1. A preliminary investigation is conducted by probation officers at or during: a.   intake. b.   investigation. c.   supervision. d.   release of offender. 2. The United States Supreme Court has ruled that only juveniles over the age of _____ can be executed for their crimes. a.   10 b.   12 c.   14 d.   17 3. What percent of juveniles currently are waived to adult court? a.   5 percent b.   15 percent c.   25 percent d.   36 percent 4. Judges must hold probable cause hearings when: a.   prosecutors file to send a juvenile to adult court. b.   cases come to the adult court by a mandatory judicial waiver. c.   cases come to the adult court by a discretionary judicial waiver. d.   all of the choices apply. 5. The probation official who has replaced the case worker is the: a.   police officer. b.   community resource manager. c.   intake officer. d.   referee. 6. Which is the correct order in which probation services are provided? a.   Intake, investigation, supervision b.   Supervision, intake, investigation c.   Investigation, intake, supervision d.   Arrest, intake, investigation, supervision, bail 7. In order for a state to have a valid death penalty, judges must consider: a.   mitigating circumstances. b.   statistical ambiguities in demographic trends. c.   historical traditions of the court. d.   future impact of the penalty on deterring crimes. 8. According to studies on restitution, which of the following are among the primary goals of restitution programs? a.   Hold parents accountable for their children's offenses b.   They set-up local programs to fully reimburse victims for their financial damages at their expense c.   They hold juveniles accountable for their offenses d.   All of the choices apply 9. The balanced approach in probation focuses on: a.   arrest, conviction, and confinement. b.   correction, rehabilitation, and aftercare. c.   the community, the victim, and the offender. d.   both arrest, conviction, and confinement and correction, rehabilitation, and aftercare. 10. Which of the following are (is/a) goal(s) of electronic monitoring programs? a.   To reduce the number of field contacts required by home-confinement officers b.   To provide for early unification with the juvenile's family c.   To keep the juvenile out of school d.   Both to reduce the number of field contacts required by home-confinement officers and to provide for early unification with the juvenile's family 11. Which of the following is the most widely used organization of probation in the United States? a.   Local/judicial b.   State/judicial c.   State/executive d.   Local/executive or a combination 12. To keep youths out of the adult system, Hamparian, et al. have proposed the formation of a(n): a.   hidden system of justice. b.   youthful offender system. c.   net widening system. d.   none of the choices apply. 13. Probation officers must satisfy: a.   the needs of the client. b.   only the juvenile justice system needs. c.   their own ...

1. 1.
A preliminary investigation is conducted by probation officers
at or during:
a. intake.
b. investigation.
c. supervision.
d. release of offender.
2.
The United States Supreme Court has ruled that only juveniles
over the age of _____ can be executed for their crimes.
a. 10
b. 12
c. 14
d. 17
3.
What percent of juveniles currently are waived to adult court?
a. 5 percent
b. 15 percent
c. 25 percent
d. 36 percent
4.
Judges must hold probable cause hearings when:
a. prosecutors file to send a juvenile to adult court.
b. cases come to the adult court by a mandatory judicial
waiver.
c. cases come to the adult court by a discretionary judicial
waiver.
d. all of the choices apply.
5.
The probation official who has replaced the case worker is the:

2. a. police officer.
b. community resource manager.
c. intake officer.
d. referee.
6.
Which is the correct order in which probation services are
provided?
a. Intake, investigation, supervision
b. Supervision, intake, investigation
c. Investigation, intake, supervision
d. Arrest, intake, investigation, supervision, bail
7.
In order for a state to have a valid death penalty, judges must
consider:
a. mitigating circumstances.
b. statistical ambiguities in demographic trends.
c. historical traditions of the court.
d. future impact of the penalty on deterring crimes.
8.
According to studies on restitution, which of the following are
among the primary goals of restitution programs?
a. Hold parents accountable for their children's offenses
b. They set-up local programs to fully reimburse victims for
their financial damages at their expense
c. They hold juveniles accountable for their offenses
d. All of the choices apply
9.
The balanced approach in probation focuses on:
a. arrest, conviction, and confinement.
b. correction, rehabilitation, and aftercare.
c. the community, the victim, and the offender.
d. both arrest, conviction, and confinement and correction,

3. rehabilitation, and aftercare.
10.
Which of the following are (is/a) goal(s) of electronic
monitoring programs?
a. To reduce the number of field contacts required by home-
confinement officers
b. To provide for early unification with the juvenile's family
c. To keep the juvenile out of school
d. Both to reduce the number of field contacts required by
home-confinement officers and to provide for early unification
with the juvenile's family
11.
Which of the following is the most widely used organization of
probation in the United States?
a. Local/judicial
b. State/judicial
c. State/executive
d. Local/executive or a combination
12.
To keep youths out of the adult system, Hamparian, et al. have
proposed the formation of a(n):
a. hidden system of justice.
b. youthful offender system.
c. net widening system.
d. none of the choices apply.
13.
Probation officers must satisfy:
a. the needs of the client.
b. only the juvenile justice system needs.
c. their own ego needs.
d. all of the choices apply.

4. 14.
The law views juveniles as:
a. practical, reasoning, and rule-following being.
b. an instinctually based, driven being.
c. an emotional, feeling, and inconsistent being.
d. none of the choices apply.
15.
When juveniles are ordered to find jobs, hold them, and pay
back victims, they are in a _____ program.
a. treatment
b. surveillance
c. restitution
d. compensation
16.
_____ is a program of intermediate punishment whereby youths
are ordered to remain confined in their residences.
a. Solitary confinement
b. Clinical confinement
c. House arrest
d. Stay home
17.
Well-developed probation programs should help overcome what
traditionally weak component of the juvenile justice program?
a. Reinforcement of positive behavior
b. Getting psychoanalytic techniques into the community
c. Attacking community disorganization
d. None of the choices apply
18.
The Integrated Social Control (ISC) model of intensive
supervision:
a. focuses on strain, control, and social learning theories.
b. argues that many youths are inadequately socialized.

5. c. maintains that youths have weak bonding to the community.
d. all of the choices apply.
19.
Data on juveniles who received the death penalty indicate that:
a. juveniles received the death penalty in numbers equal to that
of adults.
b. juveniles received the death penalty more frequently than
adults.
c. juveniles received the death penalty far less frequently than
adults.
d. no data are available on how many juveniles have received
the death penalty.
20.
_____ is when states offer financial incentives or manpower to
local systems if all probationers are handled in the local system.
a. Local determination
b. Financial redistribution
c. Probation subsidy
d. State organization of control
1.
Élan:
a. is a therapeutic community for substance abusers and
delinquents.
b. costs each offender almost forty thousand dollars per year.
c. uses milieu therapy to reduce stresses on its youths.
d. both is a therapeutic community for substance abusers and
delinquents and costs each offender almost forty thousand
dollars per year.
2.

6. Tertiary prevention is directed at:
a. modifying conditions in the physical and social environment
at large.
b. early identification and intervention in the lives of
individuals or groups.
c. the prevention of recidivism.
d. both modifying conditions in the physical and social
environment at large and early identification and intervention in
the lives of individuals or groups.
3.
Morrissey v. Brewer and Murray v. Page are most compatible
with the ________ model.
a. crime control
b. rehabilitation
c. due process
d. restorative justice
4.
Comprehensive approaches to delinquency prevention:
a. use one punishment level.
b. build on youths' strengths.
c. negatively reinforce youths' deficiencies.
d. focus on rehabilitation and treatment and punishment within
the system.
5.
For aftercare programming to be successful it should:
a. be directed at the highest risk offenders.
b. use cognitive and behavioral treatments.
c. reduce contact as much as possible between officials and
offenders.
d. both be directed at the highest risk offenders and use
cognitive and behavioral treatments.
6.

7. Victim-centered approaches to restorative justice focus on:
a. offender healing.
b. victim healing.
c. offender punishment.
d. community safety.
7.
The New York Division of Youth Centers for adolescents is
called:
a. CARE (Creating Adolescents Read for the Environment).
b. GROW (Groups Reorganizing Our World).
c. START (Short Term Adolescent Residential Treatment).
d. ACT (Adolescent Center Training).
8.
Elements of which of the following correctional models may be
found in aftercare today?
a. Crime control
b. Treatment
c. Restorative justice
d. All of the choices apply
9.
Which of the following is not a model of the teen courts?
a. Tribunal
b. Parent judge
c. Peer jury
d. Youth judge
10.
On the basis of information gathered from aftercare programs
across the country, evidence points to the need for more
emphasis on the ___________ models.
a. due process and crime control
b. treatment and restorative justice
c. crime control and treatment

8. d. treatment and due process
11.
Group homes embody which of the following characteristics?
a. Many use guided group interaction as a treatment modality
b. They are a form of institutionalization accepted by the
majority of the U.S. population
c. They are long-term resistances for disturbed youths
d. Both many use guided group interaction as a treatment
modality and they are a form of institutionalization accepted by
the majority of the U.S. population
12.
Police diversion programs:
a. retain control over youthful offenders.
b. give control of youthful offenders to probation officers.
c. give control of youthful offenders to the community.
d. give control of youthful offenders to the family.
13.
The reintegration philosophy assumes that the:
a. offender and the receiving community must remain stable.
b. offender must be removed from the receiving community.
c. receiving community should be hardened to protect it from
the offender.
d. offender and the receiving community must be changed.
14.
Which of the following therapies provides correctional officials
with the optimal time for releasing offenders?
a. Psychoanalytic
b. Reinforcement
c. Role playing
d. None of the choices apply
15.

9. Treating juveniles in institutions to reduce recidivism is an
example of ______ prevention.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
16.
The D.A.R.E. drug prevention program is an example of what
level prevention?
a. Tertiary prevention program
b. Primary prevention
c. Quadri-prevention
d. Secondary prevention
17.
The first state to deinstitutionalize its training schools was:
a. Illinois.
b. Texas.
c. New York.
d. Massachusetts.
18.
Which of the following therapies would be least likely to be
found in aftercare release programs?
a. Cognition-behavioral
b. Psychoanalytic
c. Role playing
d. Skills development
19.
Teen courts are used primarily for:
a. offenders with only status offenses on their records.
b. first time offenders.
c. first time felony offenders.
d. none of the choices apply.

10. 20.
Studies show programs created to keep juveniles out of training
schools are for the most part:
a. nationally-based programs.
b. state-based programs.
c. community-based programs.
d. federally-based programs.