1. The study investigated the relationship between parenting styles and the amount of sports participation among 184 high school female students. 2. The results showed a significant correlation between physical activity levels and authoritarian and permissive parenting styles, but no correlation with authoritative and neglectful styles. 3. More support from parents is associated with higher physical activity levels in children according to the findings.

1. 9.1393.66-55
! "#$% & ' ()* + , *- ,. + /0- 1,231 4
5 ) 6 ,7'1
89 1 :12
<= =93
$. ) 1 >) #:29/5/92A,)B >) #:28/1/93
* <D
! " # $% & #%$'% ()*'$ ) '
.184$'$ ) ' )*' % ($' ! '.%/' $ * 0 1 2 $3 ##
! " # $% &%2 $42)*%#2$ 5$ % 67
' 8).''% ' 8)%(## (4)9 5 :!; <1=! 6 =$ / 7> /; <1
$.;? =$ )@ # $% & A '' $ B! )$$ /2! ")*' %
$'% (# ' 73' ' ' CD$% & #=1 9 =$ )9 #$! " 2%
$' )*'% (# ' 73$ & !.=)& ! E#) $ " 3& ! " ) ! 5
5 $% &.
* =%E/:$% & A#$' )*' $ " 3& %% (
Relationship between Parenting Styles and Sport Participation of Teenager Girl
Students
Bahram Yoosefy, Javad Azimirad, and Ali Malekian
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and the
amount of student's sport participation. 184 high school female students participated in this
study. Family environment questionnaire was used to evaluate the parenting styles. The level
of participation in sports was determined using a researcher made questionnaire. Data was
analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. The results showed
significant correlation between physical activity levels and authoritarian and permissive
parenting styles, but there was no significant correlation between physical activity levels and
authoritative and neglectful parenting styles. Based on the findings of this study, more support
of the parents is associated with more physical activity level in children.
Keywords: Parenting Style, Sport Participation, Physical Activity, Teenager Girl Students.
1./ 5<F G HF$ I '%( 4 $' $
2./ E$ I '%( 4 $' $)L G9 A 79! $(Email: javadazimirad@yahoo.com
3./ E$ #% 4 $' $

2. 569)1393
F *G
" 3&% A ' 3 % O! $ 59C/ $P"
Q*% *# 5#<RST R F
U $ !''')7)!
!'1
2006(.' $ 59C " 3& X%
/=3 C Y<)Z #=!$ C $ '[]
) ^=) '! & % # 4 _$ ! !
5 %#L )7 # 4 ( % $ #
# 5!7$* &`# 5<R #
!' R F/' 9&=5' ')O
L O! ' 82
1999(.7b5X%$
= $ C $ ! / %P" $ ] 1! 8 5
# O' )F7 # 45
' 5)F E )=c8$' ! & $ C $ '
)d# "8 ' 83
2002.(
) ? 8 ]' F%X% =<5C'T
'9 $ C $ U5D!%
% ' ! ') ? # )& ' 6!(
%# 3 A '()"' $ %4
2003(.* ]' F) ? e$) I
$ C $#$` T]' f4D! )& !%
U $ C $ ' =$" 9/ '$= '
77)O9> !.O9> !
#.5
2002.(
$'7=# 9$ C $ %
$ C== h5$ X%77)$ !
O56
2008.(''A= ' % L @)$
$ C $; R?C" 3& '$
=P >' *)O5 i !7
2004(!
1. Warburtonet, Whitney, & Bredin.
2. Puskar, Mumford, & Serikal.
3. Kirkcaldy, Shephad, & Siefen.
5. Levers, Burant, & Drotar.
6. Mahon, Yarcheski, & Yarcheski
7. Troiano et al.
8. Riddoch et al.
)*' ' ')k 8)&.'lR25 '
/7 #" 3&)*' $9 %
)5" 3& ] U $ ' ) 97C ] 8
$$X /D=# T=) 9
" 3& ' )*' %! 0 ) ! #
%=)& !'#=* > '#
=) '$)O58
2002.(; F * 7
f/ %)*'! & #
" 3&$?$(#.' $ * # 4"A
[f/ 9
0 1 = 7/' $ *);
)&#! "'*
' $ * ; 3 '('% d' d(
10[' f/.' ! cmd#
h *=3 d' ''<h ; F =
)& f/ =5')nb 5
!10
1996.('" 3& 5<R# 4" $
f/ [ A' $ *" 3& = C #$ #=
=)&= =Q*# 5<R #67
'D! 74= C L !77A
" 3&' 7F ! 0 ) $ #$.!
L' ! " = 7A" 3&o $
$% &$ 7 E#P?&[' $ *
" 3&d' $' 6!7)nb 5 9m '
11
1993.(
' $ * 7A[f/# 6 ; F ;
o 4!' ! 5 ! " ! 5 b5" 3& P?
' * $! " P @)9 ! 5
= =T' $ C $ $ " 3& P @)9
.[ A' $ * 7 7b5f/;
' ; F#b5' $ * % p * 0 1
9. Trost et al.
10. The Family Influence Model
11. Kimiecik, Horn, & Shurin
1. Dempsey, Kimiecik, & Horn

3. ! "#$% & ' ()* + , *- ,. + /......57
/ !35C #)* 7//' $ *=[
= /' $ * 0 1r T$ " 3& P @)9
f/$)<! O > c "1
2000.(
! " $ )=C= ?$( @$ =# 4" 7F
$% & sZ' )*' $ " 3&
)" / ' '2
2010(.'"=
$' C $ )*' '! 5@$
)! 54"' '%)*'
' '.=T=C $ )*' '
P L 3& r! " ! 54)9 5!`
)*'" 3& '' $ 59C #'.; F
!'# 47$! " )&=; T
$/' $ * ; F $7$A# $% &
$e > ?> ! '( %
=7F#%( # # R'@" ; 3
; FF 5)C-# $% & n & / '" 3&
' 8) $')! m5 u % $
5"3
2012.(
' $ *%n' h * A$% &
' *' 8)7.X 4$ 2F 56L 5F
" ]I 3 = ! " I r ] ?v-
' d'3RsZ Y<)Z #77
=)* 7 # $% & A 7F 1$)!
)4
1997(.
] 'sZ # $% & A ?>
'=L )7 % %
w ' * $% & = 9$ ! " = )! 5L 5F
77Dx3! 5=2Q8T F! "
d''%''(# )& %y7 '
!fd'1% r('=# )&' T
1. Sallis, Prochaska. & Taylor
2. Edwardson & Gorely
3. Saunders, Hume, Timperio, & Salmon
4. Mize & Pettit
77# %C?P)*'' /=# 7
!(% $L! "=) f/
.x3u 'L )7! "d'
7%# )&' 177= " Q77
(/F'z)='(#
)&d'!' 1## {)Z_7-
)*1388.(%| 8<!'x3
] @ T= ! " # )&' C!(! "%_$
' O<5F)## $% &=?>=@ T
P 9@$:
Y"(! ")@5
:9L )777= " Q/
9y7 '!f7)9.)&=$ )@~F
8T FF 5)C)* 7^''
'.=)& !#6$''=)&
! ")R• Q`% ## /%
k Q$€ <$4)9!$-] F F 5)C
c8$@&4 % (0)9"
m6
1996(
e(! ")97
:9= " Q77L )777
7)9" '=X !fy''
!'=% $#d'?C77.
' O<5F< {1' # O&7! " 7>
• " rY 3''0' *` 95%
@&cO)#= ‚ Oc8$B$$
))47! )d198625C! ?T
O51373.(; F' ' C0 1' $ *%
R;A4)9 "'# $% & #'
P *!{*$ C $" *'' 'D$ $ C $=
1! " 8T F'1Q!L )7
ƒR 7! "'1Q`'d77• Q
!`%P *!{*' * %$7 '
5. Authoritative
6. Paulson & Sputa
7. Authoritarian

4. 589)1393
)c!% )91
2004(
p(! "f/'%(!;?/2
:! " != " Q-
/ 77L )7'9!y'
X !f'9`=$.67! '
=H$ # C%(# /$ 95 $
)&=~FL )7 # )&$
$ O'$% &'))47! )d
1373.(
'(! "=1 9;& r3
:!U $! "
] 8'= " Q/ 77!L )7y'
!X !f'9!$7 '.
'7>' $ *!%_$F 5)C
" G9%_$# O&E $%„ 1"O<5F'
< {1] Fc8$Y 37)9)% )9
c!4
2004.(
=C=[! " # $% & #
$ C $ ' I # )&! 7F=
= 7C 4!'0 1 #/' $ *" 3&
$=_$=! " # $% & #
' ' $ " 3& O5
)O5 % $2012.(7! 7>
! " # $% & #
$% & $ " 3&'$.
X / 4 *7 '= $ '
'?$(%A;?' 8) =$ /77
L 3&$D=4!' ] F' ! 5
$% & " 3&# ' 73' ' ' C)97
] … " / %$5
2010/ C D
1. Muris, Meesters, Morren, & Moorman
2. Permissive
3. Neglectful
4. Meesters & Muris
5. Hennessy, Hughes, Goldberg, Hyatt, &
Economies
5 6$ 79m6
2010.(/ C
5 9! !'B7
)2011(
! " $ " 3& ! " # $% &" 3&
' ' $% & $1011L
= $'' $ $'A;? # $% &$ /2
= 9$ ! "A] R # $% &=$ <T
=$ )@! 0 ) $ " 3& )
9 )*' '' 5.O5 $8
)2011('' *# $% & #
r = Z$ O % ! "=9! @ O %
'$= 7)& / =6 )$/ '] 8
' # ' 73! " # $% & #
$.4!' # %)5 7u $ #% ? ' $
8 !)2012('$'' $ # 4!'=
73# '' # $% & #
)=$ )@ =$ )9($% & $ " 3&
' $ ' CA;? # $% &=$ /
)*' %87' '.7
#% ?)2012(! " # $% & #
& $ " 3& • Q=$' )*' %% (
73 = 7)& / =6 )$ $'# '
A=$ )9 =$ )@ # $% &
;?$ /2)*' $ " 3& '
$'' C % (' $.O5 % $)2012(
;? =$ )@ A = $' uIF2$ /
' 3 ! "' = $ $% &=* > ' #
#77' ' ' CA$ )@2
! "% X%)& !20 $% &
D; 3 7b5=$ )@ # $% & A
/' $ * 30 ) $ " 3&
6. Jago, Kenneth, Angies, Brockman, &
Thompson
7. Jago, avison, Brockman, & Page
8. Brand et al.

5. ! "#$% & ' ()* + , *- ,. + /......59
$% & !' '; 3A
! " Z) 3 # $% &]
% X%)& !20 $% &.
5!3" Q ' =2w] 7<5
! " # $% & A # ' 73
" 3&$ $% & $.=CB! )$ =
ƒR 7)#] 3" Q ' 5
<*'] h)& /=7 % ! ' =
=L $'3! " # $% & #
$' %$ ) ' )*' % (
$ ?.
0/ I A
%U $)9 54.3 C2# (
!<2$'$ ) ' )*' % (
$ ?; O= $''< {1 L '
1392-1391$' ; {1 = L z.e Z)$ #
$ 5$2%= * &' { X' 8) #
.'!X?>) '=$ )*';'
2 $ % ) '=) ' n!n! $ %
')$' ' 3 : 7); {1 = L z % (
$ ! '(=e Z)$ &' { T$.% cm
2Z)$'EIEI %258$
=e Z)$ &' { ] h$.' 3 %200
$l!% 2$ 5$=#184
; 5O = $$' /.#3
% ! " # $% & #$20 1
/' $ *S# $% &' 8)@$ =
)1358(8 # 71
' T'.
$2# ' f76L†x ' =3
L )7S%(#'/S/' $ * 0 #'
67./ 77#L†% O!
e C|& |& •I #Y" Z ] 8
1. Schaeffer
•Ie Z)$ Y" Z$'.:!! !!
%(=$ 95 A$ '83/0=A
! %(%93/0X /)R86$
7 < F 5<F# 511390.(67 #
%%$2
4)*2' 8) %.!
= $;12L†$ ' 'U
2) $ " 3&%#' & ='(L z
" 3&$'4!' ' *'.! '-
= $$ " 3&=$ " 3& • Q
P_7 $ $ " 3& P_7$ " 3& u F
' P 9@.! )1 ! #
; @ ' = $9 27! / B7
5$ 0A100S815$ 0A80S61
% $$ 0 #5A60S415$ 0 5A
40S21A 5$ 0 $20S8h$ 67/
B7{{Z) %: h_$)*
L† # )1 | Q![$'.7b5
( ! !%|! T# 8"(‡ $=86/0=-
( '.%; = #' & ] {Z 2 $
' FIT'HF ' 3 < {1 2!#
' $ *4!' ''= #' ( '
35C ] FIT$ 5$ )* 72' 8) # (.
#l5C'' # (' )#X% (
= $ X$ /2= 47 5 $;5F
(.cm' HE10@ R'$ ! 2O!
ˆ$% %I #'' ‰ {)* 4 =
.45l!%= $
; 5O A ' ' u%` ] 1?$(=Š
$'.
; <1''u $ % ' 8)# ( &)E..
E.E2Z9$16(& / ] h.:! %
4)9 5/ ; <1#=! 6
'' ; <1' 8).

6. 609)1393
F2. )/
L C1')*' d# $% & A %
$ ! "'.L C ! E%184
$'! ' = # )*' % ('
$'958$)6/51h '(! " # $% & A
' *;?7F /$'?7148$73!6/7
h 'A=$ )9 ' * ! " # $% &
'd$' 5$.
K *:1.0- 1 L 1()* + , *- ,. 4
+ , *- ,.1 * #*M 1
=$ )@4323.4%
;?=$ /9551.6%
=$ )9147.6%
=1 9=$3217.4%
U 56184100%
L C24)9 5 :!#
)*' % ! " # $% &
$'$ % ('.L C ! B! )$ E
;? =$ )@ # $% & A$ /! " 2
)*' %' C # ' 73
$'.A;? # $% &=$ /
$ )9! " 2)*' %
' 73.
K *:2.( ' N2O" / P),Q*- ,. + /+ ,()*$% & '0- 1 ,2314
/, R2N2O" / *GS+ 1( # P),QR2
)@=$%316/0r =002/0473/0
;?=$ /%415/0r =001/0466/0
=$ )9%189/0r =094/0191/0
=1 9=$
%
144/0r =219/0132/0
==$ / 7> 4)9 5 :! 3 _7-
$% & ##%; <1 %
/=' 8) !% L C •.
K *:3.4MT3 + /U- ,V K*
K*
P),Q
N2O" /
( # P),Q
R2
* S WX# ( # P),Q
( # P),Q 1 *- 2 Y ,W-
* S WX#
1448/0120/0020/0853/6
=C4)9 5 :! @ =3 :!
='()120/0=2
R(z)$% & #-
#120/0] z %%3
7.

7. ! "#$% & ' ()* + , *- ,. + /......61
K *:4.P) ,Q,V K*
1 ',Q)P*&- 1 *- 2,Q)P* 1 *- 2
T
S
+ 1 )3 # Q*Beta
=$ )@290/0093/0195/0190/3001/0
;?=$ /266/0079/0214/0653/3001/0
5L C = =$ /4$'#
;?=$ )@ =$ /1A 5$ [
%7)9$7'2"' 3$ /R
= = 7$ 5$ / :! :266/0
290/0=)9$= $:214/0195/0
%77 7.
[W'F 2-+, V
# '' $ * Q 1 ; F [
'' $ $% & %
)<! O > c "2000.(=CB! )$ =
ƒR 7)#7 % '2A
! " # $% &$% & %
$' )*' ' =Q !-
$ ? •Q $ ) ' % ('.
=)& !! #= '' $#
;? # $% &$ /! " 2
' )*' %$' ' % (.A
=1 9 # $% &$! " 2" 3&
$$' )*'% (73$ # '.
B! )$$% & = 73 ! =
% = 7! "# $% & #) ! 5
' 8)77A % = 7! " $% & % )
% &' 8) )5 ! 5 # $77'
" 3&% #77.
B! )$#97
O5)2011(/ CO5)2011(% $
O5)2012(=A;? # $% &$ /2
! "" 3& %$% & $
'7$'95.7
O5)2012(=A;?$ /! " 2
%$% &87
$'$ 959.
$ 4$ ! " E?$(7 % '2$% & 7
# 75 R l$ $'w] L T" 3&
$'.• *n!'' $
L 7 % p * ' $% & !' 1 =
! "" 3& ' $(% #
%% r =)& !=)& !' ' ' C.
% *# ' 73 ] 8LI@) '
# 9 )*'* '$ L 7 % p
''$.& ' )*' LI@)([ 1
47 & #Q!0 1 =
$ !7)# !1
2002.(=_$
% O!;!`') %
;? ! " $% &/( #'%(' '
L 7 % p *H" 3& u 6$ ;1 '-
! 5 5 % #! ".7>
o#'%( !&(( ! " = $ $% & '%
=1 9 # $% & A=$' 8)$ 77
'D5)•`% ! " ! 5 @&
$% & !:C' ] 8%
/ ' !.L 5)'! 95 u F
O5 7)2012(
=!A % = 7! " $% & ' = ; "'
;? # $% &' 8) =$ /77; 3
1. Brady & Kahn

8. 629)1393
% 4!' ; F !' E ) ' ' ; R
] $ O" 3& ! %! 4! C #
` 95 / @$4!' ' *! / '
&" 3& = $%[ Y<)Z #f/'D
' =6 )$ '; F4!'= #
•` 5)A# $% &; 3 ''$~F
7>T!%
$.
! 7b5= '' $
%$% &# $% & A2$ )@! "
' ' ' C # ' 73.'"$' ' =-
( ! " = $% (' 8) =$ )9 A %
77!5$'.
' % $A = '' $ ' *
;? =$ )@ # $% &$ /2" 3& ! "
$ )@ A ' ' ' C 87 $% & $2
! "% X%)& !2' $% &
.! &' =$ )@ # $% & A-
#Y<)Z![.7!1
)1991('
[< R # $% & #
$ )@ # $% & A = & ! ' $ C $2
! "" 3&# ) $ 59C$ C $ '5
.#'' $$ '
$ ' )@ ! " ==* % # ' 73 T
' *$D' # ) ' / $% "$D
! C Y " O = 0<9 '# '5)F'=c8$
!` " )7 ' *7)9.*Q ' C2
$% & ^#$ )@! " 2] ?#
F 5)C 8T F$% &L '% #
=[!77.!=A
` 7 ' =$ 3T R # $% &'-
$X /''$=` 7 '!
1. Baumrind
= 7C % # 94)9! #$% &' C =Q
' '.4)9! !' * #` •Q ;-
4)& !F 5)C= ' &
)# C R(1374(.)&$% &oo ! ")@
' * ` 955 5h=$ ) '.$(?
x # '9` 9/ # O5'#' &
;@)97)9 @& 3)9 #Ž $.7b5
?$(7$) ! *7 ' $ ' * % #' !% # '.
=F 56 !%/ !• " r7F 1< R
# ! #'7 7)O2
1983.(
$3
)1994()@ ! " $% & = & ! '
] F' * c8$) # O67 7 " )7
$% & = 9$ # )5 )* 7 # )& ]IO
)9 ! ";?$ ' * % /-
7 '.! ' '$' $ * U5 5h
' * % h * # O67 / $% " h RI*
$7 '.=T' ! <• !L 3&
' ' #Ž $>' )5 ' * ] 9
• 3 =8R$)O51969
! ! 25C1383.(/ !^ #!A
&# $%''] h {*$% & # )&
:4 * =)
O51390(=$ )@ # $% & A
: 7= # $% & A !5$ (.! 7
! " # $% & A ^
@Q7 $% & %=_$.
!; "'%! " $% & )5
P? = ! )9)9 ! " = @$ !
$ ' ' $ * 'O" ! !.=w] F
?$( 4!'E 97)9 ' n" = 77.
% $ = # •A! " ! # H$ P_$
2. Maccoby & Martin
3. Wenar

9. ! "#$% & ' ()* + , *- ,. + /......63
%9 $ 75/w #L 5F(%!!
= 7' 8)77.' $ * ! '35•`
1h 7P / ' $ 4! C ' #
=1h( #X /'7={Ry! /
?$( =)O5196925C
! !1383.(o ! " $% &)9e QH
= //45r7)9.3 ' ' !;
` 95$ ] h '$ {*-
7 '.'! " ! )*R & =)92
8T " G9 ' * % 7)9 )$
= 9$$ )*')R ! " =$ ' /
# /%# )5$7 ')7!1991.(
" G9 @&P? # % $ % = # /% # !f
0 1% #5? ; F $
] 8 '( ! " = $ $% &%#
' 8) =$ )@ =$ )977.
B! )$ E/' $ * ; F7$-
#$% &#= $# R n! 7F
%( #'@" ; 3; FF 5)C-
# $% & n & / '$ " 3&_$ '
=)& /'.=C=[# $% & #
$ C $ ' I # )& ! "
! 7F== 7C 4!'0 1 #/' $ *
$ " 3&=_$=#
$ " 3& O5 ! " # $% &
' '.
3 ' ; F = '' $
! " # $% & #
$' )*' %% (xA ' )! 5 3
&! " # $%) ! 5
;? =$ )@ A ' ' ! "=$ /
" 3& %)*' $)7.
Š 6$(%=#5=7 % ! 'u 6$
4!'/' $ * 0 1 P? ; F
$% & $ " 3&$C' ' ']
#7<@$ =A# $% &
/' $ * 0 1 ; F ! ; 3 ' ! "
35C)* 7=3 C)* 74!' '
7E 9'.
]'
1.# C R(%) .1374.([A$% &-
#! "] Fc8$# /%$% &
)$'% (! 57?.(!2 $
74 $'".
2.U R..E 86$.< F 5.7-
<F.# 51.)1390(.29! @#
O 9 $ C $ ! " # $% &
#' F.' $ * ] 3" Q %.u ?> L.13:
151-141.
3.u.9 *.) .1390(.
n @$€ < ' ' # $% & #
$ C $ F 5)C.] 3" Q7).
14:40-23.
4.u *) .1388.(2Q?8u' *
)*' $ *X 4$# ' O<5F =)
! "'C $.] 3" Q)-
7.103:196-177.
5.‘..4p.)(.d.
#6$p.p.)1969.({Z
d'.25C! !u.)1372(.u ?> ‘ >
?:$.
6.@$’) .1358.(2Q0 1/' $ *
@&< {1.!2 $7
/7)4 $'%.
7.)47! )#.u.d.#'.)1986.(
7d'%/ !'h 3.25C

10. 649)1393
! ?Tp.$.# _$' $u.•.
7 *(U.#' !..O5.)1373(.
<Cu '.?:$ 347 &) (E R
#.
8. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of
parenting style on adolescent
competence and substance use. JEA, 11
(1): 56-95.
9. Benar, N., & Behrozi, A. (2012). The
study of relationship between parenting
styles of mothers with physical activity
levels and overweight among female
students. Kharkov Regional Branch of
the National Olympic Committee of
Ukraine, 114-119.
10. Benar, N., Hemmatinezhad, M. A.,
Behrozi, A., Andam, R., & Yousefi, M.
(2012). The Relationship between
parenting styles, parenting practices,
maternal education level with physical
activity levels among adolescent girls.
International Journal of Sport Studies,
Vol., 2 (9), 436-443.
11. Brady, M., & Kahn, A. B. (2002).
Letting Girls Play: The mature youth
sports association’s football program
for girls. New York, US: Population
Council.
12. Brand, S., Gerber, M., Johannes, B.,
Nadeem, K., Martin, H., Uwe, P., &
Edith, H. T. (2011). Perceived parenting
styles differ between genders but not
between elite athletes and controls.
Adolescent Health, Medicine and
Therapeutics, 2: 9–14.
13. Hennessy, E., Hughes, S. O., Goldberg,
J. P., Hyatt, R. R., & Economos, C. D.
(2010). Parent-child interactions and
objectively measured child physical
activity: A cross-sectional study.
International Journal of Behavioral
Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7, 71.
14. Jago, R., Davison, K. K., Brockman, R.,
Page, A. S., Thompson, J. L., & Fox, K.
R. (2011). Parenting styles, parenting
practices, and physical activity in 10 to 11
years old. Preventive Medicine, 52, 44-47.
15. Jago, R., Kenneth, R. F., Angies, S. P.,
Brockman, R., & Thompson, J. L.
(2010). Parent and child physical
activity and sedentary time: Do active
parents foster active children?. BMC
Public Health, 10 (194), 1471-2485.
16. Kimiecik, J. C., Horn, T. S., & Shurin,
C. S. (1996). Relationships among
children’s beliefs, perceptions of their
parents’ beliefs, and their moderate-to-
vigorous physical activity. Research
Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 67,
324-336.
17. Kirkcaldy, B. D., Shephad, R. J., &
Siefen, R. G. (2002). The relationship
between physical activity & self-image
and problem behavior among
adolescent. Social Psychiatry and
Psychiatric Epidemiology, 37 (11): 544-
550.
18. Levers, L. C. E., Burant, C., & Drotar,
D. (2003). Social support, knowledge,
and self-efficacy as correlates of
osteoporosis preventive behaviors
among preadolescent females. Journal
of Pediatric Psychology, 28 (5): 335-
345.
19. Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983).
Socialization in the context of the
family: parent-child interaction, in P. H.
Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of Child
Psychology, Vol. 4, New York: Wiley,
1-101.
20. Mahon, N. E. Yarcheski, T. J., &
Yarcheski, A. (2002). The revised
personal lifestyle questionnaire for early
adolescents. West Journal of Nurse
Research, 25 (5): 547-553
21. Meesters, C., & Muris, P. (2004).
Perceived parental rearing, behaviors
and coping in young adolescents.
Personality and Individual Differences,
37 (3), 513-522.
22. Mize, J., & Pettit, G. (1997). Mothers
Social coaching, mother-child
relationship style and children. S peer
competence: Is the medium the
message. Child Development, 68, 312-
332

11. 659)1393
23. Muris, P., Meesters, C., Morren, M., &
Moorman, L. (2004). Anger and
hostility in adolescents: Relationships
with self reported attachment style and
perceived parental rearing styles.
Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57
(3), 257-264.
24. Paulson, S. E., & Sputa, C. L. (1996).
Patterns of parenting during
adolescence: perceptions of adolescents
25. and parents. Adolescence, 31 (122),
369-381.
26. Puskar, K., Murnford, K., & Serikal, S.
(1999). Health concern and risk
behavior of rural adolescent. Journal of
Community Health Nurse; 16 (2): 109-
19.
27. Riddoch, C. J., Andersen, L. B.,
Wedderkopp, N., Harro, M., Klasson-
Heggebø, L., Sardinha, L. B., Cooper,
A. R., & Ekelund, U. (2004) Physical
activity levels and patterns of 9 and 15
years old European children. Med Sci
Sports Exercise; 36: 86–92.
28. Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., & Taylor,
W. C. (2000). A review of correlates of
physical activity of children and
adolescents. Medical Science ad Sports
Exercise; 32: 963-975.
29. Saunders, J., Hume, C., Timperio, A., &
Salmon, J. (2012). Cross-sectional and
longitudinal associations between
parenting style and adolescent girls’
physical activity. International Journal
of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical
Activity; 9: 141-152.
30. Troiano, R. P., Berrigan, D., Dodd, K.
W., Masse, L. C., Tilert, T., &
McDowell, M. (2008). Physical activity
in the United States measured by
accelerometer. Medical Science and
Sports Exercise; 40: 181–188.
31. Trost, S., Pate, R., Sallis, J., Freedson,
P., Taylor, A., Dowda, M., & Sitard, J.
(2002). Age and Gender Differences in
Objectively Measured Physical Activity
in Youth. Medicine and Science in
Sports and Exercise; 34 (2): 350-355.
32. United States Department of Health and
Human Services (2000). Healthy
people, 2010 (conference edition. In
two volumes), Washington, DC: 58-64.
33. Warburton, E. R., Whitney, N., Bredin,
& S. D. (2006). Health benefits of
physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ;
174 (6): 801-9.
34. Wenar, C. (1994). Developmental
psychopathology: From infancy through
adolescence. New York: McGraw-Hill.