12. What is the pH range of normal human plasma? At what pH levels does death usually result? 13. State the normal bicarbonate ion to carbonic acid ratio. 14. Identify the four major buffer systems. 15. An individual's bicarbonate ion to carbonic acid ratio is 5 : 1. What acid-base imbalance is present? What effects would the individual experience? 16. For each of the following scenarios, identify which acid-base imbalance could potentially develop. Also identify the compensatory mechanism(s) that might prevent this from occurring: i. chronic bronchitis: ii. induced vomiting (e.g., bulimia): iii. narcotic or barbiturate overdose resulting in respiratory depression: iv. extreme weight loss resulting in lipolysis: v. panic attack with hyperventilation: vi. pneumonia, with severe bronchial congestion: vii. chronic diarrhea.