A research on diphtheria. How it occurs and how many peoples are suffers from this disease . S brief description on diphtheria, symptoms treatment , test, and Prevention etc.

1. Name- Anop kumar
Group- 311

2. General information
Symptoms
Causes
Prevention

3. Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection that usually
affects the mucous membranes of the nose and
throat.Many countries with limited health care or
vaccination options still experience high rates of
diphtheria.
Diphtheria can be treated with medications. But in
advanced stages, diphtheria can damage the heart,
kidneys and nervous system. Even with treatment,
diphtheria can be deadly, especially in children.
One sign of diphtheria is swollen glands (enlarged lymph
nodes) in the neck.

4. It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart rhythm problems,
and even death. CDC recommends vaccines for infants,
children, teens, and adults to prevent diphtheria.
Diphtheria was known around the world by many
different names, such as Syrian ulcer, membranous
angina, malignant croup, and Boulogne sore throat.
Types of diphtheria_____
Classical respiratory diphtheria.

Laryngeal diphtheria.

Nasal diphtheria and.

Cutaneous diphtheria (skin lesions).

5. Diphtheria signs and symptoms usually begin 2 to 5 days
after a person becomes infected. Signs and symptoms may
include:
A thick, gray membrane covering the throat and tonsils
A sore throat and hoarseness
Swollen glands (enlarged lymph nodes) in the neck
Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
Nasal discharge
Fever and chills
Tiredness…..

6. In some people, infection with diphtheria-causing
bacteria causes only a mild illness — or no obvious
signs and symptoms at all. Infected people who stay
unaware of their illness are known as carriers of
diphtheria. They’re called carriers because they can
spread the infection without being sick themselves.
Skin (cutaneous) diphtheria_____
A second type of diphtheria can affect the skin,
causing pain, redness and swelling similar to other
bacterial skin infections. Ulcers covered by a gray
membrane also may be a sign of skin diphtheria.

7. Although it’s more common in tropical climates, diphtheria
on the skin also occurs in the United States. It may
happen especially among people with poor hygiene who
live in crowded conditions.

8.  Diphtheria is caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium
diphtheriae. The bacterium usually multiplies on or near the
surface of the throat or skin. C. diphtheriae spreads through:

 Airborne droplets. When an infected person’s sneeze or cough
releases a mist of contaminated droplets, people nearby may
inhale C. diphtheriae. Diphtheria spreads easily this way,
especially in crowded conditions.
 Contaminated personal or household items. People sometimes
catch diphtheria from handling an infected person’s things,
such as used tissues or hand towels, that may be contaminated
with the bacteria.

9.  Touching an infected wound also can transfer diphtheria-
causing bacteria.
 Complications_____
 Breathing problems__. Diphtheria-causing bacteria may
produce a toxin. This toxin damages tissue in the immediate
area of infection — usually, the nose and throat. At that site,
the infection produces a tough, gray membrane made up of
dead cells, bacteria and other substances. This membrane can
obstruct breathing.
 Heart damage. __The diphtheria toxin may spread through the
bloodstream and damage other tissues in the body. For
example, it can damage the heart muscle, causing such
complications as inflammation of the heart muscle
(myocarditis).

10. Nerve damage. __The toxin can also cause nerve
damage. Typical targets are nerves to the throat,
where poor nerve conduction may cause difficulty
swallowing. Nerves to the arms and legs also may
become inflamed, causing muscle weakness.
If the diphtheria toxin damages the nerves that
help control muscles used in breathing, these
muscles may become paralyzed. At that point, you
might need mechanical assistance to breathe.

11.  The diphtheria vaccine is usually combined with vaccines for
tetanus and whooping cough (pertussis). The three-in-one
vaccine is known as the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
vaccine. The latest version of this vaccine is known as the
DTaP vaccine for children and the Tdap vaccine for
adolescents and adults.
 Booster shots__The booster is given as a tetanus, diphtheria,
and pertussis (Tdap) vaccine or as a diphtheria booster
combined with the tetanus booster — the tetanus-diphtheria
(Td) vaccine. This combination vaccine is given by injection,
usually into the arm or thigh.

12. 2..DTaP vaccine — protects against diphtheria,
tetanus, and whooping cough (for infants and
children).
Tdap vaccine — protects against diphtheria,
tetanus, and whooping cough (for preteens, teens,
and adults) .
Vaccine — protects against diphtheria and tetanus
(for preteens, teens, and adults).