a “separate peace” with the war.
 The train arrives in Stresa, and Henry heads for a hotel called
the Isles Borromées.
42

43. ..
 He takes a nice room and tells the concierge (a French
Caretaker of a hotel) that he is expecting his wife.
 In the bar, Emilio, the bartender, reports that he has
seen two English nurses staying at a small hotel near
the train station.
 Catherine and Helen Ferguson are having supper
when Henry arrives at their hotel.
 While Catherine is overjoyed, Helen becomes angry
and berates Henry for making such a mess of her
friend’s life.
43

44. .
 35
 Later that morning, Catherine goes to see Helen, and
Henry goes fishing with Emilio. Emilio offers to lend
Henry his rowboat at any time.
 36
 Later that night, Emilio wakes Henry to inform him that
the military police plan to arrest Henry in the
morning.
 He suggests that Henry and Catherine must sail to
Switzerland.
 Hours later, having stayed safely out of sight of
customs guards, the couple lands in Switzerland.
 They eat breakfast, and, as expected, the Swiss guards
arrest them and take them to Locarno, where they
receive provisional visas to remain in Switzerland.
44

45. ..
 37
 By fall, Henry and Catherine have moved to a
wooden house on a mountain outside the
village of Montreux.
 They pass a splendid life together.
 Again, Henry and Catherine discuss marriage.
 Catherine agrees to marry someday because it
will make the child “legitimate,” but she prefers to
talk about the sights that she hopes to see, such
as Niagara Falls and the Golden Gate Bridge,
when the marriage makes her an American.
45

46. B00K- V
 38
 Three days before Christmas, snow falls. Catherine asks
Henry if he feels restless. He says no, though he does
wonder about Rinaldi, the priest, and the men on the
front.
 39, 40
 In March, the couple moves to the town of Lausanne
to be nearer to the hospital. They stay in a hotel there
for three weeks. Catherine buys baby clothes, Henry
exercises in the gym, and both feel that the baby will
come soon and that therefore they should not lose any
time together.
46

47. C 41
 Around three o’clock one morning, Catherine goes into
labor. Henry takes her to the hospital.
 Later that afternoon, when Henry returns from lunch,
Catherine has become intoxicated from the gas and has
made little progress in her labor.
 The doctor tells Henry that the best solution would be a
Caesarean operation.
 Catherine suffers unbearable pain.
 Finally, they wheel her out on a stretcher to perform the
operation.
 Henry watches the rain outside.
 The doctor soon comes out with a baby boy who is dead.
But when Catherine asks about their son, Henry tells her
that he is fine.
47

48. ..
 After some hours, the nurse tells Henry that
Catherine is hemorrhaging. He is terrified that
she will die.
 When he is finally allowed to see her, she tells
him that she will die and asks him not to say the
things that he once said to her to other girls.
 He stays with her until she dies. Once she is
dead, he attempts to say goodbye but cannot
find the sense in doing so.
 Henry leaves the hospital and walks back to
his hotel in the rain.
48

49. .
 Comments on the last chapter :
 The last chapter is masterfully designed. It piles emotion
on emotion until it reaches an almost unbearable height
of tragedy.
 Catherine’s labour pains that grows worse and worse
are the foundation. “Give it to me. Give it to me” , she
cries, reaching for the laughing gas.
 Then the doctor tells Henry that : “It doesn’t go” , and we
are prepared for what is to come. – The Caesarean, the
dead body, and then the hemorrhage.
 Catherine says “I’m not brave anymore, darling. I’m all
broken.”
 But she is brave to the end, as are all of Hemingway’s
heroines. This bravery compounds the tragedy.
49

50. 50
References:
Courtesy : Various Internet Sources.