A Review on Biodiesel Production

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 6 Issue 7, November-December 2022 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD52360 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 7 | November-December 2022 Page 494
A Review on Biodiesel Production
Prof. V. K. Nema1
, Deepak Kumar Sahu2
1
Professor, 2
M Tech Scholar,
1,2
Shri Ram Institute of Technology, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Millions of people in India have been lifted out of poverty as a result
of economic growth, and society has modernised. economic
aspiration has not been accomplished without expense. Energy
security has been impacted by India's increased reliance on energy
imports. Air quality is impacted by pollution from industry,
transportation, and conventional cook stoves, which is also raising
greenhouse gas emissions and accelerating climate change. India
began producing biofuels about a decade ago in order to lessen its
reliance on imported oil and so enhance energy security, and it is
currently one of the leading producers of Jatropha oil. In 2001, the
government launched a 5% ethanol blending (E5) pilot programme,
and in 2003, it established the National Mission on Biodiesel, with
the goal of reaching 20% biodiesel blends by 2011-2012.
(Government of India, 2002, 2003). India's biofuel initiatives, like
those of many other countries throughout the world, have suffered
difficulties, owing mostly to supply constraints and global worries
about food security. In 2009, India's National Regulatory on Biofuels
set a non-mandatory aim of a 20% mix for both biodiesel and ethanol
by 2017, as well as a broad plan for the biofuels programme and
policy measures to support it. The purpose of the article is to examine
how biofuels may be used in India to offset the country's reliance on
fossil fuels and cut greenhouse gas emissions. It will be discussed
how biofuels have been used recently and historically in relation to
recent changes in government policy. A whole lifecycle evaluation
will be utilised to analyse sample materials (crops, wastes, and
residues) that can be used for biofuels. Case studies showcasing
biofuel utilization's failures and achievements will be provided as
examples of the difficulties and possibilities for use of biofuels in
India, as well as recommendations for their potential future use.
How to cite this paper: Prof. V. K.
Nema | Deepak Kumar Sahu "A Review
on Biodiesel Production" Published in
International
Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research
and Development
(ijtsrd), ISSN:
2456-6470,
Volume-6 | Issue-7,
December 2022,
pp.494-500, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52360.pdf
Copyright © 2022 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
Journal. This is an
Open Access article
distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
KEYWORDS: ICE, Diesel/biodiesel,
Fuel properties, Combustion
efficiency, Emission control
I. INTRODUCTION
With 1.27 billion inhabitants, India is on track to
surpass China as the world's most populous country
[1]. The economy has been expanding at a rate of
about 8% annually in recent years [2], and energy
consumption has been rising at a rate of 8.5%
annually [3]. India's energy needs are largelysatisfied
by fossil fuels. In 2012, the proportions of coal, oil,
gas, nuclear, hydro, biomass/waste, and other
renewable energy sources in the total primary energy
demand were, respectively, 45%, 23%, 6%, 1%, 1%,
24%, and below 0.5%, as shown in Fig. 1. India has
extremely little fossil fuel reserves and must import
gas, coal, and oil, with oil import dependency being
particularly severe.
About 75% of India's oil consumption was met by
imports in 2012; by 2035, this percentage is expected
to increase to 92% [4]. The transport sector consumes
over 50% of the total oil consumption, followed by
agriculture (18%) and industry (11%). The
commercial energy consumption of India has been
expanding quickly in recent years, keeping up with
the country's economic expansion, which has been
relatively rapid. In order to lower its energy import
costs, improve energy security, and cut greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions, India must reduce its reliance
on oil. Therefore, it is crucial to encourage the use of
biofuels in India.
IJTSRD52360

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
1.1. Biofuel Policy
1.1.1. History of Biofuel in India
India began its biofuel programme more than a
decade ago and has since implemented many
regulatory initiatives to boost biofuels. In 2002, India
introduced its "Ethanol Blending Programme,"
mandating a 5% ethanol (E5) mix with fuel in nine
states and four union territories beginning in January
2003 [5]. In July 2002, India's Planning Commission
established a Committee on Biofuel Development.
The Committee's report, issued in 2003, advised that
India gradually move toward greater objectives for
biofuel blending, including expanding the ethanol
blending scheme.
Figure 1 Primary Energy Demands of India in
2016
However, because to a lack of bioethanol supply, the
5% blending demand for ethanol could not be
satisfied; in October 2004, the mandate was revised to
"require E5 blends only when enough ethanol
supplies were available" [7]. The 5% blending
mandate was increased in 2006 to encompass 20
states and 8 union territories; however, this objective
was not attained due to a lack of bioethanol supply.
The Union Cabinet established a 5% blending
objective for the country in September 2008.
Although the 5% aim could not be met, the
government established a 10% blending target in
October 2008.
The 2003 Planning Commission report advocated the
establishment of a National Mission on Biodiesel
based on non-edible oil and recognised Jatropha
curcas as the best tree-borne oilseed for biodiesel
production [8]. One of the Mission's goals was to
progressively increase the blending objective to 20%
by 2012. The Planning Commission calculated that
11.2 million hectares of land would be needed for
Jatropha planting in order to meet the 20% objective
by 2012, and identified 13.4 million hectares of land
that may be used for cultivation. The Ministry of
Petroleum and Natural Gas issued a biodiesel
purchasing policy in October 2005, requiring Oil
Marketing Companies to source biodiesel in the
nation for blending with diesel beginning in January
2006.
The Government of India approved India's National
Biofuel Policy in December 2009 in order to
strengthen the country's faltering ethanol and
biodiesel blending programs.
1.1.2. National Biofuel Policy
The policy's goal is to assure the easy supply of
biofuels to satisfy demand, and it has suggested an
indicative target of 20% biofuel blending, both for
biodiesel and bioethanol, by 2017. The biodiesel
blending objective was planned to be optional, but the
bioethanol aim was supposed to be required.
The following are notable aspects of the biofuel
policy:
1. Biofuels will be based only on non-food
feedstocks grown in degraded or wastelands
unsuitable for agriculture, avoiding a potential
conflict between fuel and food security.
2. A Minimum Support Price will stimulate the
cultivation / planting of non-edible oil seeds for
the production of biodiesel.
3. Plantations that supply feedstock for biodiesel
and bio-ethanol will be supported by a Minimum
Support Price for the non-edible oil seeds used to
create bio-diesel. In addition, relevant financial
and fiscal measures will be considered from time
to time to boost the country's biofuel
development.
4. Research, development, and demonstration will
be supported in many elements of biofuel
feedstock production and processing, including
the creation of second generation biofuels.
The Policy Paper also includes interventions and
enabling systems for plantings, processing,
distribution, and marketing, finance, financial and
fiscal incentives, and R&D.
However, the biofuel business is now in a deplorable
stage of development. The 5% blending aim for
ethanol has proven elusive till now. Biodiesel
blending in the nation remains minimal; only around
500,000 hectares of Jatropha have been planted so far,
and biodiesel output in the country is low [9].
1.2. Biofuel Resources
Bio-fuel is most usually characterised as a renewable
energy source derived from biological materials or
biomass, such as sugar cane, corn, or vegetable oils.

Bio-strategic fuel's objective is to augment or perhaps
replace fossil fuels. However, the policies emphasise
the utilisation of non-food biomass for biofuels. India
offers a multitude of species that may be produced
from traditional oil seeds, woody materials,
agricultural waste, and municipal trash. In fact, India
has approximately300 oil-seed producing tree species
[10].
India is rich in biomass, and the bulk of the Indian
people has traditionally used biofuels inefficiently,
resulting in a couple of severe societal concerns,
mainly the health implications of air pollution.
Appropriate technology for making biofuels available
to the public, as well as their successful use, would
have a substantial influence on India's socioeconomic
situation. Technologies for producing biofuels include
the following:
1. Energy plantation
2. Accumulation and/or reclamation of wastes
3. Conversion of biomass to bio-fuels
A. Using mechanical process
i. Extraction (Eg. bio-diesel)
ii. Compression (Eg. Pelletization)
B. Using chemical process
i. Liquefaction (Eg. Conversion of cellulosic
biomass to oil)
ii. pressurized water reactor in a hydrothermal
medium
a) hydrolysis
b) fractionation
c) gasification and
d) reaction
C. Using bacteria (Eg. Bio gasification through
biomethanisation)
D. Using algae for Conversion of micro-algal
biomass to biofuels
i. Oil extraction from microalgae
ii. Microalgae wastewater treatment
a) Hydrothermal gasification
b) super-critical water as reaction medium
c) ultrasonic treatment
Bio-fuels utilization technologies include the
following:
1. Direct burning, combustion or gasification for
heating or power generation or both
(cogeneration)
a) Co-firing along with fossil fuel(s)
b) Fluidized bed
c) Transported bed
d) Circulating fluid bed
e) Ablative (vortex and rotating blade)
f) Rotating cone
g) Vacuum
2. Bio-gas for cooking or fuel cells for power
generation or co-generation
3. Transport fuels
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
The rising need for fuel, rising energy carrier prices,
and limited resources have created a severe challenge
for science and technology [1]. Due to its widespread
use in heavy-duty transport vehicles, rail transit
networks, agricultural machinery, and construction
equipment, diesel fuel is recognised as a crucial fuel
in many nations [2, 3]. Diesel fuel, on the other hand,
is a major polluter due to the presence of various
hydrocarbons, sulphur, and crude oil residues [2].
Best wealthy nations have now shifted toward mass
production and commercialization of bio-energy as
the most sustainable way to address the
aforementioned concerns [1]. Among the many kinds
of bio-energy, biodiesel has received a lot of attention
as the ultimate solution for partially or totally
replacing petro-diesel and thereby lowering
combustion emissions [3, 4]. Biodiesel is made by
Trans-esterifying renewable and typically domestic
sources like vegetable oil (fresh or waste) or animal
fats with an alcohol (methanol or ethanol) in the
presence of a catalyst. The use of biodiesel has been
shown to reduce engine emissions such as particulate
matter (PM), CO, and SOx.
This Chapter will examine the potential for biofuels
to offset the use of fossil fuels while reducing
greenhouse gas emissions.
Obed M. Ali [4] has considered that the Depleting
non-renewable energy source sources joined by
constantly developing vitality requests lead to
expanded enthusiasm for elective vitality sources.
Mixed biodiesel fuel has been endorsed as a business
fuel at a low mixing proportion. Be that as it may,
issues identified with fuel properties are diligent at
high mixing proportions. Thus, in this examination,
the achievability of biodiesel created from palm oil
was researched. Portrayal of mixed fuel properties
with expanding palm biodiesel proportion is led to
assess motor execution test outcomes. The passing of
mixed fuel properties was utilized to show the most
extreme mixing proportion reasonable for use in
unmodified diesel motors as per the mixed fuel
standard ASTM D7467. The property test outcomes
uncovered that mixed fuel properties satisfy mixed
fuel guideline necessities at up to 30% palm oil
biodiesel. Moreover, mixing is productive for
decrease of the pour point from 14 for unblended
biodiesel to not exactly at a 30% biodiesel mixing
ratio. However, the vitality substance decreases by
about 1.42% for each 10% augmentation of biodiesel.
Motor test outcomes showed that there was no

measurably huge contrast for motor brake warm
productivity among tried mixed energizes contrasted
with mineral diesel, and the least motor cyclic variety
was accomplished with mixed fuel B30.
Sateesh Yalavarthi et al.[12] has examined the
option of oxygenated mixes to diesel, supply extra
oxygen which results in all the more consuming of
the fuel and along these lines diminishing emanations.
In the present investigation, two oxygenated mixes,
for example, Ethoxy ethanol and Ethylene glycol are
considered on a 3.7KW, water cooled, and Kirloskar
motor. The chose oxygenated mixes are mixed with
diesel fuel in extents of 5% and 10% by volume and
the test study is directed to assess the exhibition and
emanations of the diesel motor. The information
acquired is contrasted and the traditional diesel fuel
and the outcomes uncover that Brake Thermal
Efficiency (BTE) diminished with increment in the
mix rate.
E. Mensah et al.[6] has considered that the motor
execution utilizing biodiesel from waste palm piece
oil (WPKO) and blended waste vegetable oils
(WVOs), which were contrasted and diesel fuel. A
four stroke single chamber air cooled diesel motor
was utilized. The motor execution was controlled by
estimating brake control, brake explicit fuel
utilization, warm productivity and fumes temperature.
The properties of the biodiesel mixes were
additionally decided in the lab. Among the properties
decided, sulphur substance and cetane record
demonstrated some huge contrasts in qualities
between the biodiesel mixes and diesel fuel. The
outcomes demonstrated that BM10 (90% diesel +
10% blended WVO biodiesel) and BM5 (95% diesel
+ 5% blended WVO biodiesel) mixes demonstrated
the least sulphur substance of 113.6 ppm and 1290
ppm individually contrasted with 1348 ppm for diesel
fuel. For cetane list, both biodiesel mixes of WPKO
and blended WVOs gave higher qualities than diesel
fuel. As far as motor execution, BPK10 (90%
diesel+10% waste palm part oil) and BPK20 (80%
diesel+20% waste palm portion oil) showed higher
brake control, higher warm proficiency yet lower
fumes temperatures at all motor stacking conditions.
Brake explicit fuel utilization was lower much of the
time for BPK10 and BPK20 mixes than the remainder
of different mixes. Thusly, it very well may be
presumed that 10% and 20% mixes of waste palm
piece oils (BPK10 and BPK20) can be utilized as an
elective fuel in diesel motor with no huge adjustment
of the motor and that the consistency of BPK20 was
like that of diesel fuel.
M. Habibullahet al.[13 ] has studiedthat Biodiesel is
an inexhaustible and practical elective non-renewable
energy source that is gotten from vegetable oils and
creature fats. This examination researches the
generation, portrayal, and impact of biodiesel mixes
from two unmistakable feedstocks, in particular, palm
and coconut (PB30 and CB30), on motors. To total
the upsides of high start nature of palm and high
oxygen substance of coconut, joined mix of this two
biodiesels (PB15CB15) is inspected to assess its
impact on motor execution and emanation attributes.
Biodiesels are delivered utilizing the soluble base
catalyzed trans esterification process. Different physic
substance properties are estimated and contrasted and
the ASTM D6751 standard. A 10 kW, level, single-
chamber, four-stroke, and direct-infusion diesel motor
is utilized under a full load and changing velocity
conditions. Biodiesel mixes produce a low brake
torque and high brake-explicit fuel utilization
(BSFC). Nonetheless, all emanations, aside from
NOx, are altogether decreased. PB15CB15 improves
brake torque and power yield while decreasing BSFC
and NOx discharges when contrasted and CB30. In
the interim, contrasted and PB30, PB15CB15 lessens
CO and HC emanations while improving brake
thermal proficiency. The trial investigation uncovers
that the joined mix of palm and coconut oil indicates
better execution and outflow over individual coconut
and palm biodiesel mixes
KhiraiyaKrunal B. et al.[8] has contemplated that
India has extraordinary potential for creation of
biodiesel from non-eatable oil seeds. From around
100 assortments of oil seeds, just 10-12 assortments
have been tapped up until now. The yearly assessed
potential is around 20 million tons for every annum.
Wild harvests developed in the west land likewise
structure a wellspring of biodiesel creation in India
and as per the Economic Survey of Government of
India, out of the developed land zone, around 175
million hectares are delegated waste and corrupted
land. In this manner, given an interest based market,
India can without much of a stretch tap its potential
and produce biodiesel in a huge scale.
Stewart et al.[14] has considered that the vegetable
oils incorporate soyabean oil, cottonseed oil,
sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, linseed oil,
jatropha oil, neem oil and mahua oil. There are in
excess of 350 oil bearing harvests recognized whose
cetane number and calorific worth are practically
identical with those of diesel energizes and are perfect
with material vehicle fuel framework. Vegetable oil is
of exceptional intrigue since it has appeared to
fundamentally diminish particulate discharge in
respect to oil diesel. Late examinations demonstrates
that cetane number, sweet-smelling substance and

type, sulfur content, thickness are significant factor
for outflow control.
Donghui Lu et al. [10] This paper is to learn about
the various kinds of folios utilized for pelletization for
various sorts of biomass various covers, for example,
bentonite, rough glycerol, wood buildup and
lignosulfonate were tried and see the advantages of
utilizing these covers in pellets for the capacity and
transportation. Pellets of wheat straw with bentonite,
wood buildup, and lignosulfonate were gotten and the
properties, for example, explicit vitality utilization,
compound sythesis, rigidity, slag content, calorific
worth and dimensional soundness of the pellets were
resolved.
Results demonstrated that the particular vitality
utilization for wheat straw palletisation fundamentally
diminished with the expansion of lignosulfonate,
bentonite, wood build-up, and pre-treated wood build-
up with rough glycerol. With the expansion of folios
the elasticity of wheat straw pellets was improved
with qualities going from 1.13 to 1.63 MPa. The
expansion of both pre-treated and non-pre-treated
wood build-up fundamentally diminished the fiery
debris substance of wheat straw pellets.
C.S. Rani et al. [11] this paper learn about the water
bubbling test for the different biomass pellets. The
notable Water Boiling Test (WBT) is an unpleasant
re-enactment of the cooking procedure that
encourages stove planners to see how vitality is
moved from the fuel to the cooking pot. It tends to be
performed on a large portion of the stoves all through
the world. It is straightforward test which aides in
institutionalization and replicable trial of various that
are made for various cooking applications.
The Water Boiling Test (WBT) comprises of three
stages that quickly pursue one another.
1. In the principal test, the chilly start high-control
test, in this the stove is at room temperature and a
determined measure of fuel to heat up a given
measure of water in a standard pot. This bubbled
water at that point supplanted with new chilly
water for further testing.
2. The second test, the hot-start high-control test,
this test is following the main test while stove is
as yet hot. Once more, a similar measure of fuel is
consume to bubble same measure of water. This
test discovers contrasts in execution of a stove
under these two conditions.
3. The third stage is soon after the second one in this
we decides the measure of fuel required to stew a
given measure of water at just beneath bubbling
for 55 minutes. This progression mimics the long
cooking of vegetables' a significant part of the
world. The yields of above test are:
time to bubble
burning rate
Explicit fuel utilization and warm effectiveness
This section incorporates all the exhibition parameter,
chart and their trademark with one another and talk of
it. In this test surrounding temperature is measure and
after that in the interim of 1 min take a perusing of
bubbling water temp by utilizing thermocouple and it
is increment with time straight. Rice husk take normal
13.20 min to bubble of 1kg of water and wooden
pellets take normal 6.56 min to bubble 2 kg of water.
Jaya Shankar et al. [12] The point of this
examination is to discover the impact of pellet kick
the bucket distance across on the strength and
thickness of the pellets produced using high
dampness herbaceous (for example wheat straw,
vitality sorghum and corn Stover) and woody
biomass. The pellets are made utilizing two
distinctive bite the dust breadths for example 8 mm
and 10 mm for a high dampness content (33%)
biomass. Anyway palletisation speeds and
introductory temperature kept steady for a wide range
of test. The outcome demonstrates that 8 mm breadth
kick the bucket brings about high dampness
misfortune when contrasted with the 10 mm
measurement pass on for woody biomass.
Additionally 10 mm distance across bites the dust
bring about higher thickness pellets aside from corn
Stover yet the toughness of all the example decline
with the expansion in the pass on breadth.
Reberto Gsrcia et al. [13] The reason for
investigation of this paper is to discover the impacts
of various strong lignin rich added substances like
Grape Pomace (GP), cocoa shell, miscanthus, olive
stone and olive pomace. Pine sawdust (PIN) and its
terrified partner (PINT) were utilized for testing
because of their broad effectively accessibility. The
outcome acquired from the analysis demonstrates that
on blending lignin-rich added substance such GP
increment the coupling limit of the biomass when
contrasted with crude PIN and PINT. However,
because of higher sulphur content in GP its amount is
restricted to 10 to 20 wt%. Additionally a limited
quantity of GP is a reasonable added substance to
upgrade the HHV particularly for unnerved example.
Wei yang et al. [14] this paper is to contemplate the
impacts of various covers and minerals on emanation
of particulate issue (PM) on burning of biomass
pellets. This investigation is finished utilizing a fixed
bed combustor alongside Dekati low weight impactor
and use cotton stalk pellets with various covers and
minerals. The outcome demonstrates that including
the Diatomite fastener lessens the discharge of PM,
though utilization of Ca (OH) 2 advances the

arrangement of PM. Additionally Calcium
lignosulfonate and CMC likewise increment PM
development at different degree.
Jindaporn Jamradloedluk et al. [15] this paper is to
contemplate the impacts of folio type and blending
proportion on the diverse biomass pellets. The pellets
are produced using (for example natural product shell,
eucalyptus, and papaya and so on.) and utilizing
various covers (for example cashew nut, shell fluid,
dammar and so forth.). The outcome demonstrates
that the blending proportion has no criticalness
consequences for the thickness and mechanical
properties of the pellets created. Though the pellets
framed utilizing cashew nutshell fluid gives better
mechanical properties (for example yield quality,
most extreme pressure, greatest power and so on.) and
the pellets arranged utilizing dammar as a folio
demonstrates the higher warm productivity.
III. CONCLUSIONS
This article has shown that, despite legislation,
resources, and technology, the demand for biofuels
still outweighs their contribution to the existing fuel
mix. The development of biofuels in India faces a
variety of difficulties (and other parts of the world).
The following market obstacles serve as a concise
summary of the primary market restraints unique to
biofuels:
Economic hindrances: The cost of producing
biofuels is still high, and positive externalities are
not costed.
Technical difficulties: Some biofuels'
conservation methods are still in their infancy,
and the fuel quality is not yet consistent (e.g. for
synthetic biofuels.)
Trade obstacles: Some biofuels still don't have
quality standards in place.
Barriers related to infrastructure: Depending on
the kind of biofuel, new or modified
infrastructures are required. Particularly the use of
biomethane and biohydrogen.
Moral obstacles: Food supplies may be in
competition with biomass feedstock sources.
Knowledge gaps: Politicians and members of the
general public both lack information on biofuels.
Political impediments: Government subsidies for
kerosene continue to encourage its inefficient and
occasionally unlawful use, even though the target
population might have benefited just as much or
more from the use of biofuels if political will and
policy had been in place.
Conflict of interest: Disagreement between first-
and second-generation "promoters" The general
development of biofuels may be hampered by
biofuels.
In conclusion, future palm-biodiesel advances will
probably concentrate on striking a balance between
commercial demands and societal and consumer
views. Currently, efforts are being made to find
additional green biodiesel sources. Because they are
less expensive, more readily available, abundant,
environmentally friendly, and have no impact on food
security, this study suggests using mill effluent and
by-products from the palm oil industry as possible
biodiesel source materials. There aren't many
technologies that have been developed that still have
room for improvement. New research possibilities to
enhance product quality and address other issues,
including environmental issues, will be made possible
by a number of major challenges. For the foreseeable
future, a thorough investigation is still necessary.
The best currently available raw materials, palm oil
has the highest content of the widely regarded
palmitic and oleic acids.
REFERENCES
[1] M. H. Mosarof, M. A. Kalam, H. H. Masjuki,
A. M. Ashraful, M. M. Rashed, H. K. Imdadul,
and I. M. Implementation of palm biodiesel
based on economic aspects, performance,
emission, and wear characteristics Energy
Conversion and Management 105, 2015: 617–
629 Monirul.
[2] MohdHafizil Mat Yasina, PerowansaParukaa,
RizalmanMamatb,, Ahmad ―Effect of Low
Proportion Palm Biodiesel Blend on
Performance, Combustion and Emission
Characteristics of a Diesel Engineǁ Energy
Procedia 75 2015; 92 – 98.
[3] Ali M. A. Attia, Ahmad E. Hassaneen.
Influence of diesel fuel blended with biodiesel
produced from waste cooking oil on diesel
engine performance Fuel 167 (2016) 316–328.
[4] Obed M. Ali, RizalmanMamat, Nik R.
Abdullah, Abdul Adam Abdullah Analysis of
blended fuel properties and engine performance
with palm biodiesel blended fuel Renewable
Energy 86 (2016) 59-67.
[5] Sadeghinezhad, S. N. Kazi, A. Badarudin, C. S.
Oon, M. N. M. Zubir, Mohammad Mehrali. A
comprehensive review of bio-diesel as
alternative fuel for compression ignition
engines Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 28 (2013) 410–424.

[6] Mensah1, G. Y. Obeng, E. Antwi ―Engine
Performance Evaluation Using Biodiesel
Blends From Waste Palm Kernel Oilǁ, Mixed
WVOs And Diesel Fuel The International
Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES) 2
19-25 2013.
[7] Misra RD, Murthy MS. Straight vegetable oils
usage in a compression ignition engine—a
review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2010; 14:
3005–13.
[8] MohdHafizil Mat Yasina, PerowansaParukaa,
RizalmanMamatb, Ahmad FitriYusopb,
GholamhassanNajafic and AzriAliasb. Effect of
Low Proportion Palm Biodiesel Blend on
Performance, Combustion and Emission
Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Energy
Procedia 75 ( 2015 ) 92 – 98.
[9] KhiraiyaKrunal B, Dinesh Dabhi, K. Nityam P.
Oza. ―A Review of Recent Research on Palm
oil Biodiesel as Fuel for CI Engineǁ
International Journal of Applied Research &
Studies.
[10] Hifjur Raheman, Prakash C Jena and Snehal S
Jadav Performance of a diesel engine with
blends of biodiesel (from a mixture of oils) and
high-speed diesel.
[11] S. Gowthaman, K. Velmurugan Performance
And Emission Characteristics Of Direct
Injection Diesel Engine Using Bio-Diesel With
Scr Technology International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October
2012, pp. 1083-1089.
[12] Sateesh Yalavarthi, Anil Kumar. Chintalapudi
and Satya Dev Performance and Emission
Analysis of Diesel Engine Using Oxygenated
compounds International Journal of Advanced
Science and Technology Vol. 61, (2013), pp. 9-
16.
[13] Azoumah Y, Blin J, Daho T. Exergy efficiency
applied for the performance optimization of a
direct injection compression ignition (CI)
engine using biofuels. Renew Energy 2009;
34(6): 1494–500.
[14] Pourvosoghi N, Mohammadi P, Nikbakht AM,
Goli SAH, Jafarmadar S, Pakzad M, Sahafi
SM, Tabatabaei M. Polysel: an environmental-
friendly CI engine fuel. Energy; 2015 [in
press].
[15] Sheehan J, Camobreco V, Duffield J, et al. Life
Cycle Inventory of Biodiesel and Petroleum
Diesel for Use in an Urban Bus. NREL/SR-
580-24089 UC Category 1503, National
Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1998.
[16] Mittelbach M, Remschmidt C. Biodiesel: The
Comprehensive Handbook, 1st edn. Martin
Mittelbach, 2004, 186.
[17] Zhang Y, Mallapragada SK, Narasimhan B.
Dissolution of waste plastics in biodiesel.
Polym Eng Sci 2010; 50: 863e70.
[18] Kuzhiyil N, Kong SC. Energy recovery from
waste plastics by using blends of biodiesel and
polystyrene in diesel engines. Energy Fuel
2009; 23: 3246e53.
[19] Rakopoulos DC, Rakopoulos CD, Kakaras EC,
Giakoumis EG. Effects of ethanolediesel fuel
blends on the performance and exhaust
emissions of heavy duty DI diesel engine.
Energ Convers Manage 2008; 49: 3155e62.
[20] Arpa O, Yumrutas ̧ R, Argunhan Z.
Experimental investigation of the effects of
diesel-like fuel obtained from waste lubrication
oil on engine performance and exhaust
emission. Fuel Process Technol 2010; 91:
1241e9.
[21] Duncan DB. Multiple range test for correlated
and heteroscedastic means. Biometrics 1957;
13: 164e204.
[22] Usta N. An experimental study on performance
and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled
with tobacco seed oil methyl ester. Energ
Convers Manage 2005; 46: 2373e86.
[23] Karabektas M. The effects of turbocharger on
the performance and exhaust emissions of a
diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel. Renew
Energy 2009; 34: 989e93.

A Review on Biodiesel Production

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to A Review on Biodiesel Production

Similar to A Review on Biodiesel Production (20)

More from ijtsrd

More from ijtsrd (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

A Review on Biodiesel Production