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group I pharmo assignement (1).pptx
1. • pharmacology assignement on 12/08/2023
• group I members: Emillie DUFITUMUKIZA 222020537
Roberto HIRWA NKURUNZIZA 222020426
Emmanuel TUYISHIME 222020796
Frank TURATSINZE 222020787
Aime ISHIMWE MUGISHA 222000385 gako
campus
2. Questions
• 1. Describe different targets while treating asthma
and COPD using autacoids.
• 2. List the major classes of autacoid drugs used in
asthma and COPD.
• 3. Describe the mechanisms of action of these drug
groups.
• 4. List the major adverse effects of the prototype
drugs used in airways disease.
3. 1.1 AUTOCOIDS IN ASTHMA &COPD
• Autacoids are locally acting chemical substances that exert their effects on
nearby cells or tissues.
• In the context of treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD), autacoids play a role in modulating the airway constriction,
inflammation, and bronchodilation.
4. 1.1 AUTOCOIDS IN ASTHMA &COPD
• Asthma is a condition that causes lung inflammation that makes it hard to
breathe. Symptoms come and go. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) is a progressive lung disease that inhibits airflow and breathing.
• Asthma tends to be more variable and is often linked to allergies, while
COPD is more closely associated with long-term exposure to irritants,
especially cigarette smoke.
7. 1.4 H1 receptor
• Histamine It is a biogenic amine
that functions as a signaling
molecule in various physiological
processes. Histamine is
synthesized from the amino acid
histidine and is stored in mast
cells and basophils, which are
types of immune cells.
8. 1.5 leukotriene 1 receptor
• Leukotrienes are a class of lipid compounds that act as autacoids in the
body. Like histamine, they are involved in various physiological processes,
particularly inflammation and immune responses.
• leukotriene 1 receptor (CysLT1): This receptor is involved in inflammation,
asthma, and allergic rhinitis. It is also involved in the regulation of blood
pressure and smooth muscle contraction.
10. 1.6 Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
• Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a prominent member of the prostaglandin family,
which are lipid compounds derived from arachidonic acid.
• PGE2 also has anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the actions of other
pro-inflammatory molecules and immune responses.
11. Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4)
Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) is an enzyme that plays
a crucial role in the regulation of various cellular
processes, including inflammation, bronchodilation,.
In the context of respiratory diseases like asthma
12. MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR
Muscarinic receptors are involved in airway smooth muscle
constriction. Anticholinergic medications, like tiotropium and
ipratropium, block these receptors to induce bronchodilation
and reduce mucus production.
15. 1.8 Anti-H1 Antihistamines drug
• Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways and
bronchoconstriction, leading to difficulty in breathing. Autacoids can be
targeted to manage various aspects of asthma:
• Histamine Antagonists (Anti-H1 Antihistamines):Anti-H1 antihistamines like
cetirizine or loratadine can block the effects of histamine, reducing
bronchoconstriction and improving breathing.
17. Anti-H1 Antihistamines drug side effect
Drowsiness
Dry Mouth and Dry Eyes Dizziness
Headache
Nausea or Upset Stomach
Constipation
Blurred Vision
18. 1.9 Leukotriene Modifiers
• Leukotriene Modifiers: Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators that
contribute to bronchoconstriction and mucus production. Drugs like
montelukast or zafirlukast target leukotriene receptors, reducing airway
constriction and inflammation.
• prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Agonists: PGE2 has bronchodilatory and anti-
inflammatory effects. Targeting PGE2 receptors with specific agonists can
help relax the airway smooth muscles and decrease inflammation.
19. 2.1 adenosine receptor agonist
• Adenosine Receptor Agonists: Adenosine, released during inflammation, can
cause bronchoconstriction. Targeting adenosine receptors with specific
agonists helps counteract this effect, leading to bronchodilation and reduced
inflammation.
20. Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitors (PDE4
Inhibitors)
Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors are medications that
specifically target and inhibit the PDE4 enzyme. These
inhibitors prevent the breakdown of cAMP, leading to
increased cAMP levels within cells. This, in turn, leads to
several beneficial effects, especially in the context of
respiratory disease
21. example of a phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4)
inhibitor
Roflumilast." Roflumilast is a medication used for the
management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)
roflumilast increases the levels of cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP) in cells, leading to anti-
inflammatory and bronchodilatory effects in the airways.
22. Side Effects and Considerations:
PDE4 inhibitors can have side effects, including nausea,
diarrhea, weight loss, and psychiatric effects like anxiety or
depression.
23. Anticholinergics
Muscarinic receptors are involved in airway smooth muscle
constriction. Anticholinergic medications, like tiotropium and
ipratropium, block these receptors to induce bronchodilation
and reduce mucus production.
24. 2.2 adverse effects of the prototype
drugs used in airways disease.
• Dry mouth
• constipation
• blurred vision
• urinary retention
• potential for worsening glaucoma symptoms
• headache
• gastrointestinal disturbances
• mood changes
• increased heart rate
