In this work, the implications of new technologies, more specifically the new optical FTTH technologies, are studied both from the functional and non-functional perspectives. In particular, some direct impacts are listed in the form of abandoning non-functional technologies, such as micro-registration, which would be implicitly required for having a functioning operation before arrival the new high-bandwidth access technologies. It is shown that such abandonment of non-functional best practices, which are mainly at the management level of ICT, immediately results in additional consumption and environmental footprint, and also there is a chance that some other new innovations might be `missed.' Therefore, unconstrained deployment of these access technologies is not aligned with a possible sustainable ICT picture, except if they are regulated. An approach to pricing the best practices, including both functional and non-functional technologies, is proposed in order to develop a regulation and policy framework for a sustainable broadband access.

1. 40 Gbps Access for Metro networks:
Implications in terms of Sustainability and
Innovation from an LCA Perspective
Reza Farrahi Moghaddam, Yves Lemieux, and Mohamed Cheriet
ETS, University of Quebec (UduQ), Montreal, QC, Canada
Ericsson Research Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015)
ConverStation III, Tuesday, Sept 8, 2015, 11:00 – 12:40
University of Copenhagen Ceremonial Hall. Vor frue plads, 1165,
Copenhagen, Hovedstaden, Denmark

2. • Resource (Res) and Resource Bandwidth (Res-BW):
– Relation with Sustainability and Innovation
• Impact of Unlimited Resources on Sustainability
• Functional vs Nonfunctional Technologies
• Broadband Access Use Case
• Broadband Access using ~1 Gbps Metro Access bandwidth
• Three Enabling Technologies
• Impact of using 40 Gbps Metro Access Technologies
• Functional vs Essential Technologies
• Current Enforcement of Best Practices: Make them Essential
• Proposed Enforcement of [Nonfunctional] Best Practices:
– Best Practice-Dependent Resource Pricing
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability
Summary

3. Limited Resources and Limit Resource BWs
combined with Exceeded Expectations
• Limited Resources (Res):
– Everybody talks about it
• Limited Resource bandwidths: Res-BW
– Missed or Neglected
• A functional Technology T would fail to
deliver a service if Res or Res-BW goes
below its resource threshold (ResTh)
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

4. Broadband Access
• Broadband Access:
– 25 Mbps/3 Mbps DL/UL Minimum BW (FCC)
– End Points are also important:
• One point is fixed (a house): How about mobiles?
• The other one could be any node in the Internet1
– Enabling technologies are:
• Content delivery networks (CDN): Netflix, GGC, etc
– Important but not enough
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability
1 Should we redefine the Internet? Confusion between HTC and MTC

5. Metro Area role in Broadband Access
• Metro Access Network:
– Major BW bottleneck
• Combination of two challenges:
– Long distances
– Limited BW per deployed (copper/fiber) line
• Best effort solution has been based on:
– Leasing the metro access
– No measureable performance indicator to end users
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

6. Metro Area role in Broadband Access, Cont’d
• Changes in the landscape:
– Measurable offering in terms of BW to end users
– Over-the-top (OTT) services that require delivery of
offered BW
• Subscription Video-on-Demand (SVoD) services:
– Netflix, Shomi, Crave TV, HBO Now
• Two options:
– Nonfunctional Technologies
– 40/100/200 Gbps Metro Access
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

7. A simplified Schematic of PON
Broadband Access
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

8. Functional vs Nonfunctional Technologies
• Functional Technology:
– Examples: actual fiber/copper links, Modulation
• Nonfunctional Technology:
– Smart Routing/Transport
– Video Compression (x.264, x.265, VP9, Thor)
• “When Nonfunctional becomes Functional”:
– Delivery of a new service is not possible with
bare functional technologies
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

9. Technologies to sustain Broadband Access
(Transport Dimension)
1. Stream Sequencing and Multicast:
– Micro-registration [Farrahi2014, Farrahi2014a]
2. Local Caching (buffering):
1. OpenCache [Broadbent2014, Georgopoulos2014]
2. Streaming Video Alliance [SVA2014]
3. Local Point-to-Point (P2P) [Cieply2014]
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

10. Technologies to sustain Broadband Access
(Encoding Dimension)
1. AVC x.264/MPEG (Baseline)
– HD BW: 6 Mbps, 4K BW: 16 Mbps
2. HEVC x.265/MPEG
– HD BW: 3-4.9 Mbps, 4K BW: 8-20 Mbps
3. VP9 (estimated based on [Grois2014])
– HD BW: 5.1 Mbps, 4K BW: 13.7 Mbps
4. Alliance for Open Media: http://aomedia.org/
5. Thor (Cisco): http://thor-codec.org/
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

11. Scenarios
• SC1: Prime time with OTT VoD
– HD video (5.26 Mbps), 1000 end points
• SC2: VoIP + IPTV + “Internet”
– 9.73 Mbps (AVC x.264, 1.85 TV) + 1 Mbps, 256 EPs
• SC3: Extended Prime Time OTT VoD
– 9,73 Mbps, 256 end points
• SC4: 4K Content
– 29.6 Mbps (AVC x.264, 1.85 TV), 256 end points
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

12. ~1 Gbps Access Technologies
• 2.5/2.5 Gbps OC-48:
– 4.5 km @ 64 (7/3 Mbps with ADSL or VDSL)
• 2.5/1.25 Gbps GPON B+:
– 6.7 km @ 64, A=9.2 (W Mb), B=0.03 (J)
• E (J/Gb) = A / BW + B, where BW in Mbps
• For example, for BW=6.55 Mbps, E = 1.44 J/Gb
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

13. Impact of Nonfunctional Technologies with
~1 Gbps Metro Access
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

14. Environmental Benefits of Nonfunctional
Technologies with ~1 Gbps Metro Access
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

15. 40 Gbps PON Technologies
• 40/10 Gbps TDM PON (GEM/BI)
– 11.7 km @ 64, A=14.5, B=0.4
• 40/10 Gbps TWDM
– 27.5 km @ 64, A=13.5, B=1.3
• 40/10 Gbps OFDM
– 17.5 km @ 64, A=21.4, B=4.2
– ¼ ratio between UL and DL BWs
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

16. Disappearance of Nonfunctional
Technologies with 40 Gbps Metro Access
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

17. Disappearance of Nonfunctional
Technologies with 40 Gbps Metro Access
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

18. Environmental Benefits of Nonfunctional
Technologies
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

19. Functional vs Essential Technologies
• Function: Capability to Deliver
• Essential: Complying to a Standard
• Many functional technologies would fail to
become essential because of lack of the
related [up-to-date] standards
• The case for nonfunctional technologies is
even worsen because they would not make it
to any standard (non-uniqueness)
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

20. • Standard-Essential Patents (SEP)
– Standard-setting organizations (SSO)
• 3 major SSOs: ISO, IEC, and ITU
– Migration from Telco setting to generic ICT
• From 3 SSO to more than 230 ICT ‘consortia’
• Enforcement of Nonfunctional BPs would be
another challenge because they will not
belong to any standard
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability
Best Practice (BP) Enforcement –
Standard-Essential Approach

21. Proposed Resource Pricing to Enforce
Nonfunctional Technologies
• Best Practice Delta Factor (BPDF):
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

22. Impact
Best Practice Dependent Resource Pricing Revenue to IP Owner
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

23. Conclusions
• A comparative study of the 40 Gbps metro access technologies
– Their impact on nonfunctional technology utilization
• Various scenarios along with different video encoding technologies
and splitting ratios are considered
• 40 Gbps technologies could simply make many of innovative, but
nonfunctional technologies impractical
– A considerable amount of avoidable consumption and footprint would be released
• A new approach to smart pricing of resource consumption, in
particular electricity consumption, has been proposed in order to:
– make the non-functional technologies applicable, and also
– promote utilization of the best practices in the operations
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

24. Further Readings
• [Farrahi2014] – R. Farrahi Moghaddam, et. al., Carbon Footprinting: New Developments,
Reduction Methods and Ecological Impacts. NOVA Science Publishers, 2014, ch. A Graph-
based Perspective to Total Carbon Footprint Assessment of Non-marginal Technology-
driven Projects—Use case of OTT/IPTV, pp. 77–112, [arXiv preprint
http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0876 arXiv:1409.0876, Aug. 2014].
• [Farrahi2014a] – R. Farrahi Moghaddam and M. Cheriet, “Quality of experience (QoE)
beyond quality of service (QoS) as its baseline: QoE at the interface of experience
domains,” 2014, [arXiv preprint http://arxiv.org/abs/1407.5527 arXiv:1407.5527, July
2014].
• [Farrahi2014b] – R. Farrahi Moghaddam, et. al., “Challenges and complexities in
application of LCA approaches in the case of ICT for a sustainable future,” in ICT4S’14,
Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden, Aug 24-27 2014, pp. 155–164, [ArXiv preprint:
http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.2798 arXiv:1403.2798, March 2014].
• [Lambert2015] – S. Lambert, et. al., Energy efficiency analysis of high speed triple-play
services in next-generation PON deployments Computer Networks, 2015, 78, 68-82.
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

25. Further Readings, Cont’d
• [Broadbent 2014] – Broadbent, M.; Georgopoulos, P.; Kotronis, V.; Plattner, B. & Race, N.
OpenCache: Leveraging SDN to demonstrate a customisable and configurable cache
INFOCOM WKSHPS'14, 2014, 151-152
• [Georgopoulos 2014] – Georgopoulos, P.; Broadbent, M.; Plattner, B. & Race, N. Cache as
a service: Leveraging SDN to efficiently and transparently support video-on-demand on
the last mile ICCCN'14, 2014, 1-9
• [SVA2014] – Streaming Video Alliance. (2014) [Last Accessed on Mar 20th , 2015].
[Online]. Available: http://www.streamingvideoalliance.org/
• [Cieply 2014] – M. Cieply. (2014, July 13) BitTorrent to try a Paywall and crowdfunding.
The New York Times. [Last Accessed on Jul 30th, 2014]. [Online]. Available:
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/14/business/media/bittorrent-to-try-a-paywall-and-
crowdfunding.html
• [Grois2014] – Grois, D.; et. al., Comparative assessment of H.265/MPEG-HEVC, VP9, and
H.264/MPEG-AVC encoders for low-delay video applications Applications of Digital Image
Processing, 2014, XXXVII (Proc. SPIE 9217), 92170Q(pp10)
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

26. Further Readings – Standards
• [Lee2015] – Lee, S.-H. Enforcement of essential patents and industry standards: more economic or
innovative approach? Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, Asia-Pacific Journal of
Accounting & Economics, Routledge, 2015, 22, 55-77
• [Liu2014] – Liu, H.-W. International Standards in Flux: A Balkanized ICT Standard-Setting Paradigm and
its Implications for the WTO Journal of International Economic Law, 2014, First Online Sep 1, pp 1-50
• [Masur2015] – Masur, J. S. The Use and Misuse of Patent Licenses Northwestern University Law
Review, IPSC'15, 2015
• [Morton2015] – Morton, F. S. & Shapiro, C. Stern, S. & Lerner, J. (Eds.) Patent Assertions: Are We Any
Closer to Aligning Reward to Contribution? Innovation Policy and the Economy, 2015, 16
• [Sidak2015] – Sidak, J. G. The Antitrust Division's Devaluation of Standard-Essential Patents Georgia
Law Review Online, 2015, pp 1-26
• [Taylor2014] – Taylor, D. O. Using Reasonable Royalties to Value Patented Technology Georgia Law
Review, HeinOnline, 2014, 49, 79-162
• [Taylor2015] – Taylor, D. O. Legislative Responses to Patent Assertion Entities Texas Intellectual
Property Law Journal, IP Symposium'15, 2015, 23, 313-347
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015) Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access Sustainability

27. Reza
FARRAHI
MOGHADDAM,
Eng., Ph.D.
Yves LEMIEUX,
Eng., M.Sc.A.
Mohamed
CHERIET, Prof.,
Eng. Ph.D.
Research Associate Research Engineer
Ericsson
Principal Investigator
imriss@ieee.org,
rfarrahi@synchromedia.ca
yves.lemieux@ericsson.com mohamed.cheriet@etsmtl.ca
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the NSERC of Canada for their financial support under
Grant CRDPJ 424371-11 and also under the Canada Research Chair in
Sustainable Smart Eco-Cloud (NSERC-950-229052).
More Information:
1. PrePrint of this paper on ArXiv:
http://arxiv.org/abs/1504.06262
2. Synchromedia Website: http://www.synchromedia.ca
EnviroInfo’15 & ICT4S’15 (Sept 7-9, 2015)
Farrahi, et.al., 40 Gbps Metro Access: Sustainability and Innovation Implications