The last few years have seen rapid growth in the civil market for Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs). Callen-Lenz has been at the forefront of both UAV operations, including Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS), and the development of reliable flight control systems through our subsidiary, SkyCircuits Ltd. Commercial UAVs offer high levels of functionality at low cost, but most have been designed to consumer standards that do not address issues such as reliability, system redundancy or design integrity within their flight control system designs. If UAVs are going to be routinely used for operations in non-segregated airspace under BVLOS conditions, they will need to demonstrate a comparable level of safety to manned aircraft; this is to ensure safe autonomous operations that can be relied upon to provide separation from other airspace users (manned and unmanned). Key to this safe and reliable operation will be the flight control system used to command and control the UAV, which will itself depend on software that will need to be developed to relevant aerospace standards. Callen-Lenz also see potential for cross-fertilisation between the manned and unmanned domains. For example, imagine a manned aircraft that is as easy to fly as a drone, and can even operate autonomously. This session will present how Callen-Lenz is developing a family of autopilots designed to meet the objectives of DO-178C/ED-12C up to and including Level A. These will underpin safe reliable UAV operations in BVLOS conditions, but also have the appropriate safety and functionality to support manned flight in both conventional aircraft and in emerging domains such as personal air vehicles.

1. Bridging the Gap Between
Manned and Unmanned
Dewi Daniels, Chief Software Engineer, Callen-Lenz
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2. UAS Market Growth
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3. Present Uses of Commercial Small UAS (FAA)
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4. UAS Safety Concerns
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5. EASA Regulatory Framework
OPEN
Low Risk
- MTOM < 25 kg
- Height < 120 m
- VLOS
SPECIFIC
Increased Risk
CERTIFIED
Comparable to manned aviation
e.g.
- Large or complex UAS
operating continuously over
open assemblies of people
- Large or complex UAS
operating BVLOS in high-
density airspace
- UAS used for transport of
people
- UAS used for the carriage of
dangerous goods
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6. Autopilot Market
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Full Authority Autopilot for Manned Aircraft
Limited Authority Autopilot for Manned Aircraft
Autopilot for Unmanned Aircraft
High Integrity Autopilot for Unmanned Aircraft in the
Specific and Certified Categories

7. Callen-Lenz DO-178C Level A Process
A-4.2 Accuracy & Consistency
A-4.3 HW Compatibility
A-4.4 Verifiability
A-4.5 Conformance
A-4.7 Algorithm Accuracy
System
Requirements
High-Level
Requirements
Software
Architecture
Source Code
Executable
Object Code
(A-2: 3, 4, 5)
(A-2: 7)
A-3.1 Compliance
A-3.6 Traceability
A-3.2 Accuracy & Consistency
A-3.3 HW Compatibility
A-3.4 Verifiability
A-3.5 Conformance
A-3.7 Algorithm Accuracy
A-4.9 Consistency
A-4.10 HW Compatibility
A-4.11 Verifiability
A-4.12 Conformance
A-4.13 Partition Integrity
(A-2: 6)
A-5.3 Verifiability
A-5.4 Conformance
A-5.6 Accuracy & Consistency
A-5.8 PDI Complete & Correct
A-5.9 PDI Verified
(A-2: 1, 2)
A-4.1 Compliance
A-4.6 Traceability
A-4. 8 Architecture Compatibility
A-5.1 Compliance
A-5.5 Traceability
A-5.2 Compliance
A-6.3 Compliance
A-6.4 Robustness
A-6.1 Compliance
A-6.2 Robustness
A-6.5 Compatible With Target
Low-Level
Requirements
A-5.7 Complete & Correct
Required
Required with independence
Not required
A-7.1 Procedures are correct
A-7.2 Results are Correct
A-7.3 Test Coverage of HLRs
A-7.4 Test Coverage of LLRs
A-7.5 MC/DC
A-7.6 Decision Coverage
A-7.7 Statement Coverage
A-7.8 Coupling Coverage
A-7.9 Untraceable object code
Copyright 2012 Aeronautique Associates Limited
DOORS
DOORS
Simulink Simulink
C
Formal Methods
Back-to-Back Testing
Review
Simulation
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8. Callen-Lenz DO-178C Level D Process
A-4.2 Accuracy & Consistency
A-4.3 HW Compatibility
A-4.4 Verifiability
A-4.5 Conformance
A-4.7 Algorithm Accuracy
System
Requirements
High-Level
Requirements
Software
Architecture
Source Code
Executable
Object Code
(A-2: 3, 4, 5)
(A-2: 7)
A-3.1 Compliance
A-3.6 Traceability
A-3.2 Accuracy & Consistency
A-3.3 HW Compatibility
A-3.4 Verifiability
A-3.5 Conformance
A-3.7 Algorithm Accuracy
A-4.9 Consistency
A-4.10 HW Compatibility
A-4.11 Verifiability
A-4.12 Conformance
A-4.13 Partition Integrity
(A-2: 6)
A-5.3 Verifiability
A-5.4 Conformance
A-5.6 Accuracy & Consistency
A-5.8 PDI Complete & Correct
A-5.9 PDI Verified
(A-2: 1, 2)
A-4.1 Compliance
A-4.6 Traceability
A-4. 8 Architecture Compatibility
A-5.1 Compliance
A-5.5 Traceability
A-5.2 Compliance
A-6.3 Compliance
A-6.4 Robustness
A-6.1 Compliance
A-6.2 Robustness
A-6.5 Compatible With Target
Low-Level
Requirements
A-5.7 Complete & Correct
Required
Required with independence
Not required
A-7.1 Procedures are correct
A-7.2 Results are Correct
A-7.3 Test Coverage of HLRs
A-7.4 Test Coverage of LLRs
A-7.5 MC/DC
A-7.6 Decision Coverage
A-7.7 Statement Coverage
A-7.8 Coupling Coverage
A-7.9 Untraceable object code
Copyright 2012 Aeronautique Associates Limited
DOORS
DOORS
Rust
Test
Review
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9. Future Directions in UAS
• Increased regulation
• Sharing airspace safely
• More dependable platforms
• BVLOS operations
• Logistics
• Telecoms
• Passenger carrying
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10. Bridging the Gap
• What if?
– There were a manned aircraft that’s as easy to fly
as a drone?
– And is capable of autonomous operation
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11. Helicopter Flight Controls
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12. Conventional Helicopter Simulator
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13. Odin Helicopter Simulator
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14. Autorotation
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15. Autorotation
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16. Autorotation
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17. Autorotation
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18. Autorotation
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19. Autorotation
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20. Any Questions?
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